India
India(印度 )
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/220px-Flag_of_India.svg.png)
印度 共和 國 (印 地 語 :भारत गणराज्य;英語 :Republic of India),通稱 印度 (印 地 語 :भारत;英語 :India)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]O itiraay i Satimolan-Aciya(
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/India_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-India_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png)
Cowa ko malacecaay ko finacadan ato ponka no Indo, tada’adihay ko kasasiromaroma no finacadan ato ponka. Itini i tamdaw no Indo a Indostan-finacadan(
O roma sa i, o tada’adihayay ko pitooran no tamtamdaw no Indo, pacingangan hananay to “Pina'angan loma’ to pitooran” ,[7] o nani Indo ko tatapangan no sakakaay pitooran ihekal ko Indo ira ko Fociya ato Indo-pitoora, o tamdaw no Inso sahetoay mitooray to Indo-pitooran; o sakatosa ko kaikaka no Islam-Pitooran(
O Indo a kitakit o sakakaay a tayal o maomahay, nakamayan-pisanga’ to dafong i tokay,mihamhamay to lafang a tayal ato micokeray toninian a tayal, iraay to kocemahaday noninian tayal. Cowa ko ka fangcal no ponka ato kakafahekaan faco no sera i saka’amisan ko misorotay to lafang, ira heca ko ‘aloanay a mafana’ay somowal to sowal no Ikiris matayal to mi’efawan tayal(onini i,pataynien no kosi no roma a kitakit ko kasasowal to lalfang, mipaca’ofay i dingwa Atayal). Roma sato i,o iraay ko Tekedan-Tinki a mata’elifay to ko romi’ad a sapaiyo itini a misanga’ a paini to ka’emeday a pipaising. Tona pinapina a mihecaan, mipadahof to ‘adihayay a payso i tata’angay kiwiku, to sapipatatongodaw ato kasakitakit i sakakaay-taneng, patinako han niyah a pikinkiw to kakarayan, pikinkiw to kina’orip no Satimolan-Aciya. O sakakaay a kalli’acaan to dafong a kitakit o Ampirika,Yoropa-Lekatep, Dipon,Conko, Rosiya ato [p Sawara’an-kitakit no Arapiya.]p
Ngangan no kitakit(國名 釋義 )
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]O pipangangan no Conko to Indo kinapinapina a mafalic, Sa’etipan-Han o Ciyang-Tow hananay, i Sakawalian-Han o Tien-Tow hananay. Tahira to i Tang-Mihecahecaan o Indo han to mipasetek ko pangangan to Indo.23 Oninian a ngangan o Ciyang-Tow to, o Sen-Tow to, o Indo to sahetoay o nani Fan-sowal no itiraay i Indo’Alo toya सिंधु(Sindhu), ngiha’ no Posi-sowal o هندو(Hindu), Kirisiya a sowal:Ίνδό(Indu), o Kuice-sowal: Indaka(吐火
O Poloto hananay no Indo ko niyah pitahidang. Away ko pasicowaan to ka’adihay no ngangan no Indo,ano do’edoen ko palatoh no Cina-Pitooran(耆
Ira ho ko roma a kitakit to panganganay tono niyah a kitakit toninian, ikoray a tamdaw ona ngangan o pakadofahay to kitakit saan, orasaka kalangangan han to no ‘adihayay kitakit. itiya ho o “Poloti” (o Poloto-tamdaw) sanay ko pitahidang to niyah a tireng ko to’asan ho tamdaw no Indo, o teloc no honti ci Poloto koninian mapolong.
