'''Premenstrual dysphoric disorder''' ('''PMDD''') is a [[mood disorder]] characterized by emotional, cognitive, and physical symptoms. PMDD causes significant distress or impairment in [[menstruating]] women during the [[luteal phase]] of the [[menstrual cycle]]. The symptoms occur in the luteal phase (between [[ovulation]] and mensesmenstruation), improve within a few days after the onset of menses, and are minimal or absent in the week after menses.<ref name="DSM5">{{Cite book|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|year=2013|location=Arlington, VA|pages=625.4|edition=5th}} Code: 625.4 (N94.3)</ref> PMDD has a profound impact on a woman’s quality of life and dramatically increases the risk of [[suicidal ideation]] and even [[suicide attempt]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prasad|first1=Divya|last2=Wollenhaupt-Aguiar|first2=Bianca|last3=Kidd|first3=Katrina N.|last4=de Azevedo Cardoso|first4=Taiane|last5=Frey|first5=Benicio N.|date=December 2021|title=Suicidal Risk in Women with Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis|journal=Journal of Women's Health (2002)|volume=30|issue=12|pages=1693–1707|doi=10.1089/jwh.2021.0185|issn=1931-843X|pmc=8721500|pmid=34415776}}</ref> Many women of reproductive age experience discomfort or mild mood changes prior to menstruation. However, 5–8% experience severe [[premenstrual syndrome]] causing significant distress or functional impairment.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yonkers|first1=Kimberly Ann|last2=O'Brien|first2=P. M. Shaughn|last3=Eriksson|first3=Elias|date=2008-04-05|title=Premenstrual syndrome|journal=Lancet|volume=371|issue=9619|pages=1200–1210|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60527-9|issn=1474-547X|pmc=3118460|pmid=18395582}}</ref> Within this population of reproductive age, some will meet the criteria for PMDD. <!-- Cause and diagnosis -->
The exact cause of PMDD is currently unknown. Ovarian hormone levels during the menstrual cycle do not differ between individuals with PMDD and the general population.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hofmeister |first1=Sabrina |last2=Bodden |first2=Seth |date=2016-08-01 |title=Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27479626 |journal=American Family Physician |volume=94 |issue=3 |pages=236–240 |issn=1532-0650 |pmid=27479626}}</ref> However, because the symptoms are only present during ovulatory cycles and resolve after menstruation, it is believed to be caused by fluctuations in gonadal [[sex hormone]]s or variations in sensitivity to sex hormones.<ref name=":9" />
