Tropicos

Note. It should be noted that the recent classification proposed by Nickrent et al. (2010) places Eremolepidaceae as a separate clade in Santalaceae. Wherever placed, it remains a small, heterogeneous group, morphologically as well as palynologically and karyologically, with a distinctive but disjointed, neotropical geographic distribution. It should also be mentioned that APG III (2009) placed Viscaceae in Santalaceae, a move now followed in some publications but not by Nickrent et al. 2010 or myself.

1. Fruit an achene bearing long, hairy filaments (staminodia) alternating with perianth members, these fused adaxially with the ovary; S of 33° S and 36°30’S in Chile and Argentina, respectively….…………………………………………………….………………… Misodendrum

1. Fruit fleshy, seed surrounded by viscin or other slimy cells; stamens or staminodia, where present, positioned adaxially to perianth members (rarely perianth members lacking in male flowers); perianth members not adaxially fused with ovary (female or bisexual flowers); N of 45°S or 40° S in Chile & Argentina, respectively, except Desmaria, Notanthera, and Lepidoceras …….. 2

2. Ovary crowned with calyculus in at least the female flower; flowers 2 mm to 30 cm long, at least the longer ones brightly colored, including white (Loranthaceae)…………..………………....…… 3

2. Calyculus lacking; flowers 3 mm or less long, greenish or greenish yellow (Eremolepidaceae and Viscaceae)…………………………………………………………………………………………... 21

3. Epicortical roots on host branches generating leafy shoots; endemic to southern Chile………….…. 4

3. Epicortical roots not, or only very rarely, generating leafy shoots, or epicortical roots absent, plants sometimes (Gaiadendron) terrestrial shrubs; not present in Chile except Ligaria…….……… 5

4. Petals bright yellow, nearly 40 mm long, turning orange in age; short-shoots present, bearing the flowers at the tip; deciduous………………………………………………………………… Desmaria

4. Petals white and pink, to 12 mm long; short-shoots lacking; plants evergeen……….…… Notanthera

5. Petals mostly > 12 mm long, mostly brightly colored, including yellow or white……..…………... 16

5. Petals < 12 mm long, often greenish white or reddish, not bright yellow. .………..…..…………….. 6

6. Flowers sessile in leaf axils, tetramerous; inflorescences lacking………………...….…….. Phthirusa

6. Flowers in axillary and/or in terminal) inflorescences; petals 4, 5, or 6……………...………………. 7

7. Inflorescences mostly determinate, subtended by chartaceous, partly caducous leaf scales. ……………………………………………………………………………………….……Peristethium

7. Inflorescences determinate or indeterminate, lacking basal caducous leaf scales………………..…… 8

8. Inflorescences monadic only…………………………………………………………..………………. 9

8. Inflorescences triadic or dyadic only (1 or 2 exceptions, Mesoamerica & Bolivia)…………………. 14

9. Monads ebracteolate; inflorescences mostly determinate…………………………..…........Cladocolea

9. Monads bracteolate, the bracteoles separate or fused with the bract; inflorescence mostly indeterminate…………………………..……………………………………………………………....10

10. Bracteoles and bracts fused into a cupule; monads pedicellate or sessile..............................................11

10. Bracteoles free, minute; flowers sessile………………………………..……………………………...12

11. Staminodia and fertile stamens alternating; anthers basifixed or nearly so; Caribbean only ………………………………………………………………………………………….. Dendropemon

11. All stamens fertile; anthers dorsifixed, versatile; western Panama only………………... Panamanthus

12. Bracteoles narrow, strap-like; pollen with 3 circular depressions on each face; leaf mesophyll with stellate fiber bundles…………………………………………………………………….... Oryctanthus

12. Bracteoles naviculate, not strap-like, or minute; pollen lacking circular depressions; leaf mesophyll lacking stellate fiber bundles…………………………...…………………….…………... 13

13. Bracteoles naviculate, prominent; stamens with filaments and evident connectival prominence; Northern Venezuela, Colombia, and Costa Rica (Osa Peninsula)…..……………………Maracanthus

13. Bracteoles extremely small, neither naviculate nor strap-like; anthers sessile, minute; Eastern Brazil (one species in Guyana) ………………………………………………………………..Oryctina

