Barzaz Breiz: Difference between revisions

[[Image:NominoeNoménoë (Tenniel).jpgpng|thumb|''Nominoe's Vow'', an illustration to the English translation of Barzaz Breiz, depicting the early Breton leader [[Nominoe]] vowing vengeance on the Franks for killing a Breton emissary]]

'''''Barzaz Breiz''''' (in modern spelling '''''Barzhaz Breizh''''', meaning "Ballads of Brittany": Barz''barzh'' is the equivalent of "bard" and Breiz''Breizh'' means "Brittany") is a collection of [[Brittany|Breton]] popular songs collected by [[Theodore Claude Henri, Vicomte Hersart de la Villemarque|Théodore Hersart de la Villemarqué]] and published in 1839. It was compiled from oral tradition and preserves traditional folk tales, legends and music. Hersart de la Villemarqué grew up in the manor of Plessix in Nizon, near [[Pont-Aven]], and was half Breton himself.

The collection was published in the original [[Breton language]] with a French translation. It achieved a wide distribution, as the [[Romanticism|Romantic]] generation in France that "discovered" the [[Basque language]] was beginning to be curious about all the submerged cultures of Europe and the pagan survivals just under the surface of folk Catholicism. The ''Barzaz Breiz'' brought Breton folk culture for the first time into European awareness. One of the oldest of the collected songs was the legend of [[Ys]]. The book was also notable for the fact that La Villemarqué recorded the music of the ballads as well as the words. This was one of the first attempts to collect and print Breton traditional music, except religious hymns.

Until this publication the so-called "matter[[Matter of Brittany" (Breton legends)Britain]] was known only from references to some legends in French language Romances of the 13th12th andto 14th centuries, in which much of the culture was also transformed to suit Gallic hearers.

The publication of traditional folk literature was controversial at this time because of the dispute about the most famous of such collections, [[James MacPhersonMacpherson]]'s ''[[Ossian|The Poems of Ossian]]'', which purported to be translated from ancient Celtic poetry, but was widely believed to have been largely written by MacPherson himself. After the publication of ''Barzaz Breiz'', [[François-Marie Luzel]] criticised the work at a scholarly conference in 1868. At the 1872 Congress of the Breton Association at [[Saint-Brieuc]], he argued that the songs had been completely manufactured in the manner of MacPhersonMacpherson, because, he said, he had never himself met with ballads in such elegant Breton and free of borrowed French words. The main problem raised by his opponents was that Villemarqué refused to show his notebooks to other scholars.

The dispute continued into the twentieth century. In 1907 La Villemarque's son, Pierre de la Villemarqué, published a defence of his father's work. However, in 1960 Francis Gourvil argued in a PhD thesis that the ''Barzaz Breiz'' was a forgery. However, inIn 1974 Donatien Laurent partially rejected these accusations by demonstrating the authenticity of the material of the book thanks to the discovery in 1964 of Villemarqué's notebooks. Laurent's research was published in 1989.<ref> Laurent, Donatien, ''Aux sources du Barzaz Breiz: la mémoire d’und'un peuple'', ed. ArMen, Douarnenez, 1989.</ref> Laurent concluded that Villemarqué had rearranged the material he had collected in order to enliven and clean up the texts and music, but that this was common practice at the time, comparable to work of the [[Brothers Grimm]].{{citation needed|date=February 2021}} An assessment of the dispute is given in the chapter "Collectors and Singers" of Mary-Ann Constantine's 1996 study ''[[Breton Ballads]]''.<ref name=gowans>{{cite journal |title=Reviewed Work(s): ''Breton Ballads'' by Mary-Ann Constantine |first=Linda |last=Gowans |journal=[[Jahrbuch für Volksliedforschung]] |year=1997 |volume=42 |pages=189–90 |jstor=848056 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/848056}}</ref>

[[File:Millais combat.jpg|thumb|[[Jean de Beaumanoir]]'s knights kneel in prayer before combat. Illustration by [[John Everett Millais|J.E. Millais]] to [[Tom Taylor]]'s version of ''Barzaz Breiz'']]The first edition was published in 1839 in Paris by Éditions Delloye, in the form of books in 2 °-8. Reprinted in 1840, 1845 and, at Didier et Cie, 1846, the book was then published in 1867 in Paris.

In 1865 the standard English translation by [[Tom Taylor]] was published under the title ''Ballads and Songs of Brittany''. The edition contained some of the original melodies "harmonized by Mrs. Tom Taylor", but omitted some of the ballads.

The 1867 edition was subsequently reprinted many times to the present day by the academic library Perrin, not counting the many English translations (Taylor, Fleay ... ), German (Keller-Seckendorf. ... ), Italian (Pascoli), Polish, and so on.

In 1981 a new edition appeared in pocket-sized format.

In 1989 Mouladurioù Hor Yezh issued a ''BarzazBarzhaz Breizh'' with only the Breton text, but transcribedchanged into modern spelling.[[Breton orthography|orthography]] and including the musical score.

In 1996, Coop Breizh published a pocket version of the book in French without the Breton text.

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*[http://www.1000questions.net/en/pontaven/barzaz-us.html The Barzaz Breiz], 1000questions.net