Řád Kristův: Porovnání verzí
Smazaný obsah Přidaný obsah
m robot změnil: fr:Ordre du Christ (Portugal) |
m robot: stylistické, typografické a kódové korekce a náhrady přesměrování podle specifikace |
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'''Řád Kristův''' je původem [[Portugalsko|portugalský]] [[Rytířské řády|rytířský řád]] založený v souvislosti se zánikem [[Řád templářů|templářů]] králem [[Dinis]]em asi v roce [[1317]] či [[1318]] a potvrzený [[papež]]skou bulou ''Ad ea ex quibus'' ze [[14. března]] [[1319]]. Převzal portugalské majetky templářů a snad i část jejich členů. |
'''Řád Kristův''' je původem [[Portugalsko|portugalský]] [[Rytířské řády|rytířský řád]] založený v souvislosti se zánikem [[Řád templářů|templářů]] králem [[Dinis]]em asi v roce [[1317]] či [[1318]] a potvrzený [[papež]]skou bulou ''Ad ea ex quibus'' ze [[14. březen|14. března]] [[1319]]. Převzal portugalské majetky templářů a snad i část jejich členů. |
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Koncem [[14. století|14.]] a v průběhu [[15. století]] se řád stal významnou vojenskou silou s aktivitami v severní Africe a pod vedením portugalského prince [[Jindřich Mořeplavec|Jindřicha Mořeplavce]], který se stal světským správcem řádu v roce [[1420]], se podílel na námořních výpravách a objevech (jakož i souvisejících mezinárodních obchodech), které z Portugalska učinily jednu z nejbohatších evropských zemí té doby. |
Koncem [[14. století|14.]] a v průběhu [[15. století]] se řád stal významnou vojenskou silou s aktivitami v severní Africe a pod vedením portugalského prince [[Jindřich Mořeplavec|Jindřicha Mořeplavce]], který se stal světským správcem řádu v roce [[1420]], se podílel na námořních výpravách a objevech (jakož i souvisejících mezinárodních obchodech), které z Portugalska učinily jednu z nejbohatších evropských zemí té doby. |
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==The precursors of the order |
== The precursors of the order – Foundation of the Tomar headquarters == |
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[[image:Tomartemplarschurch2.jpg|thumb|The "Convento de Cristo" in Tomar, central Portugal.]] |
[[image:Tomartemplarschurch2.jpg|thumb|The "Convento de Cristo" in Tomar, central Portugal.]] |
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The [[Templars]] were founded around [[1118]], and soon formed commanderies around [[Europe]] to support their efforts in the [[Holy Land]]. In [[1128]] the Templars settled in Portugal. |
The [[Templars]] were founded around [[1118]], and soon formed commanderies around [[Europe]] to support their efforts in the [[Holy Land]]. In [[1128]] the Templars settled in Portugal. |
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[[Soubor:TomarChurchPlanCC3.jpg |thumb|left| Floor Plan of Church, Chapter House and Charola]] |
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[[image:PentagramChurch.jpg|thumb| Church in Tomar, It was a time when [[pentagrams]] were used in churches.]] |
[[image:PentagramChurch.jpg|thumb| Church in Tomar, It was a time when [[pentagrams]] were used in churches.]] |
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Dom [[Gualdim Pais]], provincial Master of the Order of the Temple in Portugal had a Castle built in [[1160]], the [[Convento de Cristo]]. The legend says that Gualdim Pais drew lots three times and received, three times, a sign to locate the new Templar fortress on a hill between the river Fria and St. Gregory's creek. ''Convento de Cristo'' is living proof of the architectural abilities of the Templars and the Order of Christ. |
Dom [[Gualdim Pais]], provincial Master of the Order of the Temple in Portugal had a Castle built in [[1160]], the [[Convento de Cristo]]. The legend says that Gualdim Pais drew lots three times and received, three times, a sign to locate the new Templar fortress on a hill between the river Fria and St. Gregory's creek. ''Convento de Cristo'' is living proof of the architectural abilities of the Templars and the Order of Christ. |
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The [[octagon]]al church is believed to be inspired by the Muslim's [[Dome of the Rock]] in [[Jerusalem]], which was a model for Templar masons. Christians and Muslims in [[Middle age]]s believed that the Dome of the Rock was the Temple of Solomon. Therefore, the Templar churches imitate some features of the Dome of the Rock. The strongest support for the Dome of the Rock as a source of inspiration are the [[Knights Templar Seal|seals]]; seal images of some Grand-Masters like [[Evrard de Barres]] or [[Regnaud de Vichier]]. A typical design is an octagon within a circle, eight arches within a round circle. The arcade echoes the Moorish influence overlaid on Gothic principles resulting in an [[Iberia]]n architecture with rich detail woven into the carved stone elements. Eight walls give the edifice structural stability and also form the Templar Cross Patee within the limits of the octagon. The shape is also an [[eight-pointed star]] |