Rikisi(歷史 )
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Clive.jpg/220px-Clive.jpg)
Nanoliteng-Payrayrang(古老 文明 )
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]Iraay ko katelangan-fakelohan mihecahecaan ato Fa’elohay-fakelohan mihecahecaan. O itirray i Pakistan a katelangay-Indo a Indo’alo a ponka no Indo, o cecay a katelangay-Payrayrang, isaikoray itiyaay i ‘ayaw no yiesoan to 2500 miheca, o itirray i Pakistan a katelangay-Indo a Indo’alo ira ko nipatirengan no katelangay-Indo tamdaw a ponka no Indo, o sa’ayaway pakakera tona nalacolan no ponka itiraay i Halapo ato Mohengco-Talo no Pakistan, orasaka o Payrayrang no Indo-’alo (Indus Valley Civilization) ano ca o Halapo-payrayrang hananay a pangangan. O nipatirengan no Indo a finawlan-kasasa’er tada makedecay, nikawrira latek i’ayaw niyisoan to 2000 mihecaan talifahal sa a makedi’, matekop ko Indo-‘alo a payrayrang, o micolo’ay to ponka a sowal ato tilid matiya to makedi’, awa ko mafana’ay to nika kedi’, tahanini ira ko masamaamaanay a sowal pakayni toni kakedi’, nikawrira awaay ko pakaso’elinay toninian sowal.[10] ono aniniay to a pikinkiw to kakoc no ‘irang, cowa ka tata’ang ko kasasirom no kakoc no ‘irang no Indo-tamdaw, orasaka latek ira ko tata’angay a lenlen. Oroma a sowal i, maca’efas ko Indo-‘alo ta malenlen ano ca makedal.[11]
Macowat no Yalian-tamdaw(雅 利 安 人 入 侵 )
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]I'ayaw ni yieso to 1500 mihecaan, micowat ko nani sa’amisan no sak’etip a Yalian-tamdaw to sa’amisan no sak’etip a Indo-‘alo ato ika’amisay a Heng-‘alo’aloan. Ikor to pinapina a sici, nornor sato ko Yalian-tamdaw a maro’ itini a maomah. O sowal no Yalian malasowal tono itiniay tamdaw, macacamol ato itiniay a ponka, masang’ ko Fito-ponka. Ona ponka iikoray tono Indo’alo ponka ko pinapina a sici, orasak o Hen-’alo ponka hahanay. Yo micomod to ko Yalian-tamdaw siromaen nangra ko itiniay tamdaw ato Yalian-tamdaw, nornor sato ko kasassa’er-‘orip a faco itini i Indo.
Kongcie-Sawara’an kitakit (孔雀 王朝 )
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Portrait_Gandhi.jpg/220px-Portrait_Gandhi.jpg)
I’ayaw no saka 3 sici a sasifo’an, o honti no Kongcie-Sawara’an kitakit ci Ayi honti mapalacecay a pateko ko polong no Indo-Pecihan Kanatal ’edeng ni Maysoer-Etal no Katimolan-Indo, yo mapatay sato ci Ayi-Sawara’an, mafadi’ ko Kongcie-Sawara’an. To ikor to i, halafin ko kafodfod no kalokitakit i Indo. I laloma’ nonini, pacarcaray a mapateko a malacecay ko ka’amisay-Indo ni Kuisang-hontian kitakit ato Cito-Sawara’an itiniay a masadak ko masamaanay a pitooran, mahaop ko Indo-pitooran ato nani Nipaloan a Fociyaw; o sacomahaday a mihecahecaan no citanengay-fana’, Fangcalay-tanengnengan ato ponka.
Arapiya hontian-kitakit pacomod to Islam-pitooran(阿 拉 伯 帝國 引入伊 斯蘭教 )
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]Isaka 8 sici, satapang ko Arapiya hontian-kitakit a micowat to Indo, hawikedan nangra ko Islam-ponka,iikor no saka 15sici sa’aloman sa to ko miracaray to riyar a tayni ko mili’acaay a Yoropa tamdaw i Indo, itira to a mafana’ to kakalimelaan no Indo, misa’icel to a misafaloco’ to patireng to nicowatan-kowan. Yo matekop to ko Toli-Sotan kitakit, matiya to o teloc no nani Sifo’an-Aciya a Timoer(
Masafeleng a micowat ko Yoropa kitakit(歐 洲 列國 相 繼 建立 殖民 地 )
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]Nikawrira o pikowan ni Timoer matiya to o pitooran ko lalengatan a mafodfod a mafadi’, patokeled sa tona mihecahecaan o ci’icelay a Potawya, Olanta, Ikiris ato Franso safeleng saan a tayni i Indo-karopaw, mala’afas to Indo a malalood. 1757 miheca, malalood ko Mowoer Hontian-kitakit ato Sawalian-Indo Kosi no Ikiris(
O tangsolay pikowan no Linheko a Indo(malamicongacongay kitakit no Ikiris ;
Micoro ci Kanti to cowa ka patomaliw onto(甘地 推動不 合作 運動 )
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Jnehru.jpg/220px-Jnehru.jpg)
