(Translated by https://www.hiragana.jp/)
TNNT2 - Wikipedia Idi na sadržaj

TNNT2

S Wikipedije, slobodne enciklopedije
TNNT2
Dostupne strukture
PDBPretraga ortologa: PDBe RCSB
Spisak PDB ID kodova

1J1D, 1J1E, 4Y99

Identifikatori
AliasiTNNT2
Vanjski ID-jeviOMIM: 191045 MGI: 104597 HomoloGene: 68050 GeneCards: TNNT2
Lokacija gena (čovjek)
Hromosom 1 (čovjek)
Hrom.Hromosom 1 (čovjek)[1]
Hromosom 1 (čovjek)
Genomska lokacija za TNNT2
Genomska lokacija za TNNT2
Bend1q32.1Početak201,359,008 bp[1]
Kraj201,377,764 bp[1]
Lokacija gena (miš)
Hromosom 1 (miš)
Hrom.Hromosom 1 (miš)[2]
Hromosom 1 (miš)
Genomska lokacija za TNNT2
Genomska lokacija za TNNT2
Bend1 E4|1 59.32 cMPočetak135,764,092 bp[2]
Kraj135,779,998 bp[2]
Obrazac RNK ekspresije
Više referentnih podataka o ekspresiji
Ontologija gena
Molekularna funkcija protein-macromolecule adaptor activity
ATPase activity
GO:0001948, GO:0016582 vezivanje za proteine
actin binding
tropomyosin binding
troponin C binding
troponin I binding
calcium ion binding
calcium-dependent ATPase activity
Ćelijska komponenta citosol
troponin complex
Sarkomera
striated muscle thin filament
Miofibril
cardiac myofibril
cardiac Troponin complex
Biološki proces regulation of muscle contraction
Mišićna kontrakcija
regulation of heart contraction
positive regulation of ATP-dependent activity
negative regulation of ATP-dependent activity
response to calcium ion
ventricular cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis
actin crosslink formation
muscle filament sliding
regulation of muscle filament sliding speed
cardiac muscle contraction
protein heterooligomerization
skeletal muscle contraction
sarcomere organization
Izvori:Amigo / QuickGO
Ortolozi
VrsteČovjekMiš
Entrez
Ensembl
UniProt
RefSeq (mRNK)
NM_000364
NM_001001430
NM_001001431
NM_001001432
NM_001276345

NM_001276346
NM_001276347

NM_001130174
NM_001130175
NM_001130176
NM_001130177
NM_001130178

NM_001130179
NM_001130180
NM_001130181
NM_011619

RefSeq (bjelančevina)
NP_000355
NP_001001430
NP_001001431
NP_001001432
NP_001263274

NP_001263275
NP_001263276

NP_001123646
NP_001123647
NP_001123648
NP_001123649
NP_001123650

NP_001123651
NP_001123652
NP_001123653
NP_035749

Lokacija (UCSC)Chr 1: 201.36 – 201.38 MbChr 1: 135.76 – 135.78 Mb
PubMed pretraga[3][4]
Wikipodaci
Pogledaj/uredi – čovjekPogledaj/uredi – miš

Srčanomišićni troponin T (cTnT) jest protein koji je kod ljudi kodiran genom TNNT2 sa hromosoma 1.[5][6] Srčani TnT je tropomiozin-vezujuća podjedinica troponinskog kompleksa, koja se nalazi na tankom filamentu poprečnoprugastih mišića i reguliše mišićnu kontrakciju kao odgovor na promjene u koncentraciji unutarćelijskih iona kalcija.

U ljudskom hromosomskom genomu, TNNT2 gen nalazi se na pozicijki 1q32, koja kodira izoformu srčanog mišića troponina T (cTnT). Ljudski cTnT je protein od ~36 kDa koji se sastoji od 297 aminokiselina uključujući prvi metionin sa izoelektričnom tačkom (pI) od 4,88. To je tropomiozin-vezujuća i tanka filamentna podjedinica troponinskog kompleksa u ćelijama srčanog mišića.[7][8][9] TNNT2 gen eksprimira se u srčanom mišiću kičmenjaka i skeletnim mišićima embriona.[8][9][10]

Aminokiselinska sekvenca

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Dužina polipeptidnog lanca je 298 aminokiselina, a molekulska težina 35.924 Da.[11]

