Greece

Greece（希まれ臘）

Location of Greece (dark green)– in Europe (green & dark grey)– in the European Union (green) – [Legend]

Kirisiya-kapolongan kitakit(希まれ臘共和國わこく; Kirisiya a sowal:Ελληνική Δημοκρατία;通稱つうしょう希まれ臘:Ελλάδα).

O itiraay i katimol no sakawalian no Yoropa, mihawangay to karopaw a kitakit,nawhani, o pinapina akanatal no Aycin-riyar ono Aciya. I kacacapa’an no Yoropa, Aciya ato Afrika ko kaitiraan no Kirisiya, tadakakalimelan ko kaitiraan, isakatimolan no Paerkan Pecihan-kanatal (巴ともえ爾なんじ幹みき半島はんとうIkiris a sowal:Balkans) , isaka’amis no saka’etipan malafiyaw ato Aerpaniya, isaka’amisan malafiyaw ato Maciton ato Pawciyaliya, isaka’amis no sakawalian malafiyaw ato Torki.

Siwaay ko kasa’eta’etal no Kirisiya:

Maciton, Sifo’an-Kirisiya,Polopennisa, Sesali, Ypilos, Aycin-riyaran patatekoan-kanatanatal( mahaop ko 12 a kanatanatal ato Cikolaces), Seroys, Kolito ato Yiawniya-kanatanatal. Isakawaliay no kitakit ko Aycin-riyar,isaka’etipay ko Ayawniya-riyar, o Kolito-riyar ato Sifo’ay-riyar isakatimolay. O kakaya’ no lilis no riyar no Kirisiya ira ko 13,676 km, itini i masadangahay a Sifo’ay-riyar o sakakaay ko ka to’edaw no lilis no riyar i masadangahay Sifo'ay-riyar. Patahtahay to kanatanatal ko Kirisiya, olaloma’ noninian kanatal ira ko 227 a kanatal iraay ko tamdaw a maro’. O polong no kitakit mahaop ko 80% o tokos, Awlipos-tokos ko pocok, nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 2,918 laya’.

O tadamato’asay ko rikisi a kitakit ko Kirisiya itini i hekal, nani ‘ayawan ni Yiso to 2700 miheca iraay to ko taamdaw a maro’ itini. O kaitiraan ato kapatahtah palalafang, o cananoyan no sa’etipay-ponka hananay a pangangan, o kalengawan no finawlan-faco no sieci, sa’etipay-haratengan, Awlinpiko-ontokay, sa’etipay-nipitilidan, rikis,sieci,sakakaay-nikafana’ ato nipisa’osi, sa’etipay-sifay(kakahemekan ato kakeseman).^[1] i’ayaw ni Yiso to saka 4 sici mapalacecay ni Fili-sakatosa(腓こむら力りょく二に世せい;Kirisiya a sowal:Φίλιππος Βべーた' οおみくろん Μακεδών) ^[2] ^[3] no Maciton ko Kirisiya, o wawa ningra ci Alisanta Tata’angay-honti(馬うま其頓的てき亞あ歷れき山大やまだい三さん世せい;Katelangay sowal no kirisiya:Ἀλέξανδρος Γがんま' ὁ Μακεδών) cowa ka pahoda a micowat to kakahaday sera no to’asan hekal, mapatenak nani saka’etipan no Sifo’ay-riyar ko ponka ato sakakaay-fana’ patayra i taliyokan no Indo-‘alo. I’ayaw no saka 2 sici macowat no Roma ko Kirisiya, mala Roma-hontian-kitakit ato mirocokay a Paycantin hotian-kitakit ko i kakocay a heci no kitakit, ona Paycantin hotian-kitakit o masiwaray no ponka ato nipitilidan no Kirisiya. I sakacecay sici mapatireng ko Kirisiya So’elina-kyokay, masaloma’ ko aniniay a ponka no Kirisiya, mapatenak heca ko tato’asan pinangan no Kirisiya tayra i So’elinay-Kyokay(正統せいとう教會きょうかい; Kirisiya a sowal:Ορθόδοξη Εκκλησία; Romaan tilid:Orthódoxi Ekklisía; Rosiya a sowal:Православная Церковь, Romaan tilid:Pravoslavnaja Cerkovʹ) a hekal.^[4]

Isasifo’an no saka 15 sici, ma’afas no Wotoman hontian-kitakit ko Kirisiya. Isaka 19sici tahira isaka 20 sici mapalaheci ko sapisiikedaw-lalood, 1830 miheca mihayi to polong a kasakitakit to o fainacadan-kitakit ko Kirisiya saan.

