default search action
Google
Google Scholar
Semantic Scholar
Internet Archive Scholar
CiteSeerX
ORCIDIEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, Volume 20
Volume 20, Number 1, March 2023
- Pramit Biswas, Md Shahbaz Akhtar, Sriparna Saha
, Sudhan Majhi, Aneek Adhya:
Q-Learning-Based Energy-Efficient Network Planning in IP-Over-EON. 3-13 - Marco Polverini, Antonio Cianfrani, Marco Listanti, Giulio Siano, Francesco Giacinto Lavacca, Carlo Candeloro Campanile:
Investigating on Black Holes in Segment Routing Networks: Identification and Detection. 14-29 - Hua Wu, Ya Liu, Shanshan Ni, Guang Cheng, Xiaoyan Hu:
LossDetection: Real-Time Packet Loss Monitoring System for Sampled Traffic Data. 30-45 - Rui Zhuang, Jiangping Han, Kaiping Xue, Jian Li, David S. L. Wei, Ruidong Li, Qibin Sun, Jun Lu:
Achieving Flexible and Lightweight Multipath Congestion Control Through Online Learning. 46-59 - Lei Wang, Anmin Yin, Xue Jiang, Mingkai Chen, Kapal Dev, Nawab Muhammad Faseeh Qureshi, Jiming Yao, Baoyu Zheng:
Resource Allocation for Multi-Traffic in Cross-Modal Communications. 60-72 - Yujie Song, Kai Jiang, Yue Cao, Ruiting Zhou, Chakkaphong Suthaputchakun, Yuan Zhuang:
STALB: A Spatio-Temporal Domain Autonomous Load Balancing Routing Protocol. 73-87 - Haonan Bai, Yong Zhang, Zhenyu Zhang, Siyu Yuan:
Latency Equalization Policy of End-to-End Network Slicing Based on Reinforcement Learning. 88-103 - Yun Chai, Youguo Wang:
Optimal Control of Information Diffusion in Temporal Networks. 104-119 - Viktoria-Maria Alevizaki, Markos P. Anastasopoulos, Alexandros-Ioannis Manolopoulos, Anna Tzanakaki:
Distributed Service Provisioning for Disaggregated 6G Network Infrastructures. 120-137 - A. H. M. Jakaria, Mohammad Ashiqur Rahman, Muneeba Asif, Alvi Ataur Khalil, Hisham A. Kholidy, Matthew Anderson, Steven Drager:
Trajectory Synthesis for a UAV Swarm Based on Resilient Data Collection Objectives. 138-151 - Yahui Hu, Yujiang Zhou, Junping Song, Luyang Xu, Xu Zhou:
Citywide Mobile Traffic Forecasting Using Spatial-Temporal Downsampling Transformer Neural Networks. 152-165 - Mohammed Seid Abegaz, Hayla Nahom Abishu, Yasin Habtamu Yacob, Tewodros Alemu Ayall, Aiman Erbad, Mohsen Guizani:
Blockchain-Based Resource Trading in Multi-UAV-Assisted Industrial IoT Networks: A Multi-Agent DRL Approach. 166-181 - Quan-Lin Li, Yan-Xia Chang, Chi Zhang:
Tree Representation, Growth Rate of Blockchain and Reward Allocation in Ethereum With Multiple Mining Pools. 182-200 - Ruba Alkadi, Abdulhadi Shoufan:
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Traffic Management Solution Using Crowd-Sensing and Blockchain. 201-215 - Guohuai Sang, Jingwei Chen, Yiliang Liu, Haiqin Wu, Yong Zhou, Shunrong Jiang:
PACM: Privacy-Preserving Authentication Scheme With on-Chain Certificate Management for VANETs. 216-228 - Haritha K, Chandramani Singh:
Scheduling Policies for Stability and Optimal Server Running Cost in Cloud Computing Platforms. 229-245 - Aleteng Tian, Bohao Feng, Huachun Zhou, Yunxue Huang, Keshav Sood, Shui Yu, Hongke Zhang:
Efficient Federated DRL-Based Cooperative Caching for Mobile Edge Networks. 246-260 - Mona Elsaadawy, Mohamed Younis, Jifeng Wang, Xinchen Hou, Bettina Kemme:
Dynamic Application Call Graph Formation and Service Identification in Cloud Data Centers. 261-275 - Shreshth Tuli, Giuliano Casale, Nicholas R. Jennings:
DRAGON: Decentralized Fault Tolerance in Edge Federations. 276-291 - Chuan Feng, Pengchao Han, Xu Zhang, Qihan Zhang, Yue Zong, Yejun Liu, Lei Guo:
Cost-Minimized Computation Offloading of Online Multifunction Services in Collaborative Edge-Cloud Networks. 292-304 - Jindou Xie, Yunjian Jia, Wanli Wen, Zhengchuan Chen, Liang Liang:
Dynamic D2D Multihop Offloading in Multi-Access Edge Computing From the Perspective of Learning Theory in Games. 305-318 - Tung V. Doan, Giang T. Nguyen, Martin Reisslein, Frank H. P. Fitzek:
SAP: Subchain-Aware NFV Service Placement in Mobile Edge Cloud. 319-341 - Shraddha Tripathi, Om Jee Pandey, Linga Reddy Cenkeramaddi, Rajesh M. Hegde:
A Socially-Aware Radio Map Framework for Improving QoS of UAV-Assisted MEC Networks. 342-356 - Jie Cui, Fengqun Wang, Qingyang Zhang, Chengjie Gu, Hong Zhong:
Efficient Batch Authentication Scheme Based on Edge Computing in IIoT. 357-368 - Yao Chiang, Chih-Ho Hsu, Guan-Hao Chen, Hung-Yu Wei:
Deep Q-Learning-Based Dynamic Network Slicing and Task Offloading in Edge Network. 369-384 - Hao Luo, Hung-Yu Wei:
Resource Orchestration at the Edge: Intelligent Management of mmWave RAN and Gaming Application QoE Enhancement. 385-399 - Jungyeon Baek, Georges Kaddoum:
FLoadNet: Load Balancing in Fog Networks With Cooperative Multiagent Using Actor-Critic Method. 400-414 - Francisco Muro, Eduardo Baena, Sergio Fortes, Lars Nielsen, Raquel Barco:
Noisy Neighbour Impact Assessment and Prevention in Virtualized Mobile Networks. 415-425 - Zheheng Rao, Yanyan Xu, Shaoming Pan, Jiabao Guo, Yuejing Yan, Zhiheng Wang:
Cellular Traffic Prediction: A Deep Learning Method Considering Dynamic Nonlocal Spatial Correlation, Self-Attention, and Correlation of Spatiotemporal Feature Fusion. 426-440 - Andrew Lappalainen, Yuhao Zhang, Catherine Rosenberg:
Planning 5G Networks for Rural Fixed Wireless Access. 441-455 - Rui Zhang, Libing Wu, Shuqin Cao, Dan Wu, Jianxin Li:
A Vehicular Task Offloading Method With Eliminating Redundant Tasks in 5G HetNets. 456-470 - Mojdeh Karbalaee Motalleb, Vahid Shah-Mansouri, Saeedeh Parsaeefard, Onel Luis Alcaraz López:
Resource Allocation in an Open RAN System Using Network Slicing. 471-485 - Yan Liu, Jinling Jia, Jun Cai, Taiqin Huang:
Deep Reinforcement Learning for Reactive Content Caching With Predicted Content Popularity in Three-Tier Wireless Networks. 486-501 - Mandar Datar, Eitan Altman, Hélène Le Cadre:
Strategic Resource Pricing and Allocation in a 5G Network Slicing Stackelberg Game. 502-520 - Genghua Yu, Zhigang Chen, Jian Wu:
Content-Aware Personalized Sharing Based on Cooperative User Selection and Attention in Mobile Internet of Things. 521-532 - Yudong Huang, Shuo Wang, Xinyuan Zhang, Tao Huang, Yunjie Liu:
Flexible Cyclic Queuing and Forwarding for Time-Sensitive Software-Defined Networks. 533-546 - Keigo Akahoshi, Fujun He, Eiji Oki:
Service Deployment Model Based on Virtual Network Function Resizing. 547-562 - Zhiyuan Li, Lijun Wu, Xiangyun Zeng, Xiaofeng Yue, Yulin Jing, Wei Wu, Kaile Su:
Online Coordinated NFV Resource Allocation via Novel Machine Learning Techniques. 563-577 - Xinxin Tang, Xuewen Zeng, Lei Song:
Accelerating Protocol Oblivious Forwarding Programmable Data Plane With Flow Cache. 578-594 - Davide Borsatti, Chiara Grasselli, Chiara Contoli, Luigia Micciullo, Luca Spinacci, Marina Settembre, Walter Cerroni, Franco Callegati:
Mission Critical Communications Support With 5G and Network Slicing. 595-607 - Ricardo Martínez, Luca Vettori, Jorge Baranda, Josep Mangues-Bafalluy, Engin Zeydan, Bahador Bakhshi:
Resource Abstractions in NFV Management and Orchestration: Experimental Evaluation. 608-624 - Reza Farahani, Mohammad Shojafar, Christian Timmerer, Farzad Tashtarian, Mohammed Ghanbari, Hermann Hellwagner:
ARARAT: A Collaborative Edge-Assisted Framework for HTTP Adaptive Video Streaming. 625-643 - Johannes K. Becker, David Starobinski:
Snout: A Middleware Platform for Software-Defined Radios. 644-657 - Misbah Shafi, Rakesh Kumar Jha, Sanjeev Jain:
LGTBIDS: Layer-Wise Graph Theory-Based Intrusion Detection System in Beyond 5G. 658-671 - Yuan-Cheng Lai, Didik Sudyana, Ying-Dar Lin, Miel Verkerken, Laurens D'hooge, Tim Wauters, Bruno Volckaert, Filip De Turck:
Task Assignment and Capacity Allocation for ML-Based Intrusion Detection as a Service in a Multi-Tier Architecture. 672-683 - Xiaoheng Deng, Jincai Zhu, Xinjun Pei, Lan Zhang, Zhen Ling, Kaiping Xue:
Flow Topology-Based Graph Convolutional Network for Intrusion Detection in Label-Limited IoT Networks. 684-696 - Namrata Tiwari, Neminath Hubballi:
Secure Socket Shell Bruteforce Attack Detection With Petri Net Modeling. 697-710 - Huaiying Sun, Huiqun Yu, Guisheng Fan, Liqiong Chen, Zheng Liu:
Security-Aware and Time-Guaranteed Service Placement in Edge Clouds. 711-725 - Chaoqun You, Yangming Zhao, Gang Feng, Tony Q. S. Quek, Lemin Li:
Hierarchical Multiresource Fair Queueing for Packet Processing. 726-740 - Muhammad Asghar Khan, Neeraj Kumar, Syed Agha Hassnain Mohsan, Wali Ullah Khan, Moustafa M. Nasralla, Mohammed H. Alsharif, Justyna Zywiolek, Insaf Ullah:
Swarm of UAVs for Network Management in 6G: A Technical Review. 741-761 - Edson Rodrigues, Denis Rosário, Eduardo Cerqueira, Helder M. N. S. Oliveira:
Analysis of Routing and Resource Allocation Mechanism for Space-Division Multiplexing Elastic Optical Networks. 762-773 - Angelo Tulumello, Andrea Mayer, Marco Bonola, Paolo Lungaroni, Carmine Scarpitta, Stefano Salsano, Ahmed Abdelsalam, Pablo Camarillo, Darren Dukes, François Clad, Clarence Filsfils:
Micro SIDs: A Solution for Efficient Representation of Segment IDs in SRv6 Networks. 774-786 - Xiaofan Yu, Kazim Ergun, Xueyang Song, Ludmila Cherkasova, Tajana Simunic Rosing:
Automating and Optimizing Reliability-Driven Deployment in Energy-Harvesting IoT Networks. 787-799 - Seyed Soheil Johari, Sepehr Taeb, Nashid Shahriar, Shihabur Rahman Chowdhury, Massimo Tornatore, Raouf Boutaba, Jeebak Mitra, Mahdi Hemmati:
DRL-Assisted Reoptimization of Network Slice Embedding on EON-Enabled Transport Networks. 800-814 - Kokouvi Bénoît Nougnanke, Yann Labit, Marc Bruyere, Ulrich Aïvodji, Simone Ferlin:
ML-Based Performance Modeling in SDN-Enabled Data Center Networks. 815-829 - Matthews Jose, Kahina Lazri, Jérôme François, Olivier Festor:
Stateful InREC: Stateful In-Network Real Number Computation With Recursive Functions. 830-845 - Filipe Bachini Lopes, Alberto E. Schaeffer-Filho, Gabriel Luca Nazar:
