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{{Short description|Creole language family with Dutch as lexifier}}
A '''Dutch creole''' is a [[creole language]] whose main [[lexifier]] is the [[Dutch language]], a [[West Germanic language]] of the [[Low Countries]]. These creoles usually developed from Dutch-based [[pidgin]]s or through [[mixed language|language mixing]] where Dutch served as a major influence.
Most Dutch-based creoles originated in Dutch colonies in the [[Americas]] and [[Southeast Asia]], after the 17th century expansion of Dutch maritime trade network and naval power. Almost all of them are now extinct, while two known varieties are classified as "critically endangered" and nearing extinction. The extinction has generally been attributed to a wilful cultural and generational [[language shift]] towards standard Dutch or the majority language of the area with each successive generation.▼
[[Afrikaans]] is considered to be a daughter language of Dutch<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pithouse |first1=K. |title=Making Connections: Self-Study & Social Action |last2=Mitchell |first2=C |last3=Moletsane |first3=R. |page=91}}</ref><ref name="Heese1971">{{cite book |last=Heese |first=J. A. |title=Die herkoms van die Afrikaner, 1657–1867 |publisher=A. A. Balkema |year=1971 |location=[[Cape Town]] |language=af |trans-title=The origin of the Afrikaner |oclc=1821706 |ol=5361614M}}</ref> and it, by contrast, is vibrant and has completely displaced Dutch in [[southern Africa]], primarily [[South Africa]] and [[Namibia]]. Though not a majority-held position, it is considered by some linguists to be a creole because of its simplified grammar relative to Dutch.<ref>{{cite journal|last= Deumert|first=Ana|title=Creole as necessity? Creole as choice?|date=2017-07-12 |url= http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cll.53.05due|journal=Language Contact in Africa and the African Diaspora in the Americas|series=Creole Language Library |volume=53|pages=101–122|place=Amsterdam|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|doi=10.1075/cll.53.05due|isbn=978-90-272-5277-7 |access-date=2021-08-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=J.J |date=1952 |title=Theories About the Origin of Afrikaans |url=https://www.dbnl.org/arch/smit086theo01_01/pag/smit086theo01_01.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Hofmeyer Foundation Lectures, University of the Witwatersrand |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.dbnl.org/arch/smit086theo01_01/pag/smit086theo01_01.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09}}</ref>
▲Most Dutch-based creoles originated in Dutch colonies in the [[Americas]] and [[Southeast Asia]], after the 17th century expansion of Dutch maritime power. Almost all of them are now extinct, while two known varieties are classified as "critically endangered". The extinction has generally been attributed to a wilful cultural and generational [[language shift]] towards standard Dutch or the majority language of the area with each successive generation.
== List ==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
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! Status
|-
| [[Berbice Creole Dutch|Berbice]]<ref name="grammar">{{cite book|last=Kouwenberg|first=Silvia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BOq6xawEzRcC|title=A Grammar of Berbice Dutch Creole|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=1994|isbn=978-3-11-013736-1}}</ref>
| [[Guyana]]
| extinct<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rnw.org/archive/berbice-dutch-officially-extinct|title=Berbice Dutch officially extinct.|publisher=[[Radio Netherlands Worldwide]]|date=February 25, 2010|access-date=May 17, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807151920/https://www.rnw.org/archive/berbice-dutch-officially-extinct|archive-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref>
|-
| [[Skepi
|
| extinct<ref>{{cite book |last1=Buckley |first1=James |last2=Stremme |first2=Robert |title=Scholastic Book of Lists |date=2003 |publisher=Scholastic Reference}}</ref>
|-
| [[Negerhollands]]<ref name="r&v">{{Cite book |last1=van Rossem |first1=C. |url=http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/ross026creo01_01/index.php |title=Die Creol Taal: 250 Years of Negerhollands Texts |last2=van der Voort |first2=H. |date=1996 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |location=Amsterdam |via=Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren}}</ref>
| [[U.S. Virgin Islands]]
|
|-
| [[Petjo language|Petjo]]
| [[Indonesia]],
|
|-
| [[Javindo language|Javindo]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Willems |first1=Wim |title=Sporen van een Indisch verleden (1600–1942) |date=1994 |publisher=COMT |location=Leiden |isbn=90-71042-44-8 |pages=140-143}}</ref>
|
| critically endangered<ref>[[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]</ref>
|-
| [[Mohawk Dutch]]
| [[United States]]
|
|-
| [[Jersey Dutch]] (
|
|
|}
Dutch has also made a significant contribution to other creoles:
* [[Papiamento]] — based mostly on Portuguese and Spanish, spoken in [[Aruba]], [[Bonaire]] and [[Curaçao]].
▲: based mostly on English, spoken in Suriname
▲: based on Malay with a significant number of Dutch vocabulary, spoken in the city of [[Manado]], [[Indonesia]]
Despite its name, [[Pennsylvania Dutch (language)|Pennsylvania Dutch]] is not descended from Dutch, but is a [[variety (linguistics)|variety]] of [[West Central German]].<ref>{{cite book
| last = Buffington
| first = Alfred F.
|author2=Preston A. Barba
| title = A Pennsylvania German Grammar
| edition = Revised
| publisher = Schlecter's
| location = Allentown, PA, USA
| year = 1965
| orig-year = 1954
| pages = 137–145 }}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[Differences between Afrikaans and Dutch]]
* [[List of countries and territories where Afrikaans or Dutch are official languages]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}
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