Ira ko 18 a rocokan no hekalay-kitakit, ilaloma’ nonini ira ko 16 rocokan no ponka, 2 ko matata’edipay rocokan ko ponka ato palapalan, ika’ayaway rayray itini i Yoropa ato kasakitakit koninian sa’osi no rocokan.^[5]

O Finawlan-sieci a faco a kitakit, macemahay-kitakit ato takaraway ko pilipayso a kitakit, cemahaday-kitakit, Sa’osi no Kacemahadan no Tamdaw(Human Development Index) takaraway ko heci no ‘orip. O mioatirengay to Linheko a kitakit, o sakamo’etep a kapot no Masakapotay-Yoropa(’ayaway no Yoropa-Lekatep),nani 2001 miheca o kapot no Yoropa-payso a etal. Adihay ho ko pikapotan, tinako han o Yoropa-Licikay, Saka’amisay Tasiyang-Riyaran a Kakaketonan Lekatep(North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO), Mapapadangay to Saka’orip ato Kacemahadan-kapot, Hekalay-malali’acaay Lekatep(World Trade Organization, WTO), Sakarihaday ato Sakapapadang a Lekatep no Yoropa(Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe，OSCE), ato Somowalay-Fransu a Hekalay-Saopo. O misiieday a ponka, mihamhamay-tayal, micolo’ay ato sofitayan-kamaro’an no Kirisiya ko sakacakat malasifo’ay Ci’icelay-kitakit.^[6]^[7]^[8]

Rikisi(歷史れきし)

I'ayaway no kacirikisian(史ふみ前史ぜんし)

Do’edoen ko to’asan ho a nitilidan, latek i’ayaw no 20 ’ofa a mihecaan isasifo’an no katelangay-fokelohan miheca iraay to ko masaniyaro’ay tamdaw a maro’ itini. Latek i’ayaw no no 3200 miheca, i fodawan-miheca mapalengaw to ko samatelangay a ponka no Yoropa, onini i, o Maynos-payrayrang(邁諾斯文しぶん明あきら;Minoan civilization, itiraay i Koriko-kanatal), Cikolaces-payrayrang(基もと克かつ拉ひしげ澤さわ斯文しぶん明あきら,itiraay i Cikolaces-kanatanatalan) ato Helas-payrayranga(赫拉斯文しぶん明あきら,Ikieis a sowal:Helladic, Kirisiya a sowal:Ελλαδικός; itiraay i Kirisiya-karopaw). Latek i’ayaw ni Yisoan to 1600 miheca maceror no Maysini-payrayrang (邁錫尼あま文明ぶんめい; Ikiris a sowal:Mycenaean Greece;Fransu a sowal: Civilisation mycénne), o polong no nini o Acin-payrayrang( 愛あい琴きん文明ぶんめい;The Orehistoric Archaeology of Aegean) hananay konini ponka.maceror no Tolian-tamdaw (多利たり安やす人じん入いれ侵おかせ;Ikiris a aowal:Dorian invasion) ko Maysini-payrayrang, ikor to nonini marimamoh ko Kirisiya to To’emanay-mihecahecan^[9], tahira i’ayaw ni Yisoan to saka 9 sici yo mapatireng ko Kirisiya-niyaro’an kitakit, ira masadak ko matiyaay o Homa Rikisian-’olic a Kirisiya tilid a ponka-nitilidan, onini i, o katelangay-faco a mihecahecaan hananay, tona mihecahecaan patireng i lilis no Sifo’an-riyar ato Kohetingay-riyar to niyahan a nocowatan-sera, patokeled sa i’ayaw ni Yisoan to 776 miheca midemak to sarakatay a Awlinpiko-ontokay(奧おく林りん匹ひき克かつ運動會うんどうかい;Kirisiya a sowal:Ολυμπιακοί Αγώνες; Fransu a sowal:Jeux olympiques; Ikiris a sowal:Olympic Games). I’ayaw ni Yisoan to saka 5 sici, makafili a mitaker to pi’eco no Posi hontian-kitakit ko sofitay no Niyaroan-kitakit no Kirisiya, tona mihecahecaan macakat tahapocok ko sakakaay-fana’ ato ponka no Kirisiya, o To’asan-mihecahecaan(古典こてん時代じだい; Ikiris a sowal:classical antiquity) hananay konini. O Kirisiya, Maciton ato Seroys-etal a payrayrang polong han o Hayloniko(Ελληνιστική) hananay a pangangan, o lalengawan no "Kiris»ya" a ngangan konini.

