Helium: Difference between revisions

* {{cite journal |last1=Clève |title=Sur la densité de l'hélium |journal=Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences |date=1895 |volume=120 |page=1212 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015035451122&view=1up&seq=1226&skin=2021 |trans-title=On the density of helium |language=French}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Das Atomgewicht des Heliums|trans-title = The atomic weight of helium|author = Langlet, N. A.|journal = Zeitschrift für Anorganische Chemie|volume = 10|issue = 1| pages = 289–292|date = 1895|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sHcWAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA289|doi =10.1002/zaac.18950100130|language= de}}</ref><ref name="nbb" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Weaver |first1=E.R. |title=Circular of the Bureau of Standards No. 81: Bibliography of Scientific Literature Relating to Helium |date=1919 |page=6 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C., USA |url=https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/circ/nbscircular81.pdf}}</ref> Helium was also isolated by American geochemist [[William Francis Hillebrand]] prior to Ramsay's discovery, when he noticed unusual spectral lines while testing a sample of the mineral uraninite. Hillebrand, however, attributed the lines to [[nitrogen]].<ref>Hillebrand (1890) [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b2968310&view=1up&seq=511 "On the occurrence of nitrogen in uraninite and on the composition of uraninite in general,"] ''Bulletin of the U.S. Geological Survey'', no. 78, pp. 43–79.</ref> His letter of congratulations to Ramsay offers an interesting case of discovery, and near-discovery, in science.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Munday|first=Pat|author-link=Pat Munday|date=1999|title=Biographical entry for W.F. Hillebrand (1853–1925), geochemist and U.S. Bureau of Standards administrator in American National Biography|editor=John A. Garraty|editor2=Mark C. Carnes|volume=10–11|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages= 808–9; 227–8|title-link=American National Biography}}</ref>

 

* Preliminary notice: Keesom, W. H. (17 July 1926) Letters to the Editor: "Solidification of helium," ''Nature'', '''118''' : 81.

* Preliminary notice: Keesom, W. H. (1926) [https://archive.org/stream/ComptesRendusAcademieDesSciences0183/ComptesRendusAcadmieDesSciences-Tome183-Juillet-dcembre1926#page/n25/mode/2up "L'hélium solidifié,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022075647/https://archive.org/stream/ComptesRendusAcademieDesSciences0183/ComptesRendusAcadmieDesSciences-Tome183-Juillet-dcembre1926#page/n25/mode/2up |date=2016-10-22 }} ''Comptes rendus'' ... , '''183''' : 26.