Yo macemahad to Indo nirnir sato a talipa’elal ko finawlan no Indo, o pikowan no Ikiris tadamilokesay a pakangodo to tiring no Indo-tamdaw, o hatiniyay a harateng nornor sato a mirecep i tamtamdaw, orasaka i 1885 miheca patireng to Indo Finawlan-Kalomaocan Kasafelaw no Indo ko citanengay a tamdaw no Indo. I 1920 miheca misafa’eloh to mamatayal, o milekalay to pisiiked nani Ikiris ci Mohanmoto-Kanti ko matoro’ay no ‘alomanay,tangsol sato midemak to sapialaaw to pisiikedaw a “cowa ka patomaliw onto” (
Ikor no Sakatosa-Lalood kakedi’ ko ‘icel no Ikiris(第 二 次 世界 大戰 之 後 ,英國 實力 迅速 衰 落)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]Ikor no Sakatosa-Lalood, sakali’eki sato makedi’ ko ‘icel no Ikiris, matenak heca ko Finawlan-kitakit sanay a harateng ato cowa ka patomaliw a demak, hayi han to no Ikiris ko pisiiked no Indo. Nikawria, oya Muslin-Lekatep misafaloco’ to sapipatirengaw to Muslin-kitakit---Pakistan, cowa ko kafilo no Ikiris aci Kanti a milalang ko Muslin, orasaka yo misiiked sato ko Indo mapapecih to Pakistan tosa a kitakit. 1947 miheca pasadak ko Ikiris to “Monpa-sahalaka” (
Yo misiiked tahanini(獨立 後 到 今日 )
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]Yo misiiked sato, ci Ciyawahalaer-Nihelo ko sakakaay mikowanay, pasitira i Siyakaysyuki(
Na misiiked sato ko Indo ’acaen no sifo ko sera no Sawara’an a patateko, ikor to i,mapalahedaw to ko paloniyah sanay a mapapecihpech to sera a sawara’an. Matatokeled malalood ato Pakistan pakayni fangafang no Kosinmier(喀什
I 1959 miheca hamhamen no Indo ci Talay-lama Tanciyaco, masaso’iring to ko Indo ato Conko. I 1961 miheca malalood ato Potawya ko Indo maala no Indo ko Koa sera. I 1962 miheca micomod ko sofitay no Indo i kalalaedan ato Conko patireng to pikacawan, orasak mapacekil ko Lalood i Kalala’edan no Conko ato Indo(
O kasaso’iring no pitooran ilaloma’ no Indo o micawcaway to sakacemahad no kitakit, pararid tahira i 1990 mihecahecaan. I 1991 miheca, o congli no Indo ci Laaw misatapang a midemak to Kali’acaan-saka’orip a tayal, ira ko heci no natayalan ta nornor sato manga’ay ko saka’orip no kitakit. nikawrira, mapatolas no cowa ka ‘aloman ko mitiliday no finawlan, orasak ira ko tolas no sakacemahad, cowa konini aca o rikec no mamatayal ato komi no matayalay mitolasay to pipateli to payso no roma a kitakit.
Oya fangafang to Kosinmier parariday a ira, nikawrira i 2002 mihea masasowal to sakaca tongal no kafodfod itini. O saka’orip no Indo ’adihayay ko tadamaanay a heci, nikawria ma’asi tato ko ka’adihay no tamdaw(14’ok), tatiih ko taliyok no katayal ato ka’aloman no pakoyoc a tamdaw, ira heca ko kafodfod no finacadan to pitooran.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/NorthBlock.jpg/220px-NorthBlock.jpg)
Sieci(政治 )
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]O Matekoay-kapolongan kitakit ko Indo, ira ko 7.14’ok a tamdaw to mamitopa to sinkiw, cilafas to 1,000 ko kasafelaw no sieci midemak to sinkiw no Kitakit-Kalomaocan, ilaloma’ nonini ira ko 7 mi’edefay to kitakit a tata’angay kasafelaw no sieci, 40 ko i kowanay a kasafelaw no sieci, ato 980 ko mamangaya kasafelaw no sieci, o sakakaay a no finawlan a sinkiw sanay ko tonini.(2009 miheca)[12]
O congtong ko tatapang no kitakit, sakakaay kakeridan no sofitay. Nikawrira o madohaway ko ‘icel no congton, to kaloromi’ad o congli ko mimetmetay to sakowan ’icel. Nikawrira, ano matalaw no roma a kitakit, mamacowat ato rawraw no kitakit, o congtong ko pasadakay a milekal to Kakafolawan-demak; ano mafodfod ko sifo cato katayal i, manga’ay ko congton miceror a mikowan to kitakit; ano marawraw to sinkiw ko Kitakit-Kalomaocan, o congtong ko mamisanga’ to sifo; ira ko ‘icel no congtong a mifelih to nipasadakan no sifo a rikec ato halaka.[13][14][15]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/PM_Modi_2015.jpg/220px-PM_Modi_2015.jpg)
Lima miheca ko katayalan no congtong ato midamaay-congtong, o misiikedan a sakowan ko misinkiway to congtong.[16] o nipadangay-congton ano cowa to pakatayal ko congtong cowa ka tangsol sa miceror malacongtong.
O so’elinay midemakay to polong a tayal no kitakit o nikeridan no congli a saopo no malatapangay no tayal no sifo. o sakakaay a kasafelaw-sieci i kitakit-kalomaocan ko mipasadakay to mamalaconli a tamdaw, ta o congtong to ko mitoro’ay, ikor to i,o congli to ko mioro’ay to mamatayal a tapang no kalocitodongay no sifo.
