重 性 抑 郁 障碍
此條 |
Major depressive disorder | |
---|---|
梵高1890 | |
20–30 | |
> 2 | |
类型 | |
风险 | |
患病 | 2.16 |
ICD-11 | 6A70 |
ICD-9-CM | 296.30、296.20、296.2、296.3 |
OMIM | 608520、608691 |
DiseasesDB | 3589 |
MedlinePlus | 003213 |
eMedicine | 286759 |
一般的治療方式是對患者進行
2015
症状 和 体 征
[编辑]儿童
病因
[编辑]引起
神經 科學 及生理 心理 學 方面 的 因 素
[编辑]单胺
[编辑]其他理 论
[编辑]关于
其他
人格 或 認知 心理 學 方面 的 因 素
[编辑]一项女性抑郁症的调查显示,
社会 因 素
[编辑]贫穷
演 化 论观点
[编辑]从
从咨询
物 质滥用
[编辑]诊断
[编辑]临床评估
[编辑]临床评估
DSM-IV-TR和 ICD-10诊断标准
[编辑]对重
重 性 抑 郁 发作
[编辑]如果
亚型
[编辑]为了对重
- 忧郁
型 抑 郁 障碍 :表 现为患者 对绝大 多数 或 者 所有 活 动失去 兴趣,对于愉快 的 刺激 失 去 反 应,抑 郁 心境 且比丧恸或 失 去 亲人更 严重,在 早 上 情 况更差 ,早 醒,精神 运动性 阻滞,体重 迅速 降 低 (注意 与 神 经性厌食症 区分 )或 者 过度的 罪 恶感[137]。 非 典型 抑 郁 障碍 :表 现为特殊 情 绪反应(异相失 乐症)和 积极想 法 ,明 显的体重 增加 或 者 胃 口 增加 ,睡眠 过度或 不 睡 觉(轻躁)感 到 四肢 沉重(称 为铅样麻痹)和 因 为对人 际关系 的 拒 绝特别敏感 所 造成 的 明 显的社交 损伤[138]。- 紧张
性 抑 郁 障碍 :是 重度 抑 郁 症 的 一种少见但是严重的形式,包括 运动功 能 紊乱 和 其他症状 。病人 经常保持 缄默且僵直 ,或 者 不能 活 动或做无目的 甚至是 怪 诞的动作。紧张性 抑 郁 障碍 也发生 在 精神分裂症 患者 身上 或 者 在 躁期也可能 由 神 经阻滞剂恶性 综合征 引起[139]。 - 产后
抑 郁 症 :ICD-10定 义为与产后期 有 关的轻度心理 和行 为障碍且不能 归为其他类别[140])指 女性 在 分娩 后 体 验到的 强烈 的 、持 续的、有 时有功 能 损伤的 抑 郁 障碍 。产后抑 郁 症 在 新 妈妈中 的 发生率 为10-15%,且一般在分娩 后 三 个月内 发作,并可以持续三 个月[141]。 季 节性情 绪失调:一种抑郁症的形式,它通常 在 秋季 或 冬季 发作,在 春季 缓解。对这种病的 诊断要求 患者 在 至 少 两年的 时间里 ,至 少 在 寒冷 季 节发作 两次,且在其他时节从未发作[142]。
- “忧郁
型 抑 郁 症 ”的 特 征 是 在 大 多数 或 所有 活 动中失 去 快 乐,对快乐刺激 失 去 反 应,抑 郁 情 绪比悲伤或 失 落更明 显,早 上 症状 恶化,早 醒、精神 运动迟缓、体重 过度减轻(不要 与 神 经性厌食症 混淆 )或 过度内 疚 。 [143] - “
非 典型 抑 郁 症 ”的 特 点 是 情 绪反应性(矛盾 的 快感 缺乏 )和 积极性 ,体重 显着增加 或 食欲 增加 ,过度睡眠 或 嗜睡,四肢 沉重感 (称 为铅样瘫痪)以及明 显的长期睡眠 障碍 。术语“社交 障碍 ”是 由 于对感知 到 的 人 际关系 过度敏感 而造成 的 。 [144] - “紧张
性 抑 郁 症 ”是 一种少见且严重的重度抑郁症,涉 及运动行为障碍和其他症状 。在 这里,这个人 保持 沉默,乃至 几乎僵直,要 么一动不动,要 么表现出无目的 甚至奇 怪 的 动作。紧张性 症状 也出现在精神分裂症 或 躁狂 发作中 ,或 者 可能 由 抗 精神病 药恶性 综合征 引起。 [145] - “围产
期 抑 郁 症 ”是 指 女性 在 产后或 怀孕期 间经历的强烈 、持 续、有 时甚至 致残的 抑 郁 症 。 DSM-IV-TR使用 “产后抑 郁 症 ”分 类,但 这一分类已更改为不排除怀孕期间女性抑郁的病症。围产期 抑 郁 症 在 新 妈妈中 发病率 为 3-6%。 DSM-5 规定,如果在 怀孕期 间或分娩 后 1 个月内 抑 郁 症 发作,则属于围产期发病的 抑 郁 症 。 [146] - “
季 节性情感 障碍 ”(SAD)是 抑 郁 症 的 一 种形式 ,抑 郁 症 发作在 秋季 或 冬季 ,并在春季 缓解。如果在 两年或 更 长时间内,在 较冷的 月 份中至 少 发生过两次 发作,并且在 其他时间没 有 发生过,则可以做出 诊断。 [147] - DSM-5
中 添加 了 “伴 有 焦 虑困扰的抑 郁 症 ”,以强调抑郁 症 或 躁狂 症 与 焦 虑症之 间常见的共存 现象,以及提示 患有焦 虑症抑 郁 症 患者 的 自 杀风险,以这种方式 指定 还可以帮助 诊断患有抑 郁 症 或 双 相 情感 障碍 的 患者 。 [148]
鉴别诊断
[编辑]预防
[编辑]治 疗
[编辑]三种最常见的抑郁症治疗方法是心理治疗、药物
对于18岁以
心理 治 疗
[编辑]抗 抑 郁 药
[编辑]处方
为了找到
选择
三环类抗抑郁药
单胺氧化酶
对至
联合用 药
[编辑]疗效的 争 议
[编辑]电休克 疗法
[编辑]电休