The [[octagon]]al church is believed to be inspired by the Muslim's [[Dome of the Rock]] in [[Jerusalem]], which was a model for Templar masons. Christians and Muslims in [[Middle age]]s believed that the Dome of the Rock was the Temple of Solomon. Therefore, the Templar churches imitate some features of the Dome of the Rock. The strongest support for the Dome of the Rock as a source of inspiration are the [[Knights Templar Seal|seals]]; seal images of some Grand-Masters like [[Evrard de Barres]] or [[Regnaud de Vichier]]. A typical design is an octagon within a circle, eight arches within a round circle. The arcade echoes the Moorish influence overlaid on Gothic principles resulting in an [[Iberia]]n architecture with rich detail woven into the carved stone elements. Eight walls give the edifice structural stability and also form the Templar Cross Patee within the limits of the octagon. The shape is also an [[eight-pointed star]] – the [[Star of Bethlehem]]. The [[number 8]] is a mystical one, because it represents the infinite, as it has no beginning or end; eight is also the number of fate, destiny and justice. The octagonal shapes usually represent the link between eternity/God (the circle is symbol of eternity) and [[Earth]] (the square). |
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The octagon also represents the Church bringing light to the world. [http://www.knowlex.org/lang/en/lexikon/Church.html] |
The octagon also represents the Church bringing light to the world. [http://www.knowlex.org/lang/en/lexikon/Church.html] |
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Regarding the site of the [[Tomar castle]], there are also some parallels with the site of the ''Dome of the Rock'': on the other side of the river [[Cedron]] in Jerusalem, opposite to the temple, was the [[Hill of the Olive Trees]]; in Tomar, on the other margin of the [[Nabão]] River, is the church of Our Lady of the Olive Trees (''Igreja da Nossa Senhora dos olivais''). |
Regarding the site of the [[Tomar castle]], there are also some parallels with the site of the ''Dome of the Rock'': on the other side of the river [[Cedron]] in Jerusalem, opposite to the temple, was the [[Hill of the Olive Trees]]; in Tomar, on the other margin of the [[Nabão]] River, is the church of Our Lady of the Olive Trees (''Igreja da Nossa Senhora dos olivais''). |
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Still, there are strong reasons which support another source for inspiration for the construction: the Rotonda and Church of [[Holy Sepulchre]]. The most important element of the complex is the rotunda which contains the sepulchre itself. The sepulchre stands in an elaborate structure within the rotunda (rotunda |
Still, there are strong reasons which support another source for inspiration for the construction: the Rotonda and Church of [[Holy Sepulchre]]. The most important element of the complex is the rotunda which contains the sepulchre itself. The sepulchre stands in an elaborate structure within the rotunda (rotunda – 35 m diameter), surrounded by columns supporting an ornamented, domed roof. The sepulchre itself is surrounded by a circle of twelve columns - groups of three columns between four pairs of square piers. It is possible that the columns for the [[4th-century]] rotunda were removed from their original location on the façade of the [[Roman temple]]. Renovation of the piers exposed evidence that the columns had originally been much higher and that the Crusaders cut them in half for use in the [[12th-century]] rotunda. |
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There is a legend about Dom Gualdim Pais hiding the [[Holy Grail]] in Tomar. On [[July 13]], [[1190]], the [[King of Morocco]] laid siege to the Templars in Tomar. This test of strength confirmed the Templar's military power and established them as an indispensable presence in the defense of northern Portugal. |
There is a legend about Dom Gualdim Pais hiding the [[Holy Grail]] in Tomar. On [[July 13]], [[1190]], the [[King of Morocco]] laid siege to the Templars in Tomar. This test of strength confirmed the Templar's military power and established them as an indispensable presence in the defense of northern Portugal. |
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Gualdim Pais, Master of the Temple in Portugal, died in [[1195]] after ruling 50 years. |
Gualdim Pais, Master of the Temple in Portugal, died in [[1195]] after ruling 50 years. |
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==Suppression of the Templars |
== Suppression of the Templars – Birth of the Order of Christ == |
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[[Soubor:CrossPatheeDome.jpg|framed|The floor plan of the Dome of the Rock and some lines depicting some symbolic associations.]] |