O kitakit-kalomaocan o Tosaay-faco Kalomaocan,o Fafa’eday a Ptatekoan-Kalisaocan ato La’enoay a Finawlan-Kalisaocan, o nikaykian no tatapang no matayalay no sifo ko citodongay a pasowal i Finawlan-Kalisaocan.
O kiing no Ptatekoan-Kalisaocan 6 miheca ko katayalan, mifalic a sikiwen ko cecay no kalitolo to tosa miheca, ilaloma’ noni to 233 a kiing o iniyaro’ay ko mitopaay, orama a 12 kiing o congtong ko mitoro’ay palakiing.
O kiing no Finawlan-Kalisaocan ira ko 545 ko tamdaw 5 miheca ko katayalan, ilaloma’ nonini to 543 kiibg o finawlan ko mitopaay, o’osaw to 2 kiing o congtong ko mitoro’ay malakiing.
Ira ko masongila’ay a kinpo to mirikecay to faco no kalomaocan, o tahapinangan no sieci no Indo konini. Kinapinapina a misalof cilafas to 395 satoko, cilafas to 1000 ko cihecaiay a hecek, o “ o sakakaay ko to’edaw a kinpo i hekal” sanay ko kalita’ang. Ira ko pipatosek a tilid o cisalongocay, Finalawlan ko kaka, Siyakaysyuki a kapolongan kitakit, mipa’ading to Mo’ecel, Malalen ato Paifaloco’ no kalotamdaw, misa’icel heca micokeroh to kasasonga’ay no tamtamdaw.
Kaitiraan(地理 )
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gandhi_Setu_Bridge_in_Patna%2C_India.jpg/220px-Gandhi_Setu_Bridge_in_Patna%2C_India.jpg)
Itiraay i Indo Sakatosa-karopaw, o sakakaay ira ko toloay etal: o takaraway tokotokosan a Simalaya-tokos( o pocok nani tongroh no riyar ira 8,598 laya’ a Kancenciya -pocok), sasifo'an-dafdaf/Hen'alo( Indo-Gangetic Plain) ato satimolan a Tokan-tapolo.
Ika’amis no saka’etipan madado’edo ko sera ato Pakistan ato Afohan, isaka’amisan malalaed ato Conko, Potan ato Nipalo, isakawalian malala’ed ato Miyanma.o Monciyala-Kowan no Indo maaingid ato Monciyala kitakit. isakatimolan o Sililangka kanatalan-kitakit ato Maerif-kanatalan kitakit. I katimol no saka’etipan misi’ayaw to Arapiya-riyar, ikawali ato katimol no sakawalian misi’ayaw to Monciyala-kihaw.
O sakapito ko katata’ang no sera i hekal ko Indo, o polong no kakahad no sera ira ko 317 km² , nani ka’amis tayra i katimol ira ko 3,214 km ko kato’edaw, nani kawali tahira i saka’etip ira ko 2,993 km, o sakakaay a pala no Skatimolan-Aciya ko Pecihan-Kanatal a Indo.
O faco no sera(地形 )
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]Masasiromaroma ko pala no Indo:ira ko ciso’eaday tokas, ira ko tafotafokan, ira ko ’apapolo ira ko tapolo, ira ko kasasiromaroma a tatapalan no pala. Ira heca ko 7000 km a lilis no riyar, sahetoay itiniay i sakatimolan no Aciya, micomod i Indo-Riyar.
O kadofahay a Hen-’alo dafdaf matahepoay ko Saka’amisan-Indo, ato sasifo’an ato sawali’an no Indo. O Tokan-tapolo ma’edefay ko satimolan no Indo. O saka’etian no Indo o Taer-tafotafokan, onini i, o ciramramay to fokeloh ato tafok a tafotafokan. O sakawalian ato saka’amis-sawalian matahepoay ko Simalaya-tokos.
Kakarayan (氣候 )
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]O Indo sahetoay o tadafa’edetay ma’emin, sahetoay o Fa’edetay-kafodo’an kakarayan, o itiraay isa’etipan no Indo a Taer-tafotafokan ono Fa’edetay-tafotafokan kakarayan. mahapinangay ko kafodo’an-fali i kaciferangan, ikasi’enawan away ko mahapinangay a kafodo’an-fali. sakilace ko kakarayan no Indo o ka’oradan-kakarayan(6-10 folad) ato kakedalan-kakarayan(3-5 folad) ato kasi’emelan-kakarayan(11-12folad),ikasi’enawan ma’ading no Simalaya-tokos, away ko ki’etecay fali pasitimol misiwar to kakarayan no Indo.
