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{{Other uses}}
{{Redirect|Meran}}
{{Infobox Italian comune
| name
| official_name = Comune di Merano<br/>Stadtgemeinde Meran
|
| image_skyline = Blick über Meran nach Nordwesten.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_shield = ITA Merano COA.svg
| shield_alt =
| image_map
| map_alt
| map_caption
| pushpin_label_position =
|
| coordinates = {{coord|46|40|N|11|10|E|type:city(99299)_region:IT-BZ|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| region
| province = [[South Tyrol]] (BZ)
| frazioni = Centro (Altstadt), Maia Alta (Obermais), Maia Bassa (Untermais), Quarazze (Gratsch), Sinigo (Sinich), Labers
| mayor_party =
| mayor = Dario Dal Medico
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 26.34
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 41051
| population_as_of = 30-06-2018
| pop_density_footnotes =
| population_demonym = Meranese/Meraner
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 325
| twin1 =
| twin1_country =
| saint = St Nicholas
| day = December 6
| postal_code = 39012
| area_code = 0473
| website = {{Official website|https://www.gemeinde.meran.bz.it}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Merano''' (
The city has been a popular place of residence for several scientists, literary people, and artists, including [[Franz Kafka]], [[Ezra Pound]], [[Paul Lazarsfeld]], and also [[Empress Elisabeth of Austria]], who appreciated its mild [[climate]].
==Name==
Both the Italian ({{lang|it|Merano}}) and the German ({{lang|de|Meran}}) names for the city are used in English. The [[Ladin language|Ladin]] form of the name is {{lang|lld|Maran}}. The official name of the municipality (''[[comune]]'') is ''Comune di Merano'' in Italian and ''Stadtgemeinde Meran'' in German (both are in official use).
==History==
Archaic names of the city are ''Mairania'' (from 857 AD) and ''an der Meran'' (from the 15th century).<ref>Egon Kühebacher, ''Die Ortsnamen Südtirols'', Vol. 1 (2000), lemma ''Meran''</ref> In 17th-century [[Latin language|Latin]], the city was called ''Meranum''.<ref>[[Johann Jacob Hofmann]], ''[[Lexicon Universale]]'' (1698), lemma [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann/hof4/s0588b.html 'Tirolis']</ref>
===Origin===
[[File:Karte der Umgebung von Meran.jpg|thumb|left|Historical map of the city and surrounding area (1888)]]
The area has been inhabited since the third millennium BC, as shown by the presence of [[menhir]]s and other findings. The story of the city proper began in 15 BC when the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] occupied the [[Adige]] valley founding a road station, ''Statio Maiensis''.
The settlement was first mentioned in an 857 deed as ''Mairania''. The Counts at [[Castle Tyrol]] elevated Merano to the status of a [[German town law|city]] during the 13th century and made it the capital of their [[County of Tyrol]]. After the county had been handed over to the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg dynasty]] in 1363 upon the abdication of [[Margaret, Countess of Tyrol]], in 1420 Duke [[Frederick IV, Duke of Austria|Friedrich IV]] of [[Duchy of Austria|Austria]] moved the Tyrolean court to [[Innsbruck]]. Though Merano remained the official capital until 1848, it subsequently lost its predominant position and almost all its importance as an economic hub across the roads connecting Italy and Germany. The important mint was also moved to [[Hall in Tirol]] in 1477.<ref>https://www.muenze-hall.at/en/COINING/MUeNZ-AUFTRAGSPRAeGUNG</ref>
===Modern history===
The [[Tyrolean Rebellion 1809|Tyrolean Rebellion of 1809]] against the [[First French Empire|French]] occupation drew attention again to Merano. In that year, on the Küchelberg above the city, a peasants' army eked out a victory against the united French and [[Kingdom of Bavaria|Bavarian]] forces before their revolt was finally crushed. After [[World War I]], under the [[Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)|Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye]], Merano became part of the [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Kingdom of Italy]] with the rest of the southern part of the former [[Cisleithania]]n crown land of Tyrol.