Maha'emin ma'eco no Roma hontian-kitaki tahira i pisiikedan(被ひ羅ら馬うま共和きょうわ國こく征服せいふく到いた獨立どくりつ)

Talacowa madocepay a malowid no Roma Kapolongan-kitakit( 羅ら馬うま共和きょうわ國こく; Latin a sowal:Res publica Romana) ko Kirisiya i 'ayaw ni Yisoan to 168 miheca, nikawrira mafelih a marecep no ponka ko ‘orip no Roma-tamdaw. Talacowa o cecaay a kowan no Roma Hontian-kitakit ko Kirisiya, nikawrira pararid a misiwar ko ponka no Kirisiya to sakawalian Sifo’an-riyar, tahira to mapecih makilatosa ko Roma Hontian-kitakit. O sasifo’an kahiceraan no Sawalian-Roma hontian kitakit(Paycantin hontian-kitakit) a Cinstantinpaw(君きみ士し坦ひろし丁ちょう堡; Kirisiya a sowal:Κωνσταντινούπολις, Romaan tilid:Κωνσταντινούπολη; Latin a sowal:Constantinopolis), tahakokoc malakirisiyaay ko wayway. Sawalian-Rom a hontian kitakit mataker ko nani sawalianay to saka’etipanay to a pilood to pinapina a sici, tahira to i 1453 miheca matekop ko Cinstantinpaw, noyanan to nornor sato ko Awtoman hontian-kitakit a ’eco to polong a Kirisiya.

O pikowan no Awtoman hontian-kitakit pararid tahira i 1821 miheca to milekalan no Kirisiya a misiiked. 1828 miheca malaheci to ko Pisiikedaw-Lalood no Kirisiya,ptireng to Hontian-faco no sieci ko Kirisiya.

Patireng to Kapolongan-kitakit(建立こんりゅう共和きょうわ國こく)

1922-1927 mihecaan, nanoHontian-faco no sieci mafalic mala no kapolongan-kitakit ko Kirisiya, caka halafing o sofitay ko mitekeday-mikowan, to ikor palolol haeca malakapolongan-kitakit; Kinatolo a misanga’ to kinpo i toloay mihecaan, to ikor tono nini ira ko sepat a miheca to temenekay a mihecaan, nikawrira, marawraw no kaawaan no saka’oirip, ma’emed ko payso to tolo no kalisepay, awaawa ko sap’songila' a tayal no sifo. Tahira to i 1936 miheca tekep sato ko sifo o mitekeday-mikowan ko miceroray, mipalasawad to Kitakit-Kalomaocan, palasawad to kinpo, mipa’eker to mitokeray-sieci kasafelaw ato milalang to saopo, laheci sato a ma’afas ko paifaloco’an a sieci, matongal ko pipenec no sofitay a mikowan, sacicicing sa ko misaopoan a pakamaro’ a mipespes, mipatireng heca to matyaay o Fasise-saopo no kapah no kitakit, nisafaloco’an a misanga’ ko sapipLtata’ang to Tapang no kitakit.^[10] i edef no saka 19sici ato satapangan no saka 20 sici, pararid a micowat to sera no tao, masolot ko somowalay to sowal no Kirisiya a tamdaw no Awtoman hontian-kitakit malatamdaw no Kirisiya, tahira to i 1947 miheca ta malaheci masafaco to aniniay a Kirisiya a kitakit.

I Sakatos-lalood(第だい二に次じ世界せかい大戰たいせん期間きかん)

Rawraw no Sayporoso(mala'afas ko Kirisiya ato Torki)

I Sakatos-lalood, mi’eco ko sofitay no Itali nani niyahan Aerpaniya to Kirisiya, mapacekil ko lalood no Itali ato Kirisiya (希まれ義戰ぎせん爭そう;Kirisiya a sowal:Ελληνοϊταλικός Πόλεμος或あるΠόλεμος τたうοおみくろんυうぷしろん Σαράντα; Italiya a sowal:Guerra di Grecia),malowid no Kirisiya ko Itali, ikor mikihar ko Nacoy-Toic to Paerkan-pecihan kanatal, malacafay ato Itali, Pawciyaliya milood to Kirisiya, ma’eco a maaro’ no Tokodan-Kitakit(軸じく心しん國こく;Ikiris a sowal:Axis power; Toic a sowal:Die Achsenmächte) ko Kirisiya. I 1944 miheca pasitira i Nisakapotay-Kitakit (同盟どうめい國こく; Ikiris a sowal:Allies of World War II; Rosiya a sowal:Антигитлеровская коалиция), miliyas ko sofitay no Toic nani Kirisiya,mapalolol ko Kirisiya a kitakit. Ikor no Sakatosa-lalood ira ho ko kinacecay a laloma’an-lalood ko Kirisiya.