Kinaira no pala(自然 資源 )
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]O sakasepat ko ka tata’ang no nisopedan sikitang itini i hekal ko Indo. Oroma a kinaira no pala ira ho ko marad,mong, yinmo, lo, kaso, simal-kasolin, taya,’apol ato kamaomahan.
Saka’orip(經濟 )
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/An_Indian_call_center.jpg/220px-An_Indian_call_center.jpg)
O cecay a kitakit no hekal to sakali’ekiay ko kacemahad,[17] masorot ko mata no tamdaw to kafaheka to kacemohad no saka’orip. 2017 miheca o pali’ayaw a pinengneng no Hekalay-Kiking Lekatep(International Monetary Fund,IMF) to polong a pili’etan no laloma’an no Indo ira ko 2.611-caw Amirika-payso, o saka’enem katata’ang no cisaka’oripay i hekal.[18] [19] cowa ka hakowa ko kasa’owa’owac ato Ikiris ato Fransu; 2017 miheca o pali’ayaw a pinengneng no Hekalay-kinko(World Bank,WB) to polong a pili’etan no laloma’an no Indo ira ko 2.59-caw Amirika-payso, malecad ko pinengneng o saka’enem katata’ang cisaka’otipay i hekal[20]. Ano i ’icel no pi’aca to dafong konengnengen i 2017 mihecaan a polong a pili’etan no laloma’an no Indo ira ko 9.459-caw Amirika-payso, mata’elif ko Dipon o sakatolo rayray itini i hekal,[18] mitooray to Amirika, Conko. Itiya i’ayaw no 20 mihecaan, o lalen no kacemahad no Indo ira ko 5.8%, i 2011 miheca tahira i 2012 miheca malawisay to ko 6.1% ko kacemahadan.[21]
Nikawrira, o kacidafong no tamtamdaw cowa ka lalen, ipolong nona kitakit a 10% a tamdaw mimetmetay to 33% a li’etan no kapolongan. Adihay sa ko tamdaw no Indo palalen han to i,cowa to ka hakowa ko kilac no li’etan no tamtamdaw, tinako han i 2011 miheca o lalen nili’etanan no tamdaw ‘edengan 3,694 Amirika-payso, o saka 129 ko rayray i hekal, o pifakican to Amirika-payso ‘edengan 1,389 Amirika-payso, o saka140 rayray i heakl(o plong kitakit no ira ko189 kitakit).[22]
O matayalay tamdaw no Indo ira ko 5.137 ’ok o sakatosa ko ka adihay no matayalay i hekal, ilaloma’ noni ira ko 50% o maomahay ano o mikiharay to maomahay tayal, ira 28% o matayalay to mihamhamay to lafang a tayal ato mikiharay tona tayal;o matayal to misanga’ay to dafong ira ko 18%. O matayalay i roma a roma a kitakit a tamdaw no Indo latek ira ko 2.500 ’oafd ko tamdaw, o ni’etanan nangra to cecay miheca(2014mihecaan a sa’osi) ira ko 700 ’ok Amirika-payso, o sakakaay nipifalican to roma kitakit a payso i hekal.[23]
O sakakaay nipalomaan losay ira ko panay, moki, dateng, takomod ociya, tefos ato malinso.[24] o misanga’an dafong o sakakaay ira ko tinaw-ranti,tosiya,amoto,hiliyo, sakatayal dafong no dingki, misanga’an kaka’enen, kikay,mikarkar to fakeloh,simal-kasolin,misanga’ to sapaiyo, marad, dafong no micolo’ay ato dafong no mililecay.[24] I 2001 miheca tahira i 2011 mihecaan, o nipasadakan a simalan-dagong ato sakatayal dafong matongal ko ka’adihay nani 14% matongal tahira i 42%.[25]
Tamdaw(人口 )
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Indiadem.jpg/220px-Indiadem.jpg)
I 2011 mihecaan a sa’osi to tamdaw, ira ko 1,210,193,422 ko tamdaw no Indo,[26] motooray to Conko ko ka’aloman no tamdaw, nani 2001 miheca tahira i 2011 mihecaan a katongal no tamdaw 1.76%.[26] isafaay to i’ayaway a mo’etep miheca (1991-2001) to 2.13%.[27] o sakilac to fafahiyan ato fainayan 0.94,[26] tahira to i 2019 miheca ira ko 1368,737,513 ko tamdaw, 1.08% ko katongal to mihecahecaan.[28] do’edoen ko Sakanga’ay-Sakitatirengan a Lekatep(World Health Organization, WHO) a pisa’soi to mihecahecan ira ko 90 ’ofad ko mapatayay nika ’oning no nanom ato fali.[29] 10 ’ofad ko tamdaw 50 aca ko ising.[30]
O mafana’ay to tilid a tamdaw i 2011 miheca a sa’osi 74.04 %( fainayan 82.14%, fafahiyan 65.46%)[26] o sakakaay mafana’ay to tilid o Kalala-kowan,[31] Pihali-kowan ko sasafaay;[32] o lalen a ’orip 68.59 mihecaan. Tata’angay ko kasatiwtiw no cipaysoay ato manikaway, orasaka ‘aloman ko maro’ay i manikaway loma’ i tokay, o lifong ira ko Tinkolo, malaliya, A-faco ’atay adada, E-faco ’atay adada.