During the [[Nazi]] occupation of the region in 1943–5, the Meranese Jewish population was almost completely [[Holocaust|deported and murdered]] within concentration camps.<ref>{{Citation |author=Sabine Mayr |contribution = The Annihilation of the Jewish Community of Meran
|editor=Georg Grote, Hannes Obermair|title=A Land on the Threshold. South Tyrolean Transformations, 1915–2015|year=2017|publisher=Peter Lang|location=Oxford, Bern, New York|isbn=978-3-0343-2240-9|pages= 53–75}}</ref>
===Coat of arms===
[[File:Postbruecke Meran 3.jpg|thumb|right|The city's coat of arms on the ''Postbrücke'' (postal bridge)]]
The city's [[coat of arms]] depicts the red Tyrolean eagle sitting on a wall with four pieces of Ghibelline battlements and three arches that symbolize the city. The arms is known from the 14th century and the oldest seal dates from 1353, while the coloured one since 1390. In a 1759 image, the eagle is represented with a crown and a green wreath of honour. After World War I and the annexation of the city from Austria-Hungary to Italy, it was given a new coat of arms in 1928, which looked similar to the old one, but with five parts of the battlements and the arches with the gates opened on a lawn of shamrock. A mural crown was placed above the shield.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ngw.nl/int/ita/m/meran.htm |title=Meran – Merano |author=Ralf Hartemink |year=1996 |work=Heraldry of the World |access-date=17 June 2011}}</ref> The five parts of the battlement represented the districts of Maia Bassa, Merano (old city), Maia Alta, Quarazze and [[Avelengo]], which were incorporated into the city by the Italian fascists.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rathaus_Meran_3.jpg |title=Image of the coat of arms during the Italian fascist period |author=Gryffindor |year=2011 |publisher=Wikimedia Commons |access-date=17 June 2011}}</ref> After World War II, Avelengo became independent again and the historical coat of arms was restored.<ref>{{cite book |last=Prünster |first=Hans |title=Die Wappen der Gemeinden Südtirols |trans-title=The coat of arms of the municipalities of South Tyrol |series=Etschlandbücher |volume=7 |year=1972 |publisher=Landesverband für Heimatpflege in Südtirol |location=Bozen |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Gall |first=Franz |title=Österreichischer Wappenkalender |year=1960 |language=de}}</ref>
==Main sights==
[[File:Il duomo di merano.jpg|thumb|left|[[St. Nicholas' Church, Merano|St. Nicholas' Church]]]]
Among the city's landmarks are the medieval [[Gates of Merano|city gates]] such as the ''Vinschgauer Tor'', ''Passeirer Tor'', and the ''Bozener Tor''. Also belonging to the fortifications is the medieval Ortenstein tower, popularly called ''Pulverturm'' (lit. "powder tower").
The main churches are the Gothic [[St. Nicholas' Church, Merano|St. Nicholas' Church]] and the [[St. Barbara's Chapel, Merano|St. Barbara's Chapel]], both dating to the 15th century. Also dating to this period is the Princely Castle (''Landesfürstliche Burg''), which was a residence of Archduke [[Sigismund, Archduke of Austria|Sigismund]] of [[Archduchy of Austria|Austria]].
The ''[[Steinerner Steg]]'' stone bridge crosses the [[Passer river]] and dates to the 17th century.
The city saw further development as it became increasingly popular as a spa resort, especially after [[Empress Elisabeth of Austria]] started visiting. Dating from the 19th century are the [[Stadttheater Meran|Civic Theatre]], the ''[[Kurhaus of Meran|Kurhaus]]'' and the [[Empress Elisabeth Park]]. Also famous are the arched ''Wandelhalle'' promenades along the river.
After the annexation of the city by Italy in 1919, the [[Italian Fascism|Fascist]] authorities constructed the new [[Meran Town Hall|city hall]] in the 1920s.