Mihayi to Yoropa-payso(接受せつじゅ歐おう元もと)

1949 miheca malepon to kona laloma’an-lalood, mikapot ko Kirisiya i Saka’amisay Tasiyang-Riyaran a Kakaketonan-Lekatep(北大西洋きたたいせいよう公約こうやく組織そしき; North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO).1967 miheca saka 4 folad saka 21 romi’ad mifelih to sifo ko sofitay, mato’or sa mipalasawad to honti. I 1974 miheca matekop kona nikowanan no sofitay a sifo to nika Rawraw no Sayporoso(賽さい普ひろし勒斯問題もんだい; Kirisiya a sowal:Κυπριακό (ζήτημα; Torki a sowal:Kıbrıs Sorunu),tona mihecaan midemak to kapolongan-pitopa milaheci palasawad to Sawara’an-faco no sieci, patireng to Kapolongan-kitakit. 1977 miheca a pisinkiw matongal ko ‘icel no misakawiliay ko harateng a kasafelaw, nikawrira malemed cowa ka sasifod ko sieci, sanoyanan sato a temonek ko sieci no Kirisiya. 1981 miheca makapot to Kapolongan-Yoropa(歐おう洲しゅう共同きょうどう體たい; Ikiris a sowal:European Community), i 2001 miheca mihayi to Yoropa-payso malapayso no niyah o Kirisiya.^[11] 2009 miheca, nika kakatalawan ko kacikiyam no kitakit ko pasitira no kasakitakit.^[12]^[13]

Sieci(政治せいじ)

Oya mipatalahekalan a kinpo i 1975 miheca mahaopay ko sapi’ading to salongoc no kalotandaw, ira heca matilid ko cecay a sasinkiwen a congtong malatapang no kitakit. O congli ato kakeirdan no sifo ko matayalay,o kacingangan aca a congtong ira ko mamang a tayal no sifo. O katayalan no congtong ato congli sepat miheca, o kalomaocan ko misinkiway, manga’ay a pararid to kinacecay riyad.

O cecayay ko kalomaocan ko pikaykian no kitakit, o kiing no pikaykian tahira i sepat ko mihecaan ko tolas no katayalan, nikawrira, pali’ayaway ko sinkiw ano roma. O tadamasasifoday faco ko pisinkiw to mamalakiing to tatinakoan a niocoran,itini tona matinay a faco no sinkiw awaay ko ‘icel no mamangay a kasafelaw a misiwar to sieci, ano tata’angay a kasafelaw to ano cowa ka ira ko kalitosa no kiing, ira ko ’icel a misiwar to demak no kalomaocan. O kahacecacecay a kasafelaw no sieci sa awaay pakaala to 3% no 300 a kiing ta cikilac to kiing.

O Kirisiya cowa ka lecad ato fiyaw a Pawciyaliya ato Aerpaniya, dengan o Kirisiya ko cowa ka pidemak to siyakaysyuki a kitakit i kalepongan no Li’etecay-lalood itini i katimol no sakawalian no Yoropa.

Kaitiraan(地理ちり)

O sakakaay a sera o itiraay i sakatimolan no Paerkan-pecihan kanatal(Ikiris a sowal: Balkans)a Polopenisa-pecihan-kanatal, mahaop ko Korito-kanatal, Loto-kanatal ato Aycin-riyar kanatanatal. O to’edaw no lilis no riyar ira ko 14,880 km,ono sera a kalalaedan ira ko 1,160 km. Mahaop ko 80% o tokotokosan ko Kirisiya, sahetoay o ma’icangay ko sera: dengan 28% a sera ka matatodongay maomahen. I saka’etipan ira ko henot ato fanaw. I sasifoan a lotok nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 2,650 laya’ ko takaraww. O kakafahekan a Awlinpis-lotok o ’apocok no Kirisiya, nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 2,917 laya’.

Kakarayan(氣候きこう)

O kakarayan no Kirisiya ono Sifo’an-kakarayan. O kasasiromaan no matiniay a kakarayan i, o makedalay i kaciferangan kala’oraday i kasi’enawan, orasaka dengan kasi’enawan ira ko ‘orad, roma i cowa ka ’orad. Patahtahay to cidal itini, icowacowa to ira ko 2000 toki ko lalen no cecay a romi’ad.

O sasafaay ko kafa’edetan itiraay i saka 1 ato saka 2 folad, o sakakaay ko kafa’edet itiraay i saka 7 ato saka 8 folad, i saka 1 folad a lalen kafa’edet 13°C i saka7 ato saka 8 folad a lalen kafa’edet 33°C. I tokotokosan mangalef i misatokayay a Yatin ciso’eday ano roma a kakarayan.