Finacadan(民族 )
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]tosa ko sakakaay finacadan no Indo, o mihaopay to 72% a Indo-Yalian finacadan ato mihaopay to 25% a Talopica-tamdaw. ira ho pacarcaray maro' a finacadan, tinako han o cinganganay i hekal a misamaraday a Katoliyakohaer-tamdaw, ira ho ko milacalay ko 'orip a Palali-tamdaw; ira ho mi'a'adopay modatengay tamdaw, ano ca o paliwalay to cinah, mi'edaway.kowaniay,Ayifito-pa'adaay, ticinaay,micadiway to fokeloh,mitiliday to tireng a kasasiromaroma a tayal.ira ko sowal no mikinkiway itini i Indo ira ko 500 a pacarcaray ko aro' a kasafelaw, latek ira ko 8000 'ofad ko polong noninian tamdaw.
Kasasa'er no 'orip(種 性 制度 )
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]Indo pitooran ato Fociyaw tosa a pitooran, nawhani, oninian tamtamdaw mikihamonay to kasasa’er-no’orip(
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/From_left_to_right-_A_Gurkha%2C_a_Brahmin_and_a_Sood.jpg/220px-From_left_to_right-_A_Gurkha%2C_a_Brahmin_and_a_Sood.jpg)
Kasasa'er no 'orip(
1.Polomen o Cikawasay(
2.Satili o Tadamaanay tamdaw ato cipo’otay(剎帝
3.Fise o kalotamdaw(
4.Sotolo o koli(
Ona sepatay a kasasa’er mafalic to tolo a kasasa’er, onini i, o Plomon, Satili ato Fise a ikakaay-kasasa’er, ato itiyaay ho a Sotolo isafaay-kasasa’er. Ona sakasepat a Sotolo awaay ko ngangan no tireng a makaditay-tamdaw, o sasafaay ko ‘orip itini i siyakay no Indo, o cowa ko a ingiden a tamdaw hananay konini, latek ira ko 1 ’ok tamdaw, mahaop ko 1/14 no polong tamdaw no Indo. Ona kasasa’eran cilacila mala’odot nawhani tadamasasiromaay ko tireng itini i siyakay,siwci ato saka’orip.Iro matini i misatokayay ato macemahaday niyaro’ cowa to ka pakafet ko pisakakinih, nikawrira itini i maomahay niyaro’ tata’angay ho ko pirecep no matiniya harateng.[35]
Sowal(語 言 )
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]O sakakaay a sowal no Indo o Indo-Yalian capa’ a sowal(
Roma sato ira ho 21 a sowal mamalahasowal no sifo, onini i, o Malayalamo-sowal, Tanmier-sowal, Tayroko-sowal, Kanata-sowal, Konkani-sowal, Malati-sowal,Werto-sowal, Kokalato-sowal, Awliya-sowal, Pancepo-sowal, Asamo-sowal, Kesinmier-sowal, Sinto-sowal, Nipalo-sowal, Fan-sowal, Manipoer-sowal, ira ho mitokian malafas ko 1,600 ko sowal.
O pisa'osi to polong tamdaw no Indo, o somowalay tamdaw to sakakaay sowal a nitokian:
rayray | sowal | somowalay | lalen |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Indisowal | 422,048,642 | 41.03 |
2 | Monciyala | 83,369,769 | 8.11 |
3 | Tayroko-sowal | 74,002,856 | 7.19 |
4 | Malati | 71,936,894 | 6.99 |
5 | Tanmier-sowal | 60,793,814 | 5.91 |
6 | Werto-sowal | 51,536,111 | 5.01 |
7 | Kokalato-sowal | 46,091,617 | 4.48 |
8 | Kanata | 37,924,011 | 3.69 |
9 | Malayalamo-sowal | 33,066,392 | 3.21 |
10 | Awliya-sowal | 33,017,446 | 3.21 |
11 | Pancepo-sowal | 29,102,477 | 2.83 |
12 | Asamo-sowal | 13,168,484 | 1.28 |
13 | Maytili | 12,179,122 | 1.18 |
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Akshardham_Delhi.jpg/220px-Akshardham_Delhi.jpg)
Pitooran(宗教 )
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]O tadatalolongay ko pitoor to kawas ko Indo a tamdaw, orasaka o lalengawan no masamaamaanay a pitooran itini, wayawaya ira itini ko polong ihekalay a pitooran, sa pangangan han to “pina’angan loma’ no pitooran” hananay.