Outside the city is [[Trauttmansdorff Castle]] and its [[Trauttmansdorff Castle Gardens|gardens]]. Located there is the Museum of Tourism, which was opened in the spring of 2003 and shows the historical development of tourism in the province. [[Tirol Castle]] is also close by.
==Climate==
[[File:Merano as seen from the Hochmuth.jpg|thumb|Merano as seen from the Hochmuth]]
Merano is on the borderline between several climates. Officially, it has an [[oceanic climate]] (''Cfb''). However, it is close to being [[Humid subtropical climate|humid subtropical]] (''Cfa'') due to the mean temperature in July being just under 22 °C; even on those terms, the overnight lows in the winter bring the mean temperatures low enough for the city as a whole to have [[Continental climate|continental]] (''Dfa/Dfb'') influences with more distinct seasons.
The average daily temperatures in summer in Merano lie between 27 and 30 °C, while at night temperatures usually drop to between 12 and 15 °C. The average daily temperatures in winter lie between 6 and 10 °C, while at night temperatures usually drop to between -4 and -2 °C. The wettest month is August with 96 mm, while the driest is February with only 25 mm. This data was measured at the weather station Merano/Gratsch at an altitude of 333 metres between 1983 and 2017.
{{Weather box
|location = Merano (1983–2017)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 21
|Feb record high C = 23
|Mar record high C = 27
|Apr record high C = 31
|May record high C = 37
|Jun record high C = 39
|Jul record high C = 40
|Aug record high C = 40
|Sep record high C = 35
|Oct record high C = 29
|Nov record high C = 21
|Dec record high C = 19
|year record high C = 40
|Jan high C = 6.4
|Feb high C = 9.6
|Mar high C = 15.1
|Apr high C = 18.8
|May high C = 23.5
|Jun high C = 27.2
|Jul high C = 29.6
|Aug high C = 28.6
|Sep high C = 23.7
|Oct high C = 17.9
|Nov high C = 10.9
|Dec high C = 6.5
|year high C = 18.2
|Jan mean C = 1.3
|Feb mean C = 3.8
|Mar mean C = 8.4
|Apr mean C = 12.0
|May mean C = 16.4
|Jun mean C = 19.8
|Jul mean C = 21.9
|Aug mean C = 21.3
|Sep mean C = 17.1
|Oct mean C = 12.1
|Nov mean C = 5.7
|Dec mean C = 1.7
|year mean C = 11.8
|Jan low C = -4.0
|Feb low C = -2.3
|Mar low C = 1.6
|Apr low C = 5.0
|May low C = 9.3
|Jun low C = 12.4
|Jul low C = 14.2
|Aug low C = 13.9
|Sep low C = 10.2
|Oct low C = 6.1
|Nov low C = 0.5
|Dec low C = -3.3
|year low C = 5.3
|Jan record low C = -19
|Feb record low C = -13
|Mar record low C = -12
|Apr record low C = -4
|May record low C = -2
|Jun record low C = 2
|Jul record low C = 2
|Aug record low C = 1
|Sep record low C = -2
|Oct record low C = -8
|Nov record low C = -10
|Dec record low C = -13
|year record low C = -19
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 26.4
|Feb precipitation mm = 24.5
|Mar precipitation mm = 36.9
|Apr precipitation mm = 61.7
|May precipitation mm = 80.0
|Jun precipitation mm = 94.7
|Jul precipitation mm = 83.8
|Aug precipitation mm = 96.3
|Sep precipitation mm = 72.3
|Oct precipitation mm = 74.9
|Nov precipitation mm = 84.5
|Dec precipitation mm = 37.9
|year precipitation mm = 773.8
|source 1 = Landeswetterdienst Südtirol<ref name=temperature>{{cite web
| url = http://www.provinz.bz.it/wetter/download/23200MS-TS-MeranoQuarazze-MeranGratsch.xls
| title = 23200MS-TS-MeranoQuarazze-MeranGratsch.xls
| work = Monatswerte Temperaturen
| publisher = Landeswetterdienst Südtirol
| access-date = 8 August 2018}}</ref><ref name=precipitation>{{cite web
| url = http://www.provinz.bz.it/wetter/download/23200MS-PS-MeranoQuarazze-MeranGratsch.xls
| title = 23200MS-PS-MeranoQuarazze-MeranGratsch.xls
| work = Monatswerte Niederschläge
| publisher = Landeswetterdienst Südtirol
| access-date = 8 August 2018}}</ref>
|date=August 2018
}}
==Culture==
===Food===
The area is well known for its wines, both white and red, and vineyards extend right into the city. The local wine, ''Meraner Leiten (Meranese di collina)'', is a light [[red wine]], best drunk young.<ref>Hugh Johnson's Pocket Wine Book 2006</ref> There are also extensive orchards, and apples are exported throughout Europe. The [[Forst Brewery]] on the edge of the city produces a popular range of beers, sold throughout Italy and Europe.