1020304050
MSDIEEVVEEYEEEEQEEAAVEEEEDWREDEDEQEEAAEEDAEAEAETEE
TRAEEDEEEEEAKEAEDGPMEESKPKPRSFMPNLVPPKIPDGERVDFDDI
HRKRMEKDLNELQALIEAHFENRKKEEEELVSLKDRIERRRAERAEQQRI
RNEREKERQNRLAEERARREEEENRRKAEDEARKKKALSNMMHFGGYIQK
QAQTERKSGKRQTEREKKKKILAERRKVLAIDHLNEDQLREKAKELWQSI
YNLEAEKFDLQEKFKQQKYEINVLRNRINDNQKVSKTRGKAKVTGRWK

Struktura

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Srčani TnT je protein od 35,9 kDa koji se sastoji od 298 aminokiselina.[12][13] Najveća je od tri troponinske podjedinice (cTnT, troponin I (TnI), troponin C (TnC)) na aktinskom tankom filamentu srčanog mišića. Struktura TnT je asimetrična; globulski C-terminalni domen je u interakciji sa tropomiozinom (Tm), TnI i TnC, sa N-terminalnim vezom koja snažno vezuje Tm. N-terminalni region TnT je alternativno prerađen, što uzrokuje pojavu više izoformi uočenih u srčanom mišiću.[14]

Funkcija

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Kao dio troponinskog kompleksa, funkcija cTnT je da regulira kontrakciju mišića. N-terminalni region TnT koji snažno vezuje aktin najverovatnije se pomjera sa Tm i aktinom tokom jakog miozinskog poprečnog vezivanja i stvaranja sile . Ovaj region je vjerovatno uključen u transdukciju kooperativnosti niz tanki filament.[15] C-terminalni region TnT čini dio domena globulastog troponinskog kompleksa i učestvuje u korištenju osetljivost na kalcij jakog miozinskog poprečnog mosta koji se vezuje za tanki filament.[16]

TNNT2 gen sisara sadrži 14 konstitutivnih egzona i tri alternativno preražena egzona.[17] Egzoni 4 i 5 koji kodiraju N-terminalni varijabilni region i egzon 13 između srednjeg i C-terminalnog regiona su alternativno prerađeni.[18] Egzon 5 kodira segment od 9 ili 10 aminokiselina koji je visoko kiseo i negativno nabijen pri fiziološkom pH.[8] Ekgzon 5 eksprimira se u srcu embriona, a reguliše naniže i prestaje ekspresiju tokom postnatalnog razvoja.[19]

Embrionalni cTnT s više negativnog naboja na N-terminalnom području pokazuje veću osjetljivost na kalcij, aktivnost aktomiozinske ATPaze i proizvodnju sile miofilamenta, u poređenju sa srčanim TnT odraslih osoba, kao i veću toleranciju na acidozu.[20] TNNT2 gen je prolazno eksprimiran u embrionalnim i neonatalnim skeletnim mišićima i kod ptičjih i kod sisara.[21][22][23] Kada se TNNT2 eksprimira u neonatusnog skeletnog mišića, alternativna prerada egzona 5 pokazuje sinhronizovanu regulaciju sa onom u srcu na način specifičan za vrstu.[21] Ovaj fenomen ukazuje da je alternativna perada pre-iRNK TNNT2 pod kontrolom genetički ugrađenog sistemskog biološkog sata.

Ser2 cTnT na N-terminalu fosforiliran je konstitutivno nepoznatim mehanizmima.[7] Pronađeno je da je cTnT fosforiliran putem PKC na Thr197, Ser201, Thr206, Ser208 i Thr287 u C-terminalnoj regiji. Samo fosforilacija Thr206 bila je dovoljna da smanji osjetljivost miofilamenta na kalcij i proizvodnju sile. cTnT je također fosforiliran na Thr194 i Ser198 u uslovima stresa,[24] što dovodi do oslabljene kontraktilnosti kardiomiocita. Pokazalo se da fosforilacija cTnT na Ser278 i Thr287 pomoću ROCK-II smanjuje aktivnost miozinske ATPaze i razvoj sile miofilamenta u prekrivenom srčanom mišiću.[25] Tabela 1 sumira modifikacije fosforilacije cTnT i moguće funkcije.

O-vezana GlcNAcilacija

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cTnT se sve više modificira na Ser190 O-GlcNAcilacijom tokom razvoja srčane insuficijencije kod pacova, praćeno smanjenom fosforilacijom Ser208.[26]

Proteolitska modifikacija

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U apoptotskim kardiomiocitima, cTnT je razdvojen kaspazom 3, da bi se stvorio skraćeni fragment od 25 kDa na N-terminalnom dijelu.[27] Ova destruktivna fragmentacija uklanja dio srednjeg područja vezivanja tropomiozina 1,[28] dovodeći do slabljenja proizvodnje sile miofilamenta, smanjenjem aktivnosti miozinske ATPaze.