体育 锻炼
[编辑]非 处方药
[编辑]贯叶连翘(圣约翰草)
一些对短期临床试验的回顾性研究提示,S-
其他躯 体 治 疗
[编辑]经颅磁
癒后
[编辑]无论
针对一般人群的调查研究显示在有一次重性抑郁发作的人当中(
如果
流行 病 学
[编辑]共 病
[编辑]中 医学 的 解 释与治 疗
[编辑]历史
[编辑]词汇“depression”(
“
大 众文化 中 的 抑 郁 症
[编辑]时至
对抑
关于
注 释
[编辑]参考 文献
[编辑]引用
[编辑]- ^ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 Depression. NIMH. 2016-05 [2016-07-31]. (
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原始 内容 存 档于2019-12-16) (英 语). - ^ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th, Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing: 160–68, 2013 [2016-07-22], ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8, (
原始 内容 存 档于2016-07-31) - ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Kessler RC, Bromet EJ. The epidemiology of depression across cultures. Annual Review of Public Health. 2013, 34: 119–38. PMC 4100461 . PMID 23514317. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031912-114409.
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胡 静 初 .抑 郁 障碍 .中国 大 百科 全 书.北京 :中国 大 百科 全 书出版 社 . 2022-01-20.抑 郁 障碍 主要 包括 :破 坏性情 绪失调障碍 、重 性 抑 郁 障碍 、心境 恶劣、经前烦躁障碍 等 。 - ^
美国 精神 医学 学会 .精神 障碍 诊断与 统计手 册 [M].张道龙,等 译. 5版 .北京 :北京 大学 出版 社 , 2015: 154. - ^ 9.0 9.1 major depressive disorder.
樂 詞 網 .國家 教育 研究 院 . (繁 體 中 文 ) - ^ Gerrig, Richard J.; Zimbardo, Philip G.
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- Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. British National Formulary(BNF 56). UK: BMJ Group and RPS Publishing. 2008-09 [2009-08-23]. ISBN 9780853697787. (
原始 内容 存 档于2015-05-13). - Sadock, Benjamin J.; Sadock, Virginia A. Kaplan and Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry 9th. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2002. ISBN 0781731836.
外部 連結
[编辑]- (
中 文 )世界 卫生组织网站健康 主 题——抑 郁 症 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - (
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中 文 )財團 法人 董 氏 基金 會 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - (
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中 文 )台灣 憂鬱 症 防 治 協會 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - (
中 文 )感恩 行動 網 - (
中 文 )九成患者早期不重視近 半 自殺 者 患有抑鬱症 新 華 網 - (
中 文 )唐 代 開 心 散 治 抑 鬱 勝 西 藥 科 大 研 藥方 標準 化 明報 2012/04/11 - (
英文 )Clinical-Depression(页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - (
英文 )DSM-IV-TR的 重度 抑 郁 症 诊断标准
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