Saka’orip(經濟けいざい)

O saka’orip a tayal no Kirisiya patatekoan ko mali’acaay demak ato no sifoan a demak to saka’orip(onini i makalitosaay ko GDP no Kirisiya), o mihamhamay to lafang a tayal ko sakakaay mahaop ko adihayay a GDP ato kaci’etan to payso no roma a kitakit(latek 15%). O milayapay to padafo’an mikomi no Yoropa-Lekatep, o nipadafo’an no Yoropa-Lekatep mahaop ko 3.3% no GDP, orasaka hato matemenekay to ko saka’orip no Kirisiya tona pinapina a mihecaan.

O kacalohan a lalahecien a tayal o pikeror to awaay ko tayal a tamdaw, miliyaw a misongila’ to faco no saka’orip, ona tayal mahaop ko sapipafeli to kalotamdaw to katayalan no kitakit mala no kalotamdawan katayalan( 私有しゆう化か; Ikiris a sowal:Privatisation; Amilika a sowal:Privatization）, misongila’ heca to sapipa’ading to ’orip no tamdaw(社會しゃかい保障ほしょう:Ikiris a sowal:social security) , misalof heca to pilisata no sifo ato mipalahedaw to patelacay a tayal no sifo.

I 2002 miheca saka 1 folad saka 1 romi’ad malacecay ato Yoropa-payso a kitakit miraoy to Yoropa-payso malopayso no kaloromi’ad palasawaden ko payso no Kirisiya.

I 2020 miheca saka 2 folad o kiyam no Kirisiya sifo ira ko 3000 ok a Yoropa-payso, karihanawan to caka pakapatikol a mapinko ko kitakit, matalaw ko roma a kitakit no Yoropa makihar kono niyah a kitakit, anana to matekop ko Yoropa-payso etal i 2011 miheca.^[14] 2014 miheca lacemcem ko Yoropa a kitakit to sapiliyasaw no Kirisiya to Yoropa-payso etal , macekil ko katekes no pacaliwan-payso no Kirisiya, matefad to ko kupiyaw mamafetas to ko kacikiyam no Yoropa.^[15]

O maomahay a tamdaw no Kirisiya cecay no kalitolo. O sakakaay a losay o olif, parok ato tamako. O simal no olif cowa ko palaheker aca to tamdaw no Kirisiya,adihay ho konipasadakan a paliwal. Ira ho moki,’arilay,kodasing, tamato,fadisoso, mami’ ato limon. Mahaop ko 30% no polong a sera no Kirisiya o omah, nikawrira, ‘akawang kona pala, orasaka cowa ka patahtah to kaka’enen no nipa’oripan, dengan to o siri ko nipaka’enan.

Tamdaw(人口じんこう)

I 2011 miheca a sa’osi ira ko 10,816,286 ko polong a tamdaw. Sahetoay o Kirisiya a tamdaw(98%) mitooray to Kawaliay-Mo’ecelay pitooran. Mapa’adingay no kitakit ko

Kawaliay-Mo’ecelay pitooran, ira heca ko niyah-pikowan salongoc,nikawrira, mapasifana’ no mato’asay no misakeristoay i Cinstantingpaw(君きみ士し坦ひろし丁ちょう堡;Kirisiya a sowal:Κωνσταντινούπολις; Romaan a tilid:Κωνσταντινούπολη: Latin a sowal:Constantinopolis). O roma a pitooran ira ko Islam-pitooran, o nihayian no sifo konini a pitooran.

Pitooran(宗教しゅうきょう)

Mihayi ko “Kinpo no Kirisiya” to o mihayian no ‘alomanay ko Kawaliay-Mo’ecelay pitooransanay, talacowa mahaen to ko sowal, malecaday ko pipa’ading to polong a apitooran. Ano misa’osi to tamdaw ko sifo no Kirisiya cowa ka pipahapingang to pitooran no tamdaw. Do’edo’en ko Sakakaay-sakowan no Amilika(美國びくに國務こくむ院いん;Ikiris a sowal:United States Department of State) a pisa’osi ira ko 97% a tamdaw no Kirisiya o Kawaliay-Mo’ecelay pitooran kako sanay, ono Kirisiya a Mo’ecelay-Kyokay(希まれ臘正教會きょうかい; Kirisiya a sowal:Ελληνορθόδοξη Εκκλησία; Ikiris a sowal:Greek Orthodox Church). I 2005 miheca a pisa’osi no Yoropa-pisa’osian, mahaop ko 81% tamdaw no nilicayan a paca’ofay ” pakaso’elinay to kaira no Pa’oripay kawas” saan, mido’edoay to Marta(馬うま爾しか他た共和きょうわ國こく:Marta a sowal:Repubblika ta' Malta; Ikiris a sowal:Republic of Malta) ato Sayporoso(賽さい普ひろし勒斯共和きょうわ國こく;Kirisiya a sowal:Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία;Torki a sowal:Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti) ko ka’aloman no paka so’elinay to kawas a tamdaw itini i Yoropa-Lekatep. Do’edoen ho koroma a sa’osi, ira ko 15.8% a tamdaw no Kirisiya o “ci’icelay ko pakaso’elin ako” sanay, o sakakaay kona sa’osi itini i Yoropa a kasakitakit,tona sa’osi ira ko 3.5% cowa ka tayra i kyokay sanay.