===Cultural events===
[[File:Meraner Advent- Passerpromenade- Kurhaus- Meran.jpg|thumb|right|Christmas market Merano]]
Merano organizes the following events every year.
* Asfaltart
* Festival MeranOJazz
* Meraner Musikwochen
* Christmas market Merano
* Merano WineFestival
==People==
[[File:Fürstengang Bischöfe 04 - Arbeo.jpg|140px|thumb|Arbeo of Freising]]
[[File:Wenzl Weis - Rudolf Slatin, um 1910.jpg|140px|thumb|Rudolf Slatin, 1910]]
[[File:Leo Putz Selbstportrait.jpg|140px|thumb|Leo Putz, self portrait, 1914]]
[[File:Rodel-Weltcup-2005-Oberhof-Zoeggeler cropped.jpg|140px|thumb|Armin Zoeggeler, 2005]]
===Early times===
* [[Arbeo of Freising]] (died 784), early medieval author and bishop
* [[Johann Baptista Ruffini]] (1672–1749), salt trader
===19th century===
* [[Pius Zingerle]] (1801–1881), an Austrian Orientalist
* [[Ludwig Freiherr von und zu der Tann-Rathsamhausen]] (1815–1881 in Meran), a Bavarian general<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Tann-Rathsamhausen, Ludwig Samson Arthur |volume= 26 | page = 400 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Oskar von Redwitz|Oskar Freiherr von Redwitz]] (1823–1891), a German poet, lived in Merano from 1872<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Redwitz, Oskar, Freiherr von |volume= 22 | page = 972 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Ignaz Vincenz Zingerle]] (1825–1892), poet and scholar<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Zingerle, Ignaz Vicenz |volume= 28 | page = 985 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Peretz Smolenskin]] (1842–1885 in Meran), a Russian-born Zionist and Hebrew writer<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Smolenskin, Perez |volume= 25 |last= Abrahams |first= Israel |author-link= Israel Abrahams | page = 278 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Hermann von Tappeiner]] (1847–1927), physician and pharmacologist, used [[photodynamic therapy]]
* Sir [[Rudolf Carl von Slatin]] (1857–1932), soldier and Inspector General of Sudan<ref>{{cite EB1922 |wstitle=Slatin,_Sir_Rudolf_Carl_von |short=x}}</ref>
* Ferdinand Behrens (1862-1925), painter and city portraitist<ref>[[:de:Ferdinand Behrens|German Wiki, Ferdinand Behrens]]</ref>
* [[Leo Putz]] (1869–1940), Tyrolean painter
* [[Prince Emmanuel, Duke of Vendome]] (1872–1931), a French royal from the [[House of Orléans]]
* [[Prince Francis Joseph of Braganza]] (1879–1919), officer in the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]] and victim of sex scandals and swindles
* [[Richard Steidle]] (1881–1940 in Buchenwald), lawyer, leader of the paramilitary [[Heimwehr]] in Tyrol
* [[Erna Ellmenreich]] (1885–1976), operatic soprano, a member of the [[Staatstheater Stuttgart]]
* [[Oswald Menghin]] (1888–1973), university professor, prehistorians, minister of education
* [[Heinz von Perckhammer]] (1895–1965), photographer, known for his Chinese nudes
* [[Ludwig Bemelmans]] (1898–1962), American writer and illustrator of children's books
===20th century===
* [[Hans Andersag]] (1902–1955), scientist, discovered [[Chloroquine]], a malaria drug
* [[Anton Malloth]] (1912–2002), supervisor at [[Theresienstadt concentration camp]]