14. Inflorescence a capitulum with 2(4) triads; flowers tetramerous, usually bisexual; tomentose when young; epicortical roots present or not……………………………………………………..Pusillanthus

14. Inflorescence racemic or spike-like, not a capitulum; petals mostly 6, some 5 or 4; surfaces glabrous or partly furfuraceous (tomentose in one Bolivian species of Struthanthus); epicortical roots mostly present…………………………………………………………………………………... 15

15. Anthers basifixed or nearly so, filaments often stout or laterally excavated; flowers bisexual or plants dioecious…………………………………………………………………………...…….Passovia

15. Anthers mostly elongate, versatile, filaments slender (very rarely absent); plants dioecious …………………………………………………………………………………………….Struthanthus

16. Inflorescence bearing bracteated monads, or inflorescence absent………………………………. …..20

16. Flowers in triads or dyads……………………………………………………………………………..17

17. Floral bracts and bracteoles foliaceous; primary haustorium lacking; parasitic shrubs or small trees, terrestrial or on branches of other woody plants, probably parasitic only on epiphytes when on large tree branches………….……………………………………………………….…Gaiadendron

17. Floral bracts and bracteoles not foliaceous (except for the bracts of some Tristerix); primary haustorium present; branch-parasitic on shrubs or trees…….…………………………………………18

18. Seeds with endosperm; epicortical roots from base of plant and/or from the stem (not known for T. belmirensis); inflorescence triadic…………………………….…………..…………...Tripodanthus

18. Seeds lacking endosperm; epicortical roots mostly lacking; inflorescence triadic or dyadic……...…19

19. Anthers needle-like, as thin as the filament, basifixed, with acicular tip; inflorescence dyadic; flowers mostly pendent; higher Andes………………………………………………………...Aetanthus

19. Anthers not needle-like, thicker than the filament, mostly dorsifixed, lacking acicular tip (exception: P. hamulifer); inflorescence triadic or dyadic, flowers pendent or not; lower and middle elevations, NW Mexico to Bolivia and Argentina………………………………….Psittacanthus

20. Inflorescence a raceme; cotyledons cryptocotylar, fused at least apically; leaves with apical sclerotic nail only in T. chodatianus………………………………………………………...…..Tristerix

20. Inflorescence lacking, flowers individually attached, axillary in position, pedicellate; cotyledons distinct, eventually spreading; leaves with apical sclerotic nail except in L. teretiflora…..………Ligaria

21. Plants with decussate phyllotaxy throughout…………………………………………………….……..23

21. Adult plants with alternate phyllotaxy………………………………………………………………….22

22. Leaves of adult plants squamate and/or peltate; juvenile plants with decussate phyllotaxy; epicortical roots lacking; usually on Myrtaceae……………………………………………..Eubrachion

22. Plants with expanded foliage, leaves mostly petiolate; both juvenile and adult plants with alternate phyllotaxy; epicortical roots present at least in some species; host various............Antidaphne

23. Male flowers pedicellate, the inflorescence a raceme; stamens free, filaments present although short; fruit short-pedicellate; Central Andean Peru, and Chile S of 35°………………...…Lepidoceras

23. Male flowers sessile, rarely in 1-flowered units, not in a raceme; anther sessile on perianth member; fruit mostly sessile; N of 35°S…………………………………………………………….…24

24. Plants squamate, dioecious; flowers 1 per axil, sometimes whorled, not sunken in the internode; fruits explosive (exception: A. verticillatum); female flower with 2 minute perianth members; on Pinaceae only, Alaska to Mesoamerica, including Hispaniola…………………………..Arceuthobium

24. Plants squamate or foliaceous, dioecious or monoecious; inflorescence squamate, spike-like, flowers partly sunken in its axis, 1--many above each axil, in various serial patterns; fruits not explosive; female flowers with 3 or 4 perianth members; U.S.A. to Bolivia, Paraguay, and Uruguay, including the Caribbean………………………………………………………………..……25

25. Anthers unilocular; flowers uni-, (bi-,) or triseriate, sometimes with 1 flower per bract; Veracruz to Brazil and Bolivia…………………….…………………………………………..…Dendrophthora

25. Anthers bilocular; flowers bi- or triseriate (very rarely uniseriate, or with 1 flower above each upper bract); U.S.A. to Bolivia and Argentina…..………………………………………Phoradendron