Mahapinang ko mitooray to Islam a Muslin a mamangay finacadan,itiraay i Soroys a maro’ cangra, latek ira ko safar no mo’etep ’ofad tamdaw no Kirisiya ira ko 20-30 ’ofad ko Muslin a maforaway.

Sowal(語かたり言げん)

Ono sifoan a sowal ono Kirisiya a sowal. Nikawrira matanekay ko roma kitakit a sowal a Ikiris sowal. Roma sato i, o tiraay i Yiatin tokay a tamdaw sahetoay a Fransu ko hasowal to daday romi’ad, ora sa tiraay i Ayawniya-kanatal ato Yipiros a tamdaw ono Italiya a sowal ko kalosowal to romi’ami’ad.

Maysini fafahiyan, o to'asan Kirisiya-finacadan no Kirisiya(希まれ臘文化ぶんか)

Nani pinapinaay patak a mihecahecan ko nikafalic no Ponka no Kirisiya, nani Maysini-ponka( 邁錫尼あま文明ぶんめい;Ikiris a sowal:Mycenaean Greece;Fransu a sowal: Civilisation mycénne) i nikalata’angan a To’asan a Kirisiya-ponka mihecaan, ikor to marecep no Roma hontian-kitakit ato Paycantin hontian-kitakit( 東ひがし羅ら馬うま帝國ていこく;Imperium Romanum)^[16] ato roma a ponka ato kitakit, tinako han o Latin-ponka, Faranko hontian-kitakit, Awtoman-Torki hontian-kitakit, Winis kapolongan-kitakit, Reniya kapolongan-kitakit, ato Tata’angay-Ikiris hontian-kitakit, sahetoay misiwaray to aniniay a Kirisiya. O ‘alomanay a citanengay to rikis a tamdaw, oya Pisiikedan-Lalood no Kirisiya ^[17]o tatapangan to pilolol to ponka no Kirisiya, orasaka mapalacecay ko masasiromaromaay a ponka.

Itiya no to’asan ho a mihecaan, o malalalengawan to no Sa’etipay-Payrayrang( 西方にしかた文明ふみあき)ko Kirisiya. O lalengatan no aniniay a Finawlan-sieci ko Kirisiya-sieci, midamaay-misawkit a faco ato malalenay ko tamtamdaw i ’ayaw no rikec. Mapacemahad no Kirisiya tamdaw ko Sakakaay-kacitaneng, tinako han o Kina’orip-taneng, Sa’osi-taneng, Rikisi-taneng, Haratengan-taneng ato Nadafongan-taneng, nawhan ni masado’edoay ko pisaharateng nangra. ’Adihay ko kasafaco no Nitilidan-ponka no Kirisiya-tamdaw, tinako han o olic no rikisi, olic a radiw, rikisi, kakakesman-sifay, kakaolahan-sifay. Miroroday sidateng ato pisi’erod to sakarihadayaw, o matiniay a salongan harateng mirecep to i Sa’etipay-kitakit a Nipinengnengan.

Pacefaday a tilid(註腳)