U srčanom mišiću u uslovima stresa, srčani TnT se cijepa kalpainom I, restriktivno uklanjajući čitavu varijabilnu regiju N-terminala.[29][30] Ova proteolitska modifikacija cTnT se javlja u srčanom mišiću u akutnoj ishemiji-reperfuziji ili preopterećenju pritiskom.[31]

Restriktivno skraćeni cTnT na N-terminalnom dijelu ostaje funkcionalan u miofilamentima i dovodi do smanjene kontraktilne brzine ventrikularnog mišića, što produžava fazu brzog izbacivanja i rezultira povećanjem udarnog volumena, posebno pod povećanim naknadnim opterećenjem.[31] In vitro studije pokazale su da je N-terminalni skraćeni cTnT očuvao ukupnu osjetljivost srčanog miofilamenta na kalcij i kooperativnost, ali je promijenio afinitete vezivanja TnT-a za tropomiozin, TnI i TnC proteine,[32] i dovode do blago smanjene maksimalne aktivnosti miozinske ATPaze i proizvodnje sile miofilamenta, što čini osnovu selektivnog smanjenja kontraktilne brzine srčanokomornog mišića, kako bi se povećao udarni volumen, bez značajnog povećanja potrošnje energije.[31]

Sa relativno kratkim poluživotom cTnT u kardiomiocitima (3-4 dana),[33] N-terminalni skraćeni cTnT bi bio zamijenjen novosintetiziranim netaknutim cTnT za nekoliko dana. Stoga ovaj mehanizam obezbjeđuje reverzibilnu posttranslacionu regulaciju za modulaciju srčane funkcije u prilagođavanju na stresne uslove.

Mesta fosforilacije u cTnT u poređenju sa ssTnT i fsTnT
Mjesto fosforilacije Kinaza Funkcija Reference
cTnT ssTnT fsTnT
Ser2 c c PKC Nepoznata [34][35][36]
Thr197 n N PKC Bez utijaja na funkciju [37][38]
Ser201 n n PKC Bez utijaja na funkciju [37][38]
Thr204 n n PKC Smanjuje aktivnost miozinske ATPaze, proizvodi sile miofilamenta i osjetljivost Ca2+ [38][39][40]
Thr204 n n CaMK II Nepotnata [41]
Thr204 n n ASK I Smanjuje kontraktilnost kardiomiocita [24]
Thr206 PKC Smanjuje Ca2+ osjetljivost, aktivnost aktomiozin ATPaze i razvoj napetosti [37]
Ser208 n n PKC Smanjuje aktivnost miozin ATPaze, mijenja osjetljivost miofilamenta Ca2+ [38][40][42]
Ser208 n n ASK I Smanjuje kontraktilnost kardiomiocita [24]
Thr213 c c PKC Smanjuje aktivnost miozin ATPaze, proizvodnju sile miofilamenta i Ca2+ osjetljivost [43]
Thr213 c c Raf-1 Nepoznata [44]
Ser285 n c PKC Smanjuje aktivnost miozin ATPaze, proizvodnju sile miofilamenta i Ca2+ osjetljivost [42]
Ser285 n c ROCK-II Smanjuja razvoj sile miofilamenta, aktivnost miozin ATPaze i Ca2+ osjetljivost [25]
Thr294 n n PKC Smanjuje aktivnost miozin ATPaze, proizvodnju sile miofilamenta i Ca2+ osjetljivost [38][39][40][42]
Thr294 n n ROCK-II Smanjuje razvoj sile miofilamenta, aktivnost miozin ATPaze i osjetljivost na Ca2+ [25]

Sumirani su rezidui u srčanom TnT sa regulacijom fosforilacije. Broj ostataka za fosforilacijski serin i treonin je onaj u ljudskom srčanom TnT sa uključenim prvim metioninom. Fosforilacija srčanog TnT na ovim ostacima upoređena je sa parnjacima u brzom TnT i sporom TnT. C, konzerciran; N je nekonzerviran. Također navedene su i kinaze odgovorne za svaku fosforilaciju, funkcionalne efekte.