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In [[1312]], the Templars' order was suppressed by [[Pope Clement V]] at the Council of Vienna. [[Denis of Portugal]] ( |
In [[1312]], the Templars' order was suppressed by [[Pope Clement V]] at the Council of Vienna. [[Denis of Portugal]] (1261–1325) instituted a new order, a religious military order under the rule of Saint Benedict, under the name of Christi Militia in [[1317]] (some sources say [[August 14]], [[1318]]), and [[Pope John XXII]] approved this order by a Bull on [[March 14]], [[1319]] "<small>AD EA EX QVIBVS</small>". |
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After four years of negotiations, [[Pope John XXII]] authorized king Diniz by another Bull in [[1323]] to give to the Order of the Christ the properties of the [[Templars]]. The knights of the order were committed to vows of poverty, chastity and obedience to the king. It is unclear whether many Templars continued in the new order. There are some opinions that the Templars just continued under a new name, and fewer opinions that the Order of Christ was a new formation. The first Grand Master, Dom Gil Martins or Martinez, had been a knight of Saint Benedict [[Order of Aviz]], a branch of the [[Order of Calatrava]]. |
After four years of negotiations, [[Pope John XXII]] authorized king Diniz by another Bull in [[1323]] to give to the Order of the Christ the properties of the [[Templars]]. The knights of the order were committed to vows of poverty, chastity and obedience to the king. It is unclear whether many Templars continued in the new order. There are some opinions that the Templars just continued under a new name, and fewer opinions that the Order of Christ was a new formation. The first Grand Master, Dom Gil Martins or Martinez, had been a knight of Saint Benedict [[Order of Aviz]], a branch of the [[Order of Calatrava]]. |
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[[Soubor:Orderofcriststeagalb.jpg|thumb|left|Cross of The Order]] |
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The Order of Christ was first seated at [[Castro Marim]], in the [[Algarve]] (in the Diocese of [[Faro (district)|Faro]]). In [[1357]], the order was moved to the town of [[Tomar]], near Santerem, former seat of the Order of the Knights Templars in Portugal. (Other sources give the movement date [[1366]] under the 6th Grand Master, Dom Nuño Rodriguez.) |
The Order of Christ was first seated at [[Castro Marim]], in the [[Algarve]] (in the Diocese of [[Faro (district)|Faro]]). In [[1357]], the order was moved to the town of [[Tomar]], near Santerem, former seat of the Order of the Knights Templars in Portugal. (Other sources give the movement date [[1366]] under the 6th Grand Master, Dom Nuño Rodriguez.) |
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==The Order of Christ under Henry the Navigator== |
== The Order of Christ under Henry the Navigator == |
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[[Soubor:Heinrich der Seefahrer.jpg|thumb|128px|Henry the Navigator]] |
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After [[1417]], by King [[John I of Portugal]]'s request to the Pope, Prince [[Henry the Navigator]] ([[1417]] |
After [[1417]], by King [[John I of Portugal]]'s request to the Pope, Prince [[Henry the Navigator]] ([[1417]]–[[1465]]) became the order's Grand Master. Prince Henry the Navigator was born in [[1394]], the third son of King João of Portugal. During that time, [[Duarte I]] and [[Alfonso V of Portugal|Alfonso V]] were [[kings of Portugal]]. In [[1433]], King [[Duarte I]] gave the Order „Sovereign“ status not over these territories which already held, but over any future conquests. [[Pope Calixtus III]] in [[1455]] confirms that [[Alfonso V of Portugal|Alfonso V]] extended his temporal jurisdiction by conceding the royal prerogative over three episcopal nominations in areas ruled by the Order. In [[1460]], King Alfonso V granted the Knights of Christ a 5% levy on all merchandise from the new [[Africa]]n lands. Using Order of Christ money, Prince Henry organized the Navigator's school in [[Sagres]], preparing the way for Portuguese supremacy; from this village there was launched on the seas the first great wave of expeditions of the [[Portugal in the period of discoveries|Period of Discoveries]]. |
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After Henry, the grand mastership was held by the royal family. Henry colonised the [[Azores]] and [[Madeira Islands]] |
After Henry, the grand mastership was held by the royal family. Henry colonised the [[Azores]] and [[Madeira Islands]] – his aim was to go south beyond [[Cape Bojador]], south of the [[Canary Islands]]. During Prince Henry's rule, two Gothic cloisters were built in the Convent of Tomar. With prince Henry began a new and glamourous period for the Order of Christ. Henry was the duke of [[Viseu]] and also member of the [[Knights of the Garter]]. |