↑ Carol Strickland. The Illustrated Timeline of Western Literature: A Crash Course in Words & Pictures. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. 2007: 2 [2016-10-10]. ISBN 978-1-4027-4860-8. （原始げんし內容存そん檔於2016-12-07）. Although the first writing originates in the cradle of civilization along Middle Eastern rivers — the Tigris, Euphrates, and Nile — the true cradle of Western literature is Athens. As the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley says, "We are all Greeks."
↑ 《Alexander the Great in His World》 Carol G. Thomas著ちょ..
↑ 《Perseus》 Daniel Ogden著ちょ; 《A History of Greece to 322 B.C.》， N. G. L. Hammond著ちょ.ISBN 0-19-873095-0,page 56,1986。.
↑ Greece during the Byzantine period (c. AD 300–c. 1453), Population and languages, Emerging Greek identity. Encyclopædia Britannica. United States: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2008. Online Edition.
↑ Greece Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List (17). Unesco. Unesco. [2016-10-10]. （原始げんし內容存そん檔於2017-03-24）.
↑ Aronsson, Albin. The Geostrategic Value of Greece and Sweden in the Current Struggle between Russia and NATO. [2016-10-10]. （原始げんし內容存そん檔於2021-03-17）.
↑ http://europesworld.org/2013/06/01/greece-can-still-be-a-geopolitical-asset-for-the-eu/#.V-ljaCQbP9s 網もう際ぎわ網もう路ろ檔案館かん的てき存そん檔，存そん檔日期き2017-01-11.
↑ Geopolitical Consequences Of 'Grexit' Would Be Huge, Country Risk-Defence and Security-Financial Markets. 2015-07-01 [2016-10-10]. （原始げんし內容存そん檔於2017-10-10）.
↑ 希まれ臘黑暗くら時代じだい（英語えいご：Greek Dark Ages），又また稱たたえ荷馬にうま時代じだい（根據こんきょ荷馬にうま史詩しし）、幾何きか時代じだい（根據こんきょ當時とうじ的てき幾何きか藝術げいじゅつ），是ぜ指ゆび希まれ臘歷史し中ちゅう從したがえ公こう元もと前まえ11世紀せいき邁錫尼あま文明ぶんめい覆滅ふくめつ到いた公おおやけ元もと前まえ9世紀せいき第だい一いち個こ城じょう邦くに的てき建立こんりゅう的てき歷史れきし時期じき，也是荷馬にうま史詩しし的てき年代ねんだい。
↑ Ian Kershew著ちょ、林はやし華はな譯やく. 地獄じごく之これ行ぎょう:1914-1949. 中ちゅう信しん出版しゅっぱん集團しゅうだん. 2018年ねん12月: 202、282. ISBN 978-7-5086-8300-3.
↑ 劉りゅう增泉ますいずみ. 第だい十じゅう章しょう第だい七なな節せつ〈民主みんしゅ政治せいじ的てき新しん起點きてん〉. 《希まれ臘史—歐おう洲しゅう文明ぶんめい的てき起源きげん》. 2003: 165-168頁ぺーじ.
↑ George Matlock. Peripheral euro zone government bond spreads widen. Reuters. 16 February 2010 [28 April 2010]. （原始げんし內容存そん檔於2019-12-14）.
↑ Acropolis now. The Economist. 29 April 2010 [22 June 2011]. （原始げんし內容存そん檔於2017-10-20）.
↑ 希まれ臘應借か鑑かん愛あい爾しか蘭らん實事じつごと求もとめ是ぜ由よし奢おご入にゅう儉網もう際ぎわ網もう路ろ檔案館かん的てき存そん檔，存そん檔日期き2011-11-06.
↑ 希まれ腊股市し暴跌6.25% 欧おう债危机つくえ忧虑重じゅう燃もえ. [2014-11-02]. （原始げんし內容存そん檔於2021-03-07）.
↑ 西歐せいおう學界がっかい普遍ふへん稱しょう之の為ため拜はい占うらない庭にわ帝國ていこく。然しか而其國こく祚一千餘年期間仍自封為羅ら馬うま帝國ていこく（拉ひしげ丁ひのと語ご：Imperium Romanum；希まれ臘語：Βασιλεία Ρωμαίων；中ちゅう古希こき臘語：Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων 轉寫てんしゃ：Basileía Rhōmaíōn）正統せいとう繼承けいしょう國こく、公民こうみん皆みな自認じにん為ため羅ら馬うま人じん（中ちゅう古希こき臘語：Ῥωμαῖοおみくろんιいおた轉寫てんしゃ：Rhōmaîoi），而非「拜はい占うらない庭にわ人じん」或ある「希まれ臘人」。
↑ 希まれ臘獨立どくりつ戰爭せんそう（希まれ臘語：Ελληνική Επανάσταση，羅ら馬うま化か：Elliniki Epanastasi；鄂圖曼土耳みみ其語：يونان عصياني‎，羅ら馬うま化か：Yunan İsyanı），或ある可か之の稱たたえ為ため希まれ臘革命いのち、希まれ臘起義よし，是ぜ由希ゆき臘革命いのち者しゃ於1821年ねん至いたり1832年間ねんかん發起ほっき的てき成功せいこう反抗はんこう鄂圖曼帝國こく的てき獨立どくりつ戰爭せんそう

Pikafitan i papotal(外部がいぶ連接れんせつ)

CIA
外交がいこう部ぶ
List of current heads of state and government

[1] Carol Strickland. The Illustrated Timeline of Western Literature: A Crash Course in Words & Pictures. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. 2007: 2 [2016-10-10]. ISBN 978-1-4027-4860-8. （原始げんし內容存そん檔於2016-12-07）. Although the first writing originates in the cradle of civilization along Middle Eastern rivers — the Tigris, Euphrates, and Nile — the true cradle of Western literature is Athens. As the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley says, "We are all Greeks."

[2] 《Alexander the Great in His World》 Carol G. Thomas著ちょ..