Modular VNF Components Acceleration With FPGA Overlays. 846-857 - Jiahua Xu, Yebo Feng:
Reap the Harvest on Blockchain: A Survey of Yield Farming Protocols. 858-869 - Alexander Clemm:
High-Precision Networking Services: Problems, Approaches, and Opportunities. 870-878
Volume 20, Number 2, June 2023
- Nur Zincir-Heywood, Robert Birke, Elias Bou-Harb, Giuliano Casale, Khalil El-Khatib, Takeru Inoue, Neeraj Kumar, Hanan Lutfiyya, Deepak Puthal, Abdallah Shami, Natalia Stakhanova, Farhana H. Zulkernine:
Guest Editorial: Special Section on Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence for Managing Networks, Systems, and Services - Part II. 882-889 - Tai Manh Ho, Kim Khoa Nguyen, Mohamed Cheriet:
Converging Game Theory and Reinforcement Learning For Industrial Internet of Things. 890-903 - Yang Yang, Yindong Sun, Yuhan Long, Jingting Mei, Peng Yu:
Root Cause Location Based on Prophet and Kernel Density Estimation. 904-917 - Jie Zhou, Ding Ding, Ziteng Wu, Yuting Xiu:
Spatial Context-Aware Time-Series Forecasting for QoS Prediction. 918-931 - Yinong Li, Jianbo Li, Zhiqiang Lv, Haoran Li, Yue Wang, Zhihao Xu:
GASTO: A Fast Adaptive Graph Learning Framework for Edge Computing Empowered Task Offloading. 932-944 - Xuanyu Liu, Xiao Fu, Xiaojiang Du, Bin Luo, Mohsen Guizani:
Machine Learning-Based Non-Intrusive Digital Forensic Service for Smart Homes. 945-960 - Jiong Lou, Zhiqing Tang, Weijia Jia:
Energy-Efficient Joint Task Assignment and Migration in Data Centers: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach. 961-973 - Jessica S. Mendoza, Isabel de la Bandera, David Palacios, Raquel Barco:
Forecasting Framework for Mobile Networks Based on Automatic Feature Selection. 974-984 - Gorla Praveen, V. Keerthivasan, Vinay Chamola, Mohsen Guizani:
A Novel Framework of Federated and Distributed Machine Learning for Resource Provisioning in 5G and Beyond Using Mobile-Edge SCBS. 985-994 - Anubhab Banerjee, Stephen S. Mwanje, Georg Carle:
Trust and Performance in Future AI-Enabled, Open, Multi-Vendor Network Management Automation. 995-1007 - Carolina Gijón, Matías Toril, Salvador Luna-Ramírez:
Data-Driven Estimation of Throughput Performance in Sliced Radio Access Networks via Supervised Learning. 1008-1023 - Alaa Awad Abdellatif, Amr Abo-eleneen, Amr Mohamed, Aiman Erbad, Nikhil V. Navkar, Mohsen Guizani:
Intelligent-Slicing: An AI-Assisted Network Slicing Framework for 5G-and-Beyond Networks. 1024-1039 - Yifan He, Zhao Li, Zhenpeng Li, Shuigeng Zhou, Ting Yu, Ji Zhang:
Towards Cross-Lingual Multi-Modal Misinformation Detection for E-Commerce Management. 1040-1050 - Yaowen Qi, Li Yang, Chengsheng Pan, Cheng Chi, Qilong Huang:
A Flexible Topology Reconstruction Strategy Based on Deep Q-Learning for Balance Performance and Efficiency of STINs. 1051-1064 - Ali Raza, Nabeel Akhtar, Vatche Isahagian, Ibrahim Matta, Lei Huang:
Configuration and Placement of Serverless Applications Using Statistical Learning. 1065-1077 - Buqing Cao, Lulu Zhang, Mi Peng, Yueying Qing, Guosheng Kang, Jianxun Liu:
Web Service Recommendation via Combining Bilinear Graph Representation and xDeepFM Quality Prediction. 1078-1092 - Chengyi Qu, Francesco Betti Sorbelli, Rounak Singh, Prasad Calyam, Sajal K. Das:
Environmentally-Aware and Energy-Efficient Multi-Drone Coordination and Networking for Disaster Response. 1093-1109 - Muhammad Sulaiman, Arash Moayyedi, Mahdieh Ahmadi, Mohammad Ali Salahuddin, Raouf Boutaba, Aladdin Saleh:
Coordinated Slicing and Admission Control Using Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning. 1110-1124 - Lei Tan, Daofu Gong, Zhenyu Li, Shaoyong Du, Fenlin Liu:
Neural Attention Networks for Recommendation With Auxiliary Data. 1125-1139 - Mohammad Ariful Islam, Hisham Siddique, Wenbin Zhang, Israat Haque:
A Deep Neural Network-Based Communication Failure Prediction Scheme in 5G RAN. 1140-1152 - Sharva Garg, Tanmoy Bag, Andreas Mitschele-Thiel:
Data-Driven Self-Organization With Implicit Self-Coordination for Coverage and Capacity Optimization in Cellular Networks. 1153-1169 - Ahmad M. Nagib, Hatem Abou-Zeid, Hossam S. Hassanein:
Accelerating Reinforcement Learning via Predictive Policy Transfer in 6G RAN Slicing. 1170-1183 - Anselme Ndikumana, Kim Khoa Nguyen, Mohamed Cheriet:
Two-Level Closed Loops for RAN Slice Resources Management Serving Flying and Ground-Based Cars. 1184-1198 - Sajid Ali, Omar Abusabha, Farman Ali, Muhammad Imran, Tamer Abuhmed:
Effective Multitask Deep Learning for IoT Malware Detection and Identification Using Behavioral Traffic Analysis. 1199-1209 - Subhash Sagar, Adnan Mahmood, Kai Wang, Quan Z. Sheng, Jitander Kumar Pabani, Wei Emma Zhang:
Trust-SIoT: Toward Trustworthy Object Classification in the Social Internet of Things. 1210-1223 - Ting-Li Huoh, Yan Luo, Peilong Li, Tong Zhang:
Flow-Based Encrypted Network Traffic Classification With Graph Neural Networks. 1224-1237 - Steffen Lindner, Daniel Merling, Michael Menth:
Learning Multicast Patterns for Efficient BIER Forwarding With P4. 1238-1253 - Anderson Bergamini de Neira, Alex Medeiros de Araújo, Michele Nogueira:
An Intelligent System for DDoS Attack Prediction Based on Early Warning Signals. 1254-1266 - Alfredo Nascita, Antonio Montieri, Giuseppe Aceto, Domenico Ciuonzo, Valerio Persico, Antonio Pescapè:
Improving Performance, Reliability, and Feasibility in Multimodal Multitask Traffic Classification with XAI. 1267-1289 - Pratyush Kr. Deka, Yash Verma, Adil Bin Bhutto, Erik Elmroth, Monowar H. Bhuyan:
Semi-Supervised Range-Based Anomaly Detection for Cloud Systems. 1290-1304 - Willian Tessaro Lunardi, Martin Andreoni Lopez, Jean Pierre Giacalone:
ARCADE: Adversarially Regularized Convolutional Autoencoder for Network Anomaly Detection. 1305-1318 - Guilherme Werneck de Oliveira, Michele Nogueira, Aldri Luiz dos Santos, Daniel Macêdo Batista:
Intelligent VNF Placement to Mitigate DDoS Attacks on Industrial IoT. 1319-1331 - Ehsan Nowroozi, Abhishek, Mohammadreza Mohammadi, Mauro Conti:
An Adversarial Attack Analysis on Malicious Advertisement URL Detection Framework. 1332-1344 - Sajal Saha, Anwar Haque, Greg Sidebottom:
Analyzing the Impact of Outlier Data Points on Multi-Step Internet Traffic Prediction Using Deep Sequence Models. 1345-1362 - Hassan Fawaz, Julien Lesca, Pham Tran Anh Quang, Jérémie Leguay, Djamal Zeghlache, Paolo Medagliani:
Graph Convolutional Reinforcement Learning for Collaborative Queuing Agents. 1363-1377 - Jiaxing Qi, Zhongzhi Luan, Shaohan Huang, Carol J. Fung, Hailong Yang, Hanlu Li, Danfeng Zhu, Depei Qian:
LogEncoder: Log-Based Contrastive Representation Learning for Anomaly Detection. 1378-1391 - Andressa Vergütz, Bruna V. Dos Santos, Burak Kantarci, Michele Nogueira:
Data Instrumentation From IoT Network Traffic as Support for Security Management. 1392-1404 - Xiaodong Zang, Jian Gong, Maoli Wang, Peng Gao:
Encrypted DNS Traffic Analysis for Service Intention Inferring. 1405-1417 - Na Zhao, Biao Han, Ruidong Li, Jinshu Su, Cong Zhou:
A Multivariate KPIs Anomaly Detection Framework With Dynamic Balancing Loss Training. 1418-1429 - Guangjie Han, Zhengwei Xu, Chuanliang Chen, Li Liu, Hongbo Zhu:
Fault Diagnosis in Industrial Control Networks Using Transferability-Measured Adversarial Adaptation Network. 1430-1440 - Azzam Mourad, Hadi Otrok, Ernesto Damiani, Mérouane Debbah, Nadra Guizani, Shiqiang Wang, Guangjie Han, Rabeb Mizouni, Jamal Bentahar, Chamseddine Talhi:
Guest Editorial: Special Section on the Latest Developments in Federated Learning for the Management of Networked Systems and Resources. 1441-1445 - Lei Liu, Yuxing Tian, Chinmay Chakraborty, Jie Feng, Qingqi Pei, Li Zhen, Keping Yu:
Multilevel Federated Learning-Based Intelligent Traffic Flow Forecasting for Transportation Network Management. 1446-1458 - Xikang Jiang, Jinhui Zhang, Lin Zhang:
FedRadar: Federated Multi-Task Transfer Learning for Radar-Based Internet of Medical Things. 1459-1469 - Venkatraman Balasubramanian, Moayad Aloqaily, Martin Reisslein:
Fed-TSN: Joint Failure Probability-Based Federated Learning for Fault-Tolerant Time-Sensitive Networks. 1470-1486 - Yuchang Sun, Jiawei Shao, Yuyi Mao, Jessie Hui Wang, Jun Zhang:
Semi-Decentralized Federated Edge Learning With Data and Device Heterogeneity. 1487-1501 - Abdullatif Albaseer, Mohamed M. Abdallah, Ala I. Al-Fuqaha, Abegaz Mohammed Seid, Aiman Erbad, Octavia A. Dobre:
Fair Selection of Edge Nodes to Participate in Clustered Federated Multitask Learning. 1502-1516 - Dost Muhammad Saqib Bhatti, Haewoon Nam:
FedCLS: Class-Aware Federated Learning in a Heterogeneous Environment. 1517-1528 - Lin Teng, Yulong Qiao, Muhammad Shafiq, Gautam Srivastava, Abdul Rehman Javed, Thippa Reddy Gadekallu, Shoulin Yin:
FLPK-BiSeNet: Federated Learning Based on Priori Knowledge and Bilateral Segmentation Network for Image Edge Extraction. 1529-1542 - Ibrahim Shaer, Abdallah Shami:
CorrFL: Correlation-Based Neural Network Architecture for Unavailability Concerns in a Heterogeneous IoT Environment. 1543-1557 - Feng Yu, Hui Lin, Xiaoding Wang, Sahil Garg, Georges Kaddoum, Satinder Singh, Mohammad Mehedi Hassan:
Communication-Efficient Personalized Federated Meta-Learning in Edge Networks. 1558-1571 - Feng Sun, Zhenjiang Zhang, Xiaolin Chang, Kaige Zhu:
Toward Heterogeneous Environment: Lyapunov-Orientated ImpHetero Reinforcement Learning for Task Offloading. 1572-1586 - Ali Riahi, Amr Mohamed, Aiman Erbad:
RL-Based Federated Learning Framework Over Blockchain (RL-FL-BC). 1587-1599 - Aditya Pribadi Kalapaaking, Ibrahim Khalil, Mohammed Atiquzzaman:
Smart Policy Control for Securing Federated Learning Management System. 1600-1611 - Sabra Ben Saad, Bouziane Brik, Adlen Ksentini:
Toward Securing Federated Learning Against Poisoning Attacks in Zero Touch B5G Networks. 1612-1624