Angiography: Difference between revisions

{{Hatnoteredirect|"Angio" redirects here. For the |subjects associated with the prefix "angio-", see [[|Blood vessel]] |and [[|Lymph vessel]].}}

The technique was first developed in 1927 by the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] physician and neurologist [[Egas Moniz]] at the [[University of Lisbon]] to provide contrasted X-ray [[cerebral angiography]] in order to diagnose several kinds of nervous diseases, such as tumors, artery disease and [[arteriovenous malformations]]. Moniz is recognized as the pioneer in this field.<ref name="pmid11619209">{{cite journal | vauthors = Berrios GE | title = The origins of psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz | journal = History of Psychiatry | volume = 8 | issue = 29 pt 1 | pages = 61–81 | date = March 1997 | pmid = 11619209 | doi = 10.1177/0957154X9700802905 | s2cid = 22225524 }}</ref> He performed the first cerebral angiogram in Lisbon in 1927, and [[Reynaldo dos Santos]] performed the first aortogram in the same city in 1929. In fact, many current angiography techniques were developed by the Portuguese at the University of Lisbon. For example, in 1932, [[Fausto Lopo de Carvalho|Lopo de Carvalho]] performed the first pulmonary angiogram via venous puncture of the superior member. In 1948 the first cavogram was performed by [[Sousa Pereira]]. With the introduction of the [[Seldinger technique]] in 1953, the procedure became markedly safer as no sharp introductory devices needed to remain inside the vascular lumen. Radial access technique for angiography can be traced back to 19531989, wherewhen Eduardo[[Lucien PereiraCampeau]] first cannulated the radial artery to perform a coronary angiogram.<ref>{{cite Withjournal the|vauthors introduction of the [[Seldinger technique]] in 1953=Campeau, theL|title=Percutaneous procedureradial becameartery markedlyapproach saferfor ascoronary noangiography|journal=Catheterization sharpand introductoryCardiovascular devicesDiagnosis needed|volume=16 to|pages=3–7 remain|year=1989 inside|issue=1 the|pmid=2912567 vascular|doi lumen= 10.1002/ccd.1810160103|doi-access=free }}</ref>

One of the most common angiograms performed is to visualize the blood in the [[coronary artery|coronary arteries]]. A long, thin, flexible tube called a [[catheter]] is used to administer the X-ray contrast agent at the desired area to be visualized. The catheter is threaded into an artery in the [[forearm]], and the tip is advanced through the arterial system into the major coronary artery. [[X-ray]] images of the transient [[radiocontrast]] distribution within the blood flowing inside the coronary arteries allows visualization of the size of the artery [[lumen (anatomy)|openings]]. The presence or absence of [[atherosclerosis]] or [[atheroma]] within the walls of the [[artery|arteries]] cannot be clearly determined.

[[Optical coherence tomography#Ophthalmology|ocularOcular OCT]] angiography (OCTA) is a method leveraging OCT technology to assess the vascular health of the retina.<ref name="pmid28760677">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kashani AH, Chen CL, Gahm JK, Zheng F, Richter GM, Rosenfeld PJ, Shi Y, Wang RK | title = Optical coherence tomography angiography: A comprehensive review of current methods and clinical applications | journal = Progress in Retinal and Eye Research | volume = 60 | pages = 66–100 | date = September 2017 | pmid = 28760677 | pmc = 5600872 | doi = 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.07.002 }}</ref>

Post mortem CT angiography for medicolegal cases is a method initially developed by thea [[Virtopsyvirtopsy]] group. Originating from that project, both watery<ref name="p18430859">{{cite journal |vauthors =Ross S, Spendlove D, Bolliger S, Christe A, Oesterhelweg L, Grabherr S, Thali MJ, Gygax E|title=Postmortem whole-body CT angiography: evaluation of two contrast media solutions.|journal=AJR Am. J. Roentgenol.|volume=190 |issue=5 |pages=1380–9 |year=2008 |pmid=18430859 |doi=10.2214/AJR.07.3082}}</ref> and oily<ref name="p17056884">{{cite journal |vauthors =Grabherr S, Djonov V, Friess A, Thali MJ, Ranner G, Vock P, Dirnhofer R|title=Postmortem angiography after vascular perfusion with diesel oil and a lipophilic contrast agent|journal=AJR Am. J. Roentgenol.|volume=187 |issue=5 |pages=W515–23 |year=2006 |pmid=17056884 |doi=10.2214/AJR.05.1394}}</ref> solutions have been evaluated.

Angiography is a relatively safe procedure. But it does have some minor and very few major complications. After an angiogram, a sudden shock can cause a little pain at the surgery area, but heart attacks and strokes usually don'tdo not occur, as they may in bypass surgery.

[[Antibiotic prophylaxis]] may be given in those procedures that are not clean, or clean procedures that results in generation of [[infarcted]] or [[necrotic]] tissues such as [[embolisation]]. Routine diagnostic angiography is often considered a clean procedure. Prophylaxis is also given to prevent infection from infected space into blood stream.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Venkatesan|first1=Aradhana M.|last2=Kundu|first2=Sanjoy|last3=Sacks|first3=David|last4=Wallace|first4=Michael J.|last5=Wojak|first5=Joan C.|last6=Rose|first6=Steven C.|last7=Clark|first7=Timothy W.I.|last8=d'Othee|first8=B. Janne|last9=Itkin|first9=Maxim|last10=Jones|first10=Robert S.|last11=Miller|first11=Donald L.|date=November 2010|title=Practice Guideline for Adult Antibiotic Prophylaxis during Vascular and Interventional Radiology Procedures|journal=Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology|language=en|volume=21|issue=11|pages=1611–1630|doi=10.1016/j.jvir.2010.07.018|pmid=21029949|doi-access=free}}</ref>

[[Category:VascularCardiac proceduresimaging]]