O polong a tamdaw no Indo mahaop ko 80.5% mitooray to Indo-pitooran, oroma a ikakaay a pitooran ira ho Islam-pitooran(15%), Siko-pitooran(1.9%),Cina-pitooran(0.4), isa’ayaway a mihecahecaan micomod ko Misakristoay no Siliya, ira heca ko pikowan no Ikiris, orasak ira ko Kristo-pitooran(2.3%).111Talacowa itiniay i Indo ko lalengawan no Faciyaw-pitooran, mamangay to ko pisiwar a ‘icel anini, ‘edengan 0.8% ko mitooray, nikawrira, tata’ang ko pisiwar no katenak no Faciyaw-pitooran to italiyokay a kitakit.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Asanathon.jpg/220px-Asanathon.jpg)
Ponka(文化 )
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]O Indo-ponka hananay i,marapot ko kahirahira no ‘orip no Indo-tamdaw:o sowal, o pitooran,o sakero, o radiw, patireng to laloma’, kaka’enen. O pinangan no ‘orip o kaitiraan a masasiroma ko faco no pidemak.[40] [41]O macacamolay to masasiromaromaay a kamaro’an no tamdaw, kahawang ko Indo-Karopaw, masiwar ho no pinapinaay patek a mihecaan. Ona kahirahira sanay a ponka, ira ko tadamaanay a kakoc misiwaray tona hekal, patinako han o “yuciya”(yoga) ato sika’en no Indo.
Pacefaday a tilid(註腳)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]- ↑ 該國
具體 面積 由 於國界 爭議 而難以確定 。印度 政府 稱 總 面積 為 3,287,260平方 公里 (1,269,220平方 英里 ),其中陸地 面積 為 3,060,500平方 公里 (1,181,700平方 英里 );聯合 國 則 稱 總 面積 為 3,287,263平方 公里 (1,269,219平方 英里 ),其中陸地 面積 為 2,973,190平方 公里 (1,147,960平方 英里 )(Library of Congress 2004),以上 數 據 為 印度 聲 稱 的 領土 面積 ,包括 了 印度 所有 實際 控 制 區 的 面積 為 3,166,391平方 公里 (1,222,550平方 英里 )。 - ↑ Key Facts of India. thecommonwealth.org. [2018-09-10]. (
原始 內容存 檔於2022-02-16). - ↑ Akhilesh Pillalamarri. India is the World’s Most Populous Country: What it Means. The DIPLOMAT.
- ↑ Constitutional Provisions - Official Language Related Part-17 Of The Constitution Of India. National Informatics Centre. [2015-12-27]. (
原始 內容存 檔於2016-02-01) (印 地 語 ). - ↑ Khan, Saeed. There's no national language in India: Gujarat High Court. The Times of India. 2010-01-25 [2014-05-05]. (
原始 內容存 檔於2014-03-18). - ↑ Press Trust of India. Hindi, not a national language: Court. The Hindu. Ahmedabad. 2010-01-25 [2014-12-23]. (
原始 內容存 檔於2014-07-04). - ↑ The Major Religions In India. WorldAtlas. [2021-01-06]. (
原始 內容存 檔於2021-02-24). - ↑
背景 资料:世界 有 哪些核 国家 ?. Reuters. 2012-03-26 [2022-10-24] (英語 ). - ↑
龜 茲語;吐火羅 語 (英語 :Tocharian languages)是 印歐語 系 最 東方 的 一族顎音類語言,現 已 滅亡 。 - ↑ 10 Civilizations That Disappeared Under Mysterious Circumstances. [2017-08-25]. (
原始 內容存 檔於2017-08-25). - ↑ Indus Valley Civilization. [2017-08-25]. (
原始 內容存 檔於2017-08-25). - ↑
印度 啟 動 世界 最大 規模 選 舉選民 達 7.14億 (頁 面 存 檔備份,存 於網際 網 路 檔案館 ),新 浪 網 新聞 中心 ,2009年 3月 14日 - ↑
印度 总统选举开始投票 .新 華 網 . 2017-07-17 [2019-05-07]. (原始 內容存 檔於2019-05-07). - ↑
印度 总统科 温 德 宣誓 就职.新 華 網 . 2017-07-25 [2019-05-07]. (原始 內容存 檔於2019-05-07). - ↑
印度 新 总统出 炉 !其实在 印度 ,“贱民”、女性 都 可 以做总统_私家 历史.澎湃 新聞 . 2017-07-20 [2019-05-07]. (原始 內容存 檔於2019-05-07). - ↑
印度 执政联盟候 选人奈杜当 选副总统.新 華 網 . 2017-08-06 [2019-05-07]. (原始 內容存 檔於2019-05-07). - ↑ Nayak, Goldar & Agrawal 2010,
第 xxv頁 . - ↑ 18.0 18.1 World Economic Outlook Database. IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. October 2022 [2022-10-29].