Mutacije u kardiomiopatijama

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Tačkaste mutacije u genu TNNT2 uzrokuju različite tipove kardiomiopatija, uključujući hipertrofnu kardiomiopatiju (HCM), proširenu kardiomiopatiju (DCM) i restriktivnu kardiomiopatiju (RCM). Tabela u nastavku rezimira reprezentativne TNNT2 mutacije i abnormalne spojeve pronađene kod ljudskih i životinjskih kardiomiopatija.

Reprezentativne TNNT2 mutacije i abnormalne prerade koje uzrokuju kardiomiopatiju
Mutacija Dijagnoza Referenca
Ile79Asn HCM [45][46][47]
Arg92Gln HCM [45][48]
Intron 16G1→A (D14 and D28+7) HCM [45]
Arg92Leu HCM [47][49]
Arg92Trp HCM [50][51][52]
Arg94Leu HCM [47][53]
Arg94Cys HCM [54]
ΔでるたE96 RCM [55][56]
Ala104Val HCM [57]
Phe110Ile DCM [58][59]
Arg130Cys HCM [60]
Arg131Trp DCM [61][62]
E136K RCM [63]
Arg141Trp DCM [64][65]
DGlu160 HCM [66]
Glu163Arg HCM [60]
Glu163Lys HCM [58]
Ser179Phe HCM [67]
Arg205Leu DCM [61]
DLys210 DCM [68][69][70]
Glu244Asp HCM [58]
Asp270Asn DCM [68]
Lys273Glu DCM [71]
Arg278Cys HCM [58][72]

Aminokiselinski ostaci mutacija su numerisani kao u ljudskom srčanom TnT, sa uključenim prvim metioninom. Mutacije srčanog TnT koje su uzrokovale kardiomiopatije uglavnom su nađene u komnzerviranim srednjim i C-terminalnim regijama.

Klinički značaj

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Mutacije ovog gena povezane su sa porodičnom hipertrofnom kardiomiopatijom, kao i sa restriktivnom[73] i dilatacijskom kardiomiopatijom. Transkripti za ovaj gen prolaze kroz alterasnivnu preradu, što rezultira mnogim tkivno specifičnim izoformama; međutim, priroda pune dužine nekih od ovih varijanti još nije utvrđena. Mutacije ovog gena mogu biti povezane sa blagom ili odsutnom hipertrofijom i dominantnom restriktivnom bolešću, sa visokim rizikom od iznenadne srčane smrti.[73] Može doći do bržeg napredovanja dilatacijske kardiomiopatije kod pacijenata sa TNNT2 mutacijama, nego kod onih sa mutacijama teškog lanca miozina.[50][71]

Evolucija

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Par grna TnT i TnI

Kod kičmenjaka, evoluirala su tri homologna gena, koji kodiraju tri izoforme TnT specifične za tip mišića.[9] Svaki od gena izoformi TnT vezan je u hromosomskoj DNK sa genom izoforme troponina I (TnI), koji kodira inhibitornu podjedinicu troponinskog kompleksa i formira tri para gena: brzi skeletni mišić TnI (fsTnI)-fsTnT, spori skeletni mišić TnI ( ssTnI)-cTnT i cTnI-ssTnT parovi. Studije o konzerviranosti sekvenci i epitopa sugeriraju da geni koji kodiraju izoforme TnT i TnI specifične za tip mišića potiču iz predačkog gena sličnog TnI i dupliciraju se i diverzificiraju iz para gena sličnog fsTnI-u i fsTnT.[28]

Filogenetsko stablo gena TNNT2

Očigledno isprepletena veza između ssTnI-cTnT i cTnI-ssTnT gena zapravo odražava originalne funkcionalne veze jer je gen TNNT2 eksprimiran zajedno sa ssTnI genom u embrionskom srčanom mišiću.[21] Poravnavanje proteinske sekvence gena pokazalo je da je TNNT2 gen pkouzzerviran kod vrsta kičmenjaka (slika 2) u srednjem i C-terminalnom području, dok se tri izoforme mišićnog tipa značajno razlikuju.[8][9]

Klinički značaj

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Mutacije ovog gena povezane su sa porodičnom hipertrofnom kardiomiopatijom, kao i sa restriktivnom[73] i dilatacijskom kardiomiopatijom. Transkripti za ovaj gen prolaze kroz alternativnu preradu, što rezultira mnogim tkivno specifičnim izoformama, ali priroda pune dužine nekih od ovih varijanti još nije utvrđena.[74] Mutacije ovog gena mogu biti povezane sa blagom ili odsutnom hipertrofijom i dominantnom restriktivnom bolešću, sa visokim rizikom od iznenadne srčane smrti.[73]

Reference

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