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Henry's impact on history is great, having arguably sparked the European interest in colonial exploration that would so transform the world for the next four centuries. |
Henry's impact on history is great, having arguably sparked the European interest in colonial exploration that would so transform the world for the next four centuries. |
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==The Order of Christ after Henry the Navigator's command== |
== The Order of Christ after Henry the Navigator's command == |
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Prince Henry was succeeded in the governorship of the Order by Prince Ferdinand, son of King Edward I, who died in [[1470]]. |
Prince Henry was succeeded in the governorship of the Order by Prince Ferdinand, son of King Edward I, who died in [[1470]]. |
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In [[1484]], Emmanuel, Duke of Beja, became the XIth Governor of the Order. Due to the fact that the discipline of the order was declining, [[Pope Alexander VI]] commuted the vow of celibacy to that of conjugal chastity in [[1492]]; in [[1496]] the brethren were dispensed from celibacy and in [[1505]] from poverty, but they still continued their responsions (one third of their revenues) to the Order's treasury. (the condition that they should apply the third part of their revenues to the building and support of the Tomar Cloister) and the priests of which he bound to the whole of the three vows. Also in 1501, [[Pope Julius II]] mitigated the vow of poverty into the payment of a tax - the meia-anata, for the Order of Christ the tax was &190; of the revenues. |
In [[1484]], Emmanuel, Duke of Beja, became the XIth Governor of the Order. Due to the fact that the discipline of the order was declining, [[Pope Alexander VI]] commuted the vow of celibacy to that of conjugal chastity in [[1492]]; in [[1496]] the brethren were dispensed from celibacy and in [[1505]] from poverty, but they still continued their responsions (one third of their revenues) to the Order's treasury. (the condition that they should apply the third part of their revenues to the building and support of the Tomar Cloister) and the priests of which he bound to the whole of the three vows. Also in 1501, [[Pope Julius II]] mitigated the vow of poverty into the payment of a tax - the meia-anata, for the Order of Christ the tax was &190; of the revenues. |
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[[Soubor:CONVENTODECRISTOCHAPTERWINDOW.jpg|thumb|left| The ''Convento de Cristo'''s famous Manuel I Chapter window by Diogo de Arruda (around 1510)]] |
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[[Manuel I of Portugal]] sought and obtained the title of Grand Master by [[Pope Leo X]]'s Bull ''Constante fide'' ([[June 30]], [[1516]]). King Manuel, João's successor, sent [[Vasco da Gama]] (a member of the Order of Christ) to sail around the [[African cape]] to [[India]]. He set sail in [[1497]] and reached [[Calicut]]. By the end of king Manuel's reign, the order possessed 454 commanderies in Portugal, Africa and the Indies. Manuel also made extensive additions to the Order's headquarters in Tomar. Manuel ordered that the church of Tomar be expanded westwards, spreading beyond the castle limits and opening up the Charola to add on to it a magnificent nave which housed the choir and the sacristy, becoming known as the chapter house. The order also began its step-by-step transformation from monastic to secular during Manuel's reign. At the end of this process, the order had taken the form of a royal institution. |
[[Manuel I of Portugal]] sought and obtained the title of Grand Master by [[Pope Leo X]]'s Bull ''Constante fide'' ([[June 30]], [[1516]]). King Manuel, João's successor, sent [[Vasco da Gama]] (a member of the Order of Christ) to sail around the [[African cape]] to [[India]]. He set sail in [[1497]] and reached [[Calicut]]. By the end of king Manuel's reign, the order possessed 454 commanderies in Portugal, Africa and the Indies. Manuel also made extensive additions to the Order's headquarters in Tomar. Manuel ordered that the church of Tomar be expanded westwards, spreading beyond the castle limits and opening up the Charola to add on to it a magnificent nave which housed the choir and the sacristy, becoming known as the chapter house. The order also began its step-by-step transformation from monastic to secular during Manuel's reign. At the end of this process, the order had taken the form of a royal institution. |
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After thirty years, [[John III of Portugal|John III]] obtained „Perpetual Administration“ of all the Portuguese Military Orders including the Order of Christ, and of course the Grand Mastership of the Order passed to the Crown by [[Pope Julius III]]'s Bull, issued in Rome in [[1551]]. For the government of these orders in the king's name, John III instituted a special council named „Mesa das Ordens“. |