* [[Silvius Magnago]] (1914–2010), politician, South Tyrolean governor, father of the autonomy of South Tyrol
* [[Annelies Reinhold]] (1917–2007), film actress<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0718174/ IMDb Database] retrieved 22 June 2019</ref>
* [[Bargil Pixner]] (1921–2002), a Benedictine monk, Biblical scholar and archaeologist
* [[Norbert Untersteiner]] (1926–2012), pioneer of modern polar science research
* [[Alberto Lizzio]] (1926–1999), fictitious conductor of inexpensive, mass market, classical recordings<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1756910/ IMDb Database] retrieved 22 June 2019</ref>
* [[Irène Galter]] (1931–2018), actress<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0303350/ IMDb Database] retrieved 22 June 2019</ref>
* [[Maria Bertolini]] (1931–2022), politician
* Arnaldo Di Benedetto (born 1940), literary critic and professor<ref>[[:it:Arnaldo Di Benedetto|Italian Wiki, Arnaldo Di Benedetto]]</ref>
* [[Franco D'Andrea]] (born 1941), jazz pianist
* [[Lino Capolicchio]] (1943–2022), actor, screenwriter and film director<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0135320/ IMDb Database] retrieved 22 June 2019</ref>
* [[Cuno Tarfusser]] (born 1954), judge at the International Criminal Court<ref>[http://www.icc-cpi.int/Menus/ICC/Structure+of+the+Court/Chambers/The+Judges/The+Judges/Judge+Cuno+TARFUSSER/Judge+Cuno+Jakob+TARFUSSER+_Italy_.htm Biography of Judge Cuno Jakob TARFUSSER]{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627033501/http://www.icc-cpi.int/Menus/ICC/Structure%2Bof%2Bthe%2BCourt/Chambers/The%2BJudges/The%2BJudges/Judge%2BCuno%2BTARFUSSER/Judge%2BCuno%2BJakob%2BTARFUSSER%2B_Italy_.htm |date=June 27, 2009}}</ref>
* [[Gloria Guida]] (born 1955), Italian-speaking actress<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0346708/ IMDb Database] retrieved 22 June 2019</ref>
* [[Rudolf Stingel]] (born 1956), artist
* [[Ferdinand Gamper]] (1957–1996), serial killer
* [[Luca Dipierro]] (born 1973), animator and writer
===Sport===
* [[Norberto Oberburger]] (born 1960), retired heavyweight weightlifter, gold medallist at the [[1984 Summer Olympics]]
* [[Edith Gufler]] (born 1962), former sport shooter, silver medallist at the [[1984 Summer Olympics]]
* [[Günther Steiner]] (born 1965), motorsports engineer and former team principal of [[Haas F1 Team]]
* [[Armin Zöggeler]] (born 1974), luge champion with six Olympic medals and nine world championship golds
* [[Dominik Paris]] (born 1989), alpine skier, gold and silver medallist in World Championships
* [[Daniel Frank (ice hockey)|Daniel Frank]] (born 1994), ice hockey player
* [[Daniel Grassl]] (born 2002), figure skater at the [[2022 Winter Olympics]], silver medalist at the [[2022 European Figure Skating Championships]]
==Economy==
[[File:Meran Bahnhof 01.jpg|thumb|right|Merano railway station]]
Merano is a popular tourist destination especially for [[Germany|Germans]] and Italians. In the summer, there are concerts on the promenade almost daily, and there are fine walks around the city and in the surrounding hills, not least "Meran/o 2000", where there is also skiing in winter. The city is reachable with the railway [[Bolzano]]-Merano, which continues to the Vinschgau Railway Merano-Malles.
