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A '''trigraph''' (from the {{lang-el|τρεῖς}}, ''treîs'', "three" and γράφω, ''gráphō'', "write") is a group of three
▲A '''trigraph''' (from the {{lang-el|τρεῖς}}, ''treîs'', "three" and γράφω, ''gráphō'', "write") is a group of three letters used to represent a single sound or a combination of sounds that does not correspond to the written letters combined.
==Latin-script trigraphs==
{{
For example, in the word ''[[Austrian schilling|schilling]]
The trigraph ''sch'' in [[German language|German]] is equivalent to the English ''sh'' and pronounced {{IPA|/ʃ/}}. In
▲For example, in the word ''[[Austrian schilling|schilling]],'' the trigraph ''sch'' represents the [[voiceless postalveolar fricative]] {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, rather than the [[consonant cluster]] {{IPA|*/skh/}}. In the word ''beautiful,'' the sequence ''eau'' is pronounced {{IPA|/juː/}}, and in the [[French language|French]] word ''château'' it is pronounced {{IPA|/o/}}. It is sometimes difficult to determine whether a sequence of letters in English is a trigraph, because of the complicating role of silent letters. There are few productive trigraphs in English such as ''tch'' as in ''watch,'' and ''igh'' as in ''high.''
▲The trigraph ''sch'' in [[German language|German]] is equivalent to the English ''sh'' and pronounced {{IPA|ʃ}}. In the [[Dutch language]], which is closely related to German, this same trigraph is pronounced {{IPA|sx}}. In neither languages this trigraph is regarded as an independent letter of the alphabet. In [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], the trigraph ''[[Hungarian dzs|dzs]]'' is treated as a distinct letter, with its own place in the alphabet. It is pronounced like an English "j" {{IPA|/dʒ/}}. The combination ''gli'' in Italian can also be a trigraph, representing the [[palatal lateral approximant]] {{IPA|/ʎ/}} before vowels other than ''i.''
==Trigraphs in non-Latin scripts==
Although trigraphs are not uncommon in [[Latin-script
[[Tsakonian language|Tsakonian]] has ''τσχ'' {{IPA|/tʃ/}}.
The [[Yiddish orthography|orthography]] used for the [[Yiddish language]] by [[YIVO]] uses the [[Hebrew script]] trigraph דזש (''[[dalet]], [[zayin]], [[shin (letter)|shin]]'') to refer to {{IPA|/dʒ/}}.
[[Hangul]] has a few vowel trigraphs, ㅙ {{IPA|/wɛ/}} and ㅞ {{IPA|/we/}} (from ''oai'' and ''uei''), which are not entirely predictable. There is also a single obsolete consonant trigraph, ㅹ {{IPA|*[v̥]}}, a theoretical form not actually found in any texts, which is the digraph ㅃ {{IPA|*[b̥]}} plus a bottom circle used to derive the [[labio-dental]] series of consonants.▼
▲[[Hangul]] has a few vowel trigraphs, ㅙ {{IPA|/wɛ/}} and ㅞ {{IPA|/we/}} (from ''oai'' and ''uei''), which are not entirely predictable.
Japanese [[kana]] use trigraphs for ''Cyō'' sequences, as in きょう ''kyou'' {{IPA|/kjoo/}} 'today'; the う is only pronounced {{IPA|/o/}} after another {{IPA|/o/}}.▼
There is also a single obsolete consonant trigraph, ㅹ{{IPA|[
▲Japanese [[kana]] use trigraphs for ''
In [[Inuktitut syllabics]], the digraph ᖕ ''ng'' cannot be followed by a vowel. For that, it must form a trigraph with ''g'':
:ᙰ ''ŋai'', ᖏ ''ŋi'', ᖑ ''ŋu'', ᖓ ''ŋa''.
It also forms a trigraph with ''n'' for ''ŋŋ'': ᖖ.
==Discontinuous (split) trigraphs==
The sequence of letters making up a phoneme are not always adjacent. This is the case with English [[silent e]], which has been claimed to modify preceding digraphs as well as preceding single vowel letters. For example, the sequence ''ou...e'' has the sound {{IPA|/uː/}} in English ''joule.'' There are twenty-eight combinations in English, {{angle bracket|ai—e}}, {{angle bracket|al—e}}, {{angle bracket|ar—e}}, {{angle bracket|au—e}}, {{angle bracket|aw—e}}, {{angle bracket|ay—e}}, {{angle bracket|ea—e}}, {{angle bracket|ee—e}}, {{angle bracket|ei—e}}, {{angle bracket|er—e}}, {{angle bracket|eu—e}}, {{angle bracket|ey—e}}, {{angle bracket|ia—e}}, {{angle bracket|ie—e}}, {{angle bracket|ir—e}}, {{angle bracket|is—e}}, {{angle bracket|oi—e}}, {{angle bracket|oo—e}}, {{angle bracket|or—e}}, {{angle bracket|ou—e}}, {{angle bracket|ow—e}}, {{angle bracket|oy—e}}, {{angle bracket|ui—e}}, {{angle bracket|ur—e}}, {{angle bracket|uy—e}}, {{angle bracket|ye—e}}, {{angle bracket|yr—e}},<ref>John Mountford (1998) ''An Insight Into English Spelling''</ref> though it has been argued that a trigraph analysis is unnecessary.<ref>Brooks (2015) ''Dictionary of the British English Spelling System,'' p. 463</ref>
The [[Brahmic scripts|Indic alphabets]] are distinctive for their discontinuous vowels, such as Thai แ...ะ {{IPA|/ɛ/}}, เ...าะ {{IPA|/ɔ/}}, เ...อะ {{IPA|/ɤʔ/}}. Technically, however, these may be considered [[diacritic]]s, not full letters; whether they are trigraphs is thus a matter of definition, though they can in turn take modifying vowel diacritics, as in เ◌ียะ {{IPA|/iaʔ/}} and เ◌ือะ {{IPA|/ɯaʔ/}}.
==See also==
*[[Digraph (orthography)|Digraph]]
*[[Tetragraph]]
*[[Pentagraph]]
*[[Hexagraph]]
*[[
*[[List of Cyrillic digraphs and trigraphs]]▼
*[[List of Latin digraphs]]
▲*[[List of Cyrillic digraphs]]
*[[List of Latin letters]]
*[[
*[[Typographic ligature]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Trigraph (Orthography)}}
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