After thirty years, [[John III of Portugal|John III]] obtained „Perpetual Administration“ of all the Portuguese Military Orders including the Order of Christ, and of course the Grand Mastership of the Order passed to the Crown by [[Pope Julius III]]'s Bull, issued in Rome in [[1551]]. For the government of these orders in the king's name, John III instituted a special council named „Mesa das Ordens“. |
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===The Reform of John III and fra Antonius=== |
=== The Reform of John III and fra Antonius === |
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There are some who say that in [[1522]] the Order was divided into two branches |
There are some who say that in [[1522]] the Order was divided into two branches – one religious under the Pope, and one civil under the king, as they remain today – however, there is lack of evidence regarding this. In [[1523]], [[John III of Portugal|John III]] held a chapter of the order giving brother Antonius of Lisbon the authority and responsibility to reform the Order. |
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The scope of the reform was to bring to the annihilation the religious life among the knights of the order. The new statutes were approved in [[1529]] by Friars. The Grand Prior was removed from office and all the priests and religious of the Order were required to resume Conventual life at Tomar, and to wear the habit and cross of the Order. Dom António obtained the position of Prior and persuaded pope Pius V to give him the control of all convents of the order in [[1567]]. |
The scope of the reform was to bring to the annihilation the religious life among the knights of the order. The new statutes were approved in [[1529]] by Friars. The Grand Prior was removed from office and all the priests and religious of the Order were required to resume Conventual life at Tomar, and to wear the habit and cross of the Order. Dom António obtained the position of Prior and persuaded pope Pius V to give him the control of all convents of the order in [[1567]]. |
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===The contrareform of Dom Sebastian=== |
=== The contrareform of Dom Sebastian === |
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[[Sebastian of Portugal|King Sebastian]] tried to reverse the reform of brother Antonius of Lisbon in [[1574]]. When Antonius has persuaded the pope Pius V to give him the control of all convents of the order in [[1567]], King Sebastian has protested and obtained confirmation of his post as Grand Master. As a result the religious members of the Order were separated from the lay, military membership. |
[[Sebastian of Portugal|King Sebastian]] tried to reverse the reform of brother Antonius of Lisbon in [[1574]]. When Antonius has persuaded the pope Pius V to give him the control of all convents of the order in [[1567]], King Sebastian has protested and obtained confirmation of his post as Grand Master. As a result the religious members of the Order were separated from the lay, military membership. |
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===Other reforms movements=== |
=== Other reforms movements === |
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Between [[1580]] and [[1640]] there was another attempt to reform the order. The new statutes were enacted by the general chapter at Tomar [[1619]] and were promulgated by [[Philip IV of Spain]] in 1627. The conditions for admission to the order were noble birth and either two years' service in Africa or three years with the fleet. |
Between [[1580]] and [[1640]] there was another attempt to reform the order. The new statutes were enacted by the general chapter at Tomar [[1619]] and were promulgated by [[Philip IV of Spain]] in 1627. The conditions for admission to the order were noble birth and either two years' service in Africa or three years with the fleet. |
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==The Secularization of the Order== |
== The Secularization of the Order == |
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[[Pius VI]] ([[1789]]) and the [[Mary I of Portugal|Queen Mary]] made the last attempt to reform the order. This reform made the convent of Tomar once again the headquarters of the whole order. The sovereign still remained Grand Master, but instead of the conventual prior there was a grand prior of the Order. |
[[Pius VI]] ([[1789]]) and the [[Mary I of Portugal|Queen Mary]] made the last attempt to reform the order. This reform made the convent of Tomar once again the headquarters of the whole order. The sovereign still remained Grand Master, but instead of the conventual prior there was a grand prior of the Order. |