==Society==
According to the 2011 census, 50.47% of the resident population spoke German as mother language, 49.06% Italian, and 0.47% [[Ladin language|Ladin]].<ref>{{cite journal |date=June 2012 |title=Volkszählung 2011/Censimento della popolazione 2011 |journal=Astat Info |issue=38 |pages=6–7 |publisher=Provincial Statistics Institute of the Autonomous Province of South Tyrol|url=http://www.provinz.bz.it/astat/de/service/256.asp?news_action=300&news_image_id=563169 |access-date=2012-06-14}}</ref>
==Sport==
A [[list of chess openings|chess opening]], the ''Meran Variation'' of the [[Semi-Slav Defense]], is named after the city, from its successful use by [[Akiba Rubinstein]] against [[Ernst Grünfeld]] during a tournament held in the city in 1924.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/29/crosswords/chess/29chess.html "An Opening Created in 1924 Still Leads to Complex Battles"], ''New York Times'', 29 January 2006</ref> In 1981, the [[World Chess Championship]] match between [[Anatoly Karpov]] and [[Viktor Korchnoi]] was held in Merano. The first act of the musical ''[[Chess (musical)|Chess]]'' also has a world chess championship match set in Merano, and features a song entitled "Merano", which includes the line, "rosy-cheeked Merano, flourishing to a fault".
The city's [[team handball|handball]] team, {{ill|Pallamano Merano|it}}, is one of the most successful in Italy, winning the ''[[scudetto]]'' in 2005. The [[HC Merano|ice hockey team]] won two national championships but currently plays in the second division, [[Serie B (ice hockey)|Serie B]].
Each September, the [[Gran Premio Merano]] takes place in the [[Pferderennplatz Meran|Maia Racecourse]]; this is the most famous Italian [[Steeplechase (horse racing)|Steeplechase]].
Merano hosted the [[1953 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships|1953]], [[1971 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships|1971]] and [[1983 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships]]. This is where the well known 'Merano' move was created due to a tricky upstream gate. This move is now used and well known by many [[Whitewater slalom|slalom]] paddlers worldwide.
==Twin towns and sister cities==
The [[twin towns and sister cities]] are:
* {{flagicon|
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
* {{Citation |publisher = J. Reichmann & Cantor |location = Berlin |title = Guide through Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Switzerland, France, Belgium, Holland and England |author = Norddeutscher Lloyd |date = 1896 |oclc = 8395555 |chapter-url = https://archive.org/stream/guidethroughgerm00nord#page/258/mode/2up |chapter = Meran |ol = 24839718M}}
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Meran |volume= 18 |last= Coolidge |first= William Augustus Brevoort |author-link= W. A. B. Coolidge| page = 148}}
* {{Citation
|author=Sabine Mayr
|contribution = The Annihilation of the Jewish Community of Meran
|editor=Georg Grote, Hannes Obermair
|title=A Land on the Threshold. South Tyrolean Transformations, 1915–2015
|year=2017
|publisher=[[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang]]
|location=Oxford, Bern, New York|isbn=978-3-0343-2240-9
|url= https://peterlangoxford.wordpress.com/2017/05/12/a-land-on-the-threshold-published/
|pages= 53–75
}}
* Patrick Rina, Veronika Rieder (eds) (2020). ''Kafka in Meran. Kunst und Politik um 1920.'' Bozen-Bolzano: Edition Raetia, {{ISBN|978-88-7283-743-6}}.
==External links==
{{Commons category|Merano}}
* {{wikivoyage-inline|Merano}}
* {{Official website|http://www.gemeinde.meran.bz.it/}}
* [http://www.meran.eu/ Meran.eu], Homepage of the Tourism Authority
{{South Tyrol}}
{{Authority control}}
[[
[[Category:Spa towns in Italy]]
[[Category:Roman fortifications in Raetia]]
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