- ↑ International Monetary Fund.
- ↑ 簡采
倫 .悄悄 崛起!印度 超越 法 國 成 全 球 第 6大 經濟 體 .上 報 UP Media. 2018-07-13 [2018-07-16]. (原始 內容存 檔於2018-07-16) (中 文 (臺灣 )). - ↑ International Monetary Fund 2011,
第 2頁 .Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: India, Indonesia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, International Monetary Fund, April 2011 [2011-07-23], (原始 內容存 檔於2021-02-24) - ↑ India, International Monetary Fund, [2011-10-14], (
原始 內容存 檔於2021-03-24) - ↑ Sakib Sherani. Pakistan's remittances. dawn.com. [17 December 2015]. (
原始 內容存 檔於2015-12-16). - ↑ 24.0 24.1 Country Profile: India (PDF), Library of Congress Country Studies 5th (Library of Congress Federal Research Division), December 2004 [2011-09-30], (
原始 內容存 檔 (PDF)於2009-03-24) - ↑ India's Economy: Not Just Rubies and Polyester Shirts,
經濟 學 人 , 2011-10-08 [2011-10-09], (原始 內容存 檔於2017-10-19) - ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 Provisional Population Totals – Census 2011, Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner (Ministry of Home Affairs,
印度 政府 ), 2011 [2011-03-29], (原始 內容存 檔於2018-12-24) - ↑ Census Data 2001, Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner (Ministry of Home Affairs,
印度 政府 ), 2010–2011 [2011-07-22], (原始 內容存 檔於2008-12-18) - ↑ Population by Country (2019) - Worldometers. www.worldometers.info. [2019-03-22]. (
原始 內容存 檔於2016-02-04) (英語 ). - ↑ Robinson, S., India's Medical Emergency,
時代 , 2008-05-01 [2011-07-23], (原始 內容存 檔於2013-07-26) - ↑ Dev, S. M.; Rao, N. C., India: Perspectives on Equitable Development, Academic Foundation, 2009 [2012-05-10], ISBN 978-8171886852, (
原始 內容存 檔於2020-07-05) - ↑ Skolnik, R. L., Essentials of Global Health, Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2008 [2012-05-10], ISBN 978-0763734213, (
原始 內容存 檔於2020-08-01) - ↑ Singh, S., Library and Literacy Movement for National Development, Concept, 2004 [2012-05-10], ISBN 978-8180690655, (
原始 內容存 檔於2020-07-27) - ↑ Boesche, Roger. The First Great Political Realist. 1 March 2003: 24 [2022-07-29]. ISBN 978-0-73910-607-5. (
原始 內容存 檔於2022-05-17). - ↑
存 档副本 . [2012-05-09]. (原始 內容存 檔於2011-11-30). - ↑
歐 東明 .印度 教 与 印度 种姓制度 .南 亞 研究 季刊 , 2002(3):P64-P69. - ↑ Dharwadker, A., Representing India's Pasts: Time, Culture, and Problems of Performance Historiography, Canning, C. M.; Postlewait, T. (
編 ), Representing the Past: Essays in Performance Historiography, University of Iowa Press, 2010-10-28 [2011-07-24], ISBN 978-1587299056, (原始 內容存 檔於2020-12-19) - ↑ Ottenheimer, H. J., The Anthropology of Language: An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology, Cengage, 2008 [2012-05-10], ISBN 978-0495508847, (
原始 內容存 檔於2020-10-30) - ↑ Mallikarjun, B, Fifty Years of Language Planning for Modern Hindi—The Official Language of India, Language in India, November 2004, 4 (11) [2011-07-24], ISSN 1930-2940, (
原始 內容存 檔於2008-12-24) - ↑ Notification No. 2/8/60-O.L, Ministry of Home Affairs,
印度 政府 , 1960-04-27 [2011-05-13], (原始 內容存 檔於2011-05-02) - ↑ John Keay (2011), India: A History, 2nd Ed - Revised and Updated, Grove Press / HarperCollins, ISBN 978-0-8021-4558-1, see Introduction and Chapters 3 through 11
- ↑ Mohammada, Malika. The foundations of the composite culture in India. Aakar Books, 2007. 2007. ISBN 81-89833-18-9.