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In [[1834]] when the civil government of Portugal became anti-Catholic, after the defeat of [[Michael I of Portugal|King Michael]] in the Civil War, under the constitutional monarchy the order lost its properties. The ancient Military Orders were transformed by the liberal constitution and subsequent legislation into mere Orders of Merit. The privileges which once had been an essential part of the membership of the old military orders were also ceased. |
In [[1834]] when the civil government of Portugal became anti-Catholic, after the defeat of [[Michael I of Portugal|King Michael]] in the Civil War, under the constitutional monarchy the order lost its properties. The ancient Military Orders were transformed by the liberal constitution and subsequent legislation into mere Orders of Merit. The privileges which once had been an essential part of the membership of the old military orders were also ceased. |
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In [[1910]], when Portuguese monarchy ended, the Republic of Portugal abolished all the Orders. However, in [[1917]], at the end of the [[World War I|Great War]], some of these Orders were re-established as mere Orders of Merit to reward outstanding services to the state, the office of Grand Master belonging to the Head of State - the President of the Republic. The Military Order of Christ, together with the other Portuguese Orders of Merit, had its Statutes revised in several occasions, during the First Republic ( |
In [[1910]], when Portuguese monarchy ended, the Republic of Portugal abolished all the Orders. However, in [[1917]], at the end of the [[World War I|Great War]], some of these Orders were re-established as mere Orders of Merit to reward outstanding services to the state, the office of Grand Master belonging to the Head of State - the President of the Republic. The Military Order of Christ, together with the other Portuguese Orders of Merit, had its Statutes revised in several occasions, during the First Republic (1910–1926), then in [[1962]], and again in [[1986]]. |
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The Military Order of Christ, together with the Military Orders of Aviz and of St. James of the Sword form the group of the „Ancient Military Orders“, governed by a Chancellor and a Council of eight members, appointed by the President of the Republic, to assist him as Grand Master in all matters concerning the administration of the Order. The Order, despite its name, can be conferred on civilians and on military, Portuguese and foreigners, for outstanding services to the Republic, in parliament, in the government, in the diplomatic service, in the Courts of Justice, on public authorities or on the Civil Service. |
The Military Order of Christ, together with the Military Orders of Aviz and of St. James of the Sword form the group of the „Ancient Military Orders“, governed by a Chancellor and a Council of eight members, appointed by the President of the Republic, to assist him as Grand Master in all matters concerning the administration of the Order. The Order, despite its name, can be conferred on civilians and on military, Portuguese and foreigners, for outstanding services to the Republic, in parliament, in the government, in the diplomatic service, in the Courts of Justice, on public authorities or on the Civil Service. |
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===Grades=== |
=== Grades === |
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The Order of Christ, as awarded by the Portuguese government today, comes in five classes: |
The Order of Christ, as awarded by the Portuguese government today, comes in five classes: |
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* ''Grand Cross'', which wears the badge of the Order on a sash on the right shoulder, and the star of the Order in gold on the left chest; |
* ''Grand Cross'', which wears the badge of the Order on a sash on the right shoulder, and the star of the Order in gold on the left chest; |
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* ''Knight'', which wears the badge of the Order on a plain ribbon on the left chest. |
* ''Knight'', which wears the badge of the Order on a plain ribbon on the left chest. |
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===Insignia=== |
=== Insignia === |
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[[Soubor:Orderofcriststeagalb.jpg|thumb|right|Order of Christ Cross]] |