[3] 《Perseus》 Daniel Ogden著ちょ; 《A History of Greece to 322 B.C.》， N. G. L. Hammond著ちょ.ISBN 0-19-873095-0,page 56,1986。.

[4] Greece during the Byzantine period (c. AD 300–c. 1453), Population and languages, Emerging Greek identity. Encyclopædia Britannica. United States: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2008. Online Edition.

[5] Greece Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List (17). Unesco. Unesco. [2016-10-10]. （原始げんし內容存そん檔於2017-03-24）.

[6] Aronsson, Albin. The Geostrategic Value of Greece and Sweden in the Current Struggle between Russia and NATO. [2016-10-10]. （原始げんし內容存そん檔於2021-03-17）.

[7] ttp://europesworld.org/2013/06/01/greece-can-still-be-a-geopolitical-asset-for-the-eu/#.V-ljaCQbP9s 網もう際ぎわ網もう路ろ檔案館かん的てき存そん檔，存そん檔日期き2017-01-11.

[8] Geopolitical Consequences Of 'Grexit' Would Be Huge, Country Risk-Defence and Security-Financial Markets. 2015-07-01 [2016-10-10]. （原始げんし內容存そん檔於2017-10-10）.

[9] 希まれ臘黑暗くら時代じだい（英語えいご：Greek Dark Ages），又また稱たたえ荷馬にうま時代じだい（根據こんきょ荷馬にうま史詩しし）、幾何きか時代じだい（根據こんきょ當時とうじ的てき幾何きか藝術げいじゅつ），是ぜ指ゆび希まれ臘歷史し中ちゅう從したがえ公こう元もと前まえ11世紀せいき邁錫尼あま文明ぶんめい覆滅ふくめつ到いた公おおやけ元もと前まえ9世紀せいき第だい一いち個こ城じょう邦くに的てき建立こんりゅう的てき歷史れきし時期じき，也是荷馬にうま史詩しし的てき年代ねんだい。

[10] Ian Kershew著ちょ、林はやし華はな譯やく. 地獄じごく之これ行ぎょう:1914-1949. 中ちゅう信しん出版しゅっぱん集團しゅうだん. 2018年ねん12月: 202、282. ISBN 978-7-5086-8300-3.

[11] 劉りゅう增泉ますいずみ. 第だい十じゅう章しょう第だい七なな節せつ〈民主みんしゅ政治せいじ的てき新しん起點きてん〉. 《希まれ臘史—歐おう洲しゅう文明ぶんめい的てき起源きげん》. 2003: 165-168頁ぺーじ.

[12] George Matlock. Peripheral euro zone government bond spreads widen. Reuters. 16 February 2010 [28 April 2010]. （原始げんし內容存そん檔於2019-12-14）.

[13] Acropolis now. The Economist. 29 April 2010 [22 June 2011]. （原始げんし內容存そん檔於2017-10-20）.

[14] 希まれ臘應借か鑑かん愛あい爾しか蘭らん實事じつごと求もとめ是ぜ由よし奢おご入にゅう儉網もう際ぎわ網もう路ろ檔案館かん的てき存そん檔，存そん檔日期き2011-11-06.

[15] 希まれ腊股市し暴跌6.25% 欧おう债危机つくえ忧虑重じゅう燃もえ. [2014-11-02]. （原始げんし內容存そん檔於2021-03-07）.

[16] 西歐せいおう學界がっかい普遍ふへん稱しょう之の為ため拜はい占うらない庭にわ帝國ていこく。然しか而其國こく祚一千餘年期間仍自封為羅ら馬うま帝國ていこく（拉ひしげ丁ひのと語ご：Imperium Romanum；希まれ臘語：Βασιλεία Ρωμαίων；中ちゅう古希こき臘語：Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων 轉寫てんしゃ：Basileía Rhōmaíōn）正統せいとう繼承けいしょう國こく、公民こうみん皆みな自認じにん為ため羅ら馬うま人じん（中ちゅう古希こき臘語：Ῥωμαῖοおみくろんιいおた轉寫てんしゃ：Rhōmaîoi），而非「拜はい占うらない庭にわ人じん」或ある「希まれ臘人」。

[17] 希まれ臘獨立どくりつ戰爭せんそう（希まれ臘語：Ελληνική Επανάσταση，羅ら馬うま化か：Elliniki Epanastasi；鄂圖曼土耳みみ其語：يونان عصياني‎，羅ら馬うま化か：Yunan İsyanı），或ある可か之の稱たたえ為ため希まれ臘革命いのち、希まれ臘起義よし，是ぜ由希ゆき臘革命いのち者しゃ於1821年ねん至いたり1832年間ねんかん發起ほっき的てき成功せいこう反抗はんこう鄂圖曼帝國こく的てき獨立どくりつ戰爭せんそう

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]