|
}}
'''Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis''' ({{IPA-pt|ʒwɐˈkĩ mɐˈɾi.ɐ mɐˈʃadu dʒ(i) ɐˈsis|lang}}), often known by his surnames as '''Machado de Assis''', ''Machado,'' or ''Bruxo do [[Cosme Velho]]''<ref name="vainfas3">Vainfas, p. 505.</ref> (21 June 1839 – 29 September 1908), was ana pioneer [[BraziliansBrazilian people|Brazilian]] writernovelist, widelypoet, recognizedplaywright byand critics,short scholars,story fellow writerswriter, andwidely readersregarded as the foremostgreatest exponentwriter of [[Brazilian literature]].<ref>[[Antonio HisCandido|Candido; literaryAntonio]] output(1970), encompassed''Vários virtuallyescritos.'' allSão genres,Paulo: includingDuas poetry,Cidades. novels,p. chronicles18.</ref><ref>Caldwell, drama,Helen short stories(1970), feuilleton, journalism, and literary criticism. ''Machado de Assis: witnessedThe theBrazilian [[AbolitionismMaster inand Brazil|Abolitionhis of Slavery]] and BrazilNovels.''s political transitionBerkeley, withLos theAngeles/London: proclamationUniversity of theCalifornia [[RepublicPress.</ref><ref>Fernandez, of Brazil|Republic]] replacing the [[Empire of Brazil|Empire]]Oscar, in"Machado additionde toAssis: numerousThe significantBrazilian events in the late 19thMaster and earlyHis 20th centuriesNovels", being''The aModern notableLanguage commentatorJournal'', andVol. chronicler55, ofNo. the4 political(April and1971), social eventspp. of his time255–256.</ref> In 1897, he founded and became the first presidentPresident of the [[Academia Brasileira de Letras|Brazilian Academy of Letters]]. He was [[multilingualism|multilingual]], ahaving positiontaught hehimself held[[French untillanguage|French]], his[[English deathlanguage|English]], [[German language|German]] and [[Greek language|Greek]] later in 1908life.
.<ref>[[Antonio Candido|Candido; Antonio]] (1970), ''Vários escritos.'' São Paulo: Duas Cidades. p. 18.</ref><ref>Caldwell, Helen (1970), ''Machado de Assis: The Brazilian Master and his Novels.'' Berkeley, Los Angeles/London: University of California Press.</ref><ref>Fernandez, Oscar, "Machado de Assis: The Brazilian Master and His Novels", ''The Modern Language Journal'', Vol. 55, No. 4 (April 1971), pp. 255–256.</ref> In 1897, he founded and became the first President of the [[Brazilian Academy of Letters]]. He was [[multilingualism|multilingual]], having taught himself [[French language|French]], [[English language|English]], [[German language|German]] and [[Greek language|Greek]] later in life.
Born in {{interlanguage link|Morro do Livramento|pt}}, Rio de Janeiro, from a poor family, he was the grandson of freed slaves in a country where slavery would not be fully abolished until 49 years later. He barely studied in public schools and never attended university. With only his own intellect and autodidactism to rely on, he struggled to rise socially. To do so, he took several public positions, passing through the Ministry of Agriculture, Trade and Public Works, and achieving early fame in newspapers where he first published his poetry and chronicles.
|