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* The ''badge'' of the Order is a [[gilt]] cross with enamel, similar to the Order's emblem illustrated here, but with a longer lower arm. During the monarchy there were separate badges for civil and military knights: civil knights wore a badge similar to the modern version, but with the [[Sacred Heart]] of Christ above it; military knights had a completely different insignia, this being a gilt, white enamelled [[Maltese Cross (symbol)|Maltese Cross]] with blue oval shields (each bearing five dots) between the arms of the cross, the whole surrounded by a wreath of [[palm]]; the central medallion was white, with a miniature of the modern badge in it; the badge was again topped by the Sacred Heart of Christ. |
* The ''badge'' of the Order is a [[gilt]] cross with enamel, similar to the Order's emblem illustrated here, but with a longer lower arm. During the monarchy there were separate badges for civil and military knights: civil knights wore a badge similar to the modern version, but with the [[Sacred Heart]] of Christ above it; military knights had a completely different insignia, this being a gilt, white enamelled [[Maltese Cross (symbol)|Maltese Cross]] with blue oval shields (each bearing five dots) between the arms of the cross, the whole surrounded by a wreath of [[palm]]; the central medallion was white, with a miniature of the modern badge in it; the badge was again topped by the Sacred Heart of Christ. |
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* The ''ribbon'' of the Order is plain red. |
* The ''ribbon'' of the Order is plain red. |
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==Outstanding People Associated with Order of the Christ== |
== Outstanding People Associated with Order of the Christ == |
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* [[Vasco da Gama]] |
* [[Vasco da Gama]] |
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*[[Castle of Soure]] |
*[[Castle of Soure]] |
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*[[Sagres]] (Prince Henry founded the school of [[cosmography]] and [[navigation]]) |
*[[Sagres]] (Prince Henry founded the school of [[cosmography]] and [[navigation]]) |
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[[Category:Religion in Portugal]] |
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[[Category:History of Portugal]] |
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[[Category:Knights Templar]] |
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[[Category:Orders of knighthood|Christ, Order of]] |
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[[Category:Orders and decorations|Christ, Order of]] |
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"Non nobis, Domine, non nobis: sed Nomini Tuo da gloriam" [Psalm. 113,9 (115,1)] |
"Non nobis, Domine, non nobis: sed Nomini Tuo da gloriam" [Psalm. 113,9 (115,1)] |
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Verze z 20. 10. 2006, 02:41
Řád Kristův je původem portugalský rytířský řád založený v souvislosti se zánikem templářů králem Dinisem asi v roce 1317 či 1318 a potvrzený papežskou bulou Ad ea ex quibus ze 14. března 1319. Převzal portugalské majetky templářů a snad i část jejich členů.
Koncem 14. a v průběhu 15. století se řád stal významnou vojenskou silou s aktivitami v severní Africe a pod vedením portugalského prince Jindřicha Mořeplavce, který se stal světským správcem řádu v roce 1420, se podílel na námořních výpravách a objevech (jakož i souvisejících mezinárodních obchodech), které z Portugalska učinily jednu z nejbohatších evropských zemí té doby.
S postupem doby se řád dostal pod přímý vliv portugalské koruny a od roku 1495 bylo velmistrovství řádu spojené s funkcí krále. Tento vývoj také přispíval k postupnému zesvětšťování řádu.
Papežská kontroverse
Asi od přelomu 15. a 16. století (tato otázka není dosud příliš objasněna) začali papežové udělovat Kříž Kristův — původně zřejmě jako samostatné vyznamenání, které však brzy začalo být zaměňováno s portugalským řádem, a stalo se základem přesvědčení, rozšířeného zejm. v 18. století, že papež může samostatně ustavovat členy Řádu Kristova bez ohledu na jeho velmistra.
To se samozřejmě setkalo s prudkým odporem Portugalska a je znám jeden případ, kdy byl takovýto „papežský“ rytíř (francouzský architekt italského původu Giovanni Servandoni) v Portugalsku uvězněn za nošení insignií Řádu.
Brazilská episoda
V souvislosti s brazilsko-portugalským historickým vývojem v 19. století byl od roku 1822 udělován Řád Kristův brazilskými císaři jako samostatný řád, a to až do jeho zrušení republikánskou ústavou z roku 1891.
Současnost
V roce 1789 byl Řád Kristův reformován a plně sekularisován královnou Marií I. a v současnosti je pod názvem Ordem Militar de Cristo jedním z nejvyšších vyznamenání Portugalské republiky, udělovaným za výjimečné a mimořádné zásluhy v nejvyšších vládních, diplomatických, soudních či správních funkcích. Je udělován v pěti stupních – velkokříž, velkodůstojník, komandér, důstojník a rytíř.
Zároveň existuje pod názvem Nejvyšší řád našeho Pána Ježíše Krista i původně papežská „větev“ řádu jako nejvyšší papežské vyznamenání, které je vyhrazeno pouze katolickým hlavám států a udílené jen za velmi mimořádných okolností.