Decabromodiphenyl ether: Difference between revisions

| OtherNames = {{bulleted list|2,3,4,5,6-Pentabromo-1-(2,3,4,5,6-pentabromophenoxy)benzene<br>|6,6′-Oxybis(1,2,3,4,5-pentabromobenzene)|decabromodiphenyl oxide (DBDPO)| bis(pentabromophenyl) ether }}

| MeltingPt_notesMeltingPt_ref = <ref name="GESTIS">{{GESTIS|ZVG=493931|CAS=1163-19-5|Name=Decabromodiphenyl ether|Date=17 June 2008}}</ref>

| Solubility = 20-30 µgμみゅーg/litre <ref>{{cite web | title=Environmental Health Criteria| publisher=ICPS | accessdate=2009-07-20 | url= http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc162.htm#SectionNumber:2.1/}}</ref>

'''Commercial decaBDE''' is a technical mixture of differentvarious PBDE [[Congener (chemistry)|congener]]s, with(related PBDEcompounds). congener Congener number 209 (decabromodiphenyl ether) and nonabromodiphenyl ether beingare the mostmain commoncomponents.<ref name="JRC">Joint Research Centre European inventory of Existing Commercial chemical Substances {{cite web|url=http://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-07-11 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101220543/http://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ |archivedate=2014-01-01 }}</ref> The term '''decaBDE''' alone refers to only decabromodiphenyl ether, the single "fully brominated" PBDE.<ref name=ATSDR2004>Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. [https://web.archive.org/web/20010718214700/http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp68.html Toxicological Profile for Polybrominated Biphenyls and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBBs and PBDEs).] Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, September 2004.</ref>

Despite of its listing in Annex A to the [[Stockholm Convention]], decaBDE is still produced in China, namely in the provinces [[Shandong]] and [[Jiangsu]].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-05-01|title=Trends of production, consumption and environmental emissions of Decabromodiphenyl ether in mainland China|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0269749119354946|journal=Environmental Pollution|language=en|volume=260|pages=114022|doi=10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114022|issn=0269-7491|last1=Chen |first1=Yuan |last2=Li |first2=Jinhui |last3=Tan |first3=Quanyin |pmid=31995770 |s2cid=210951187 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|lastlast1=Zhen|firstfirst1=Xiaomei|last2=Li|first2=Yanfang|last3=Tang|first3=Jianhui|last4=Wang|first4=Xinming|last5=Liu|first5=Lin|last6=Zhong|first6=Mingyu|last7=Tian|first7=Chongguo|date=2021-05-17|title=Decabromodiphenyl Ether versus Decabromodiphenyl Ethane: Source, Fate, and Influencing Factors in a Coastal Sea Nearing Source Region|url=https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c08528|journal=Environmental Science & Technology|volume=55 |issue=11 |pages=7376–7385 |doi=10.1021/acs.est.0c08528|pmid=33998794 |bibcode=2021EnST...55.7376Z |s2cid=234747918 |issn=0013-936X}}</ref>

DecaBDE is released by differentdiverse processes into the environment, such as emissions from manufacture of decaBDE-containing products and from the products themselves.<ref name=ATSDR2004/> Elevated concentrations can be found in air, water, soil, food, [[sediment]], [[sludge]], and [[dust]].<ref name=Hale2006>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hale RC, La Guardia MJ, Harvey E, Gaylor MO, Mainor TM |title=Brominated flame retardant concentrations and trends in abiotic media |journal=Chemosphere |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=181–6 |date=June 2006 |pmid=16434082 |doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.12.006 |bibcode=2006Chmsp..64..181H }}</ref> A 2006 study concluded "in general, environmental concentrations of BDE-209 [i.e., decaBDE] appear to be increasing."<ref name=Hale2006/>

Subsequently, many studies have been published concerning decaBDE debromination. Common [[Anaerobic organism|anaerobic]] soil bacteria debrominated decaBDE and octaBDE in a 2006 study.<ref name=He2007>{{cite journal |vauthors=He J, Robrock KR, Alvarez-Cohen L |title=Microbial reductive debromination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) |journal=Environ. Sci. Technol. |volume=40 |issue=14 |pages=4429–34 |date=July 2006 |pmid=16903281 |doi= 10.1021/es052508d|bibcode=2006EnST...40.4429H |url=http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/esthag/2006/40/i14/abs/es052508d.html}}</ref> In 2006-2007 studies, metabolic debromination of decaBDE was demonstrated in fish,<ref name=Stapleton2006Aug>{{cite journal |author=Stapleton HM |title=In vivo and in vitro debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) by juvenile rainbow trout and common carp |journal=Environ. Sci. Technol. |volume=40 |issue=15 |pages=4653–8 |date=August 2006 |pmid=16913120 |url=http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/esthag/2006/40/i15/abs/es060573x.html |doi=10.1021/es060573x |name-list-style=vanc|author2=Brazil B |author3=Holbrook RD |last4=Mitchelmore |first4=Carys L. |last5=Benedict |first5=Rae |last6=Konstantinov |first6=Alex |last7=Potter |first7=Dave|bibcode=2006EnST...40.4653S |display-authors=3 }}</ref> birds,<ref name=VandenSteen2007>{{cite journal |author=Van den Steen E |title=Accumulation, tissue-specific distribution and debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) in European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) |journal=Environ. Pollut. |volume=148 |issue=2 |pages=648–53 |date=July 2007 |pmid=17239511 |doi=10.1016/j.envpol.2006.11.017 }}</ref> cows,<ref name=Kierkegaard2007>{{cite journal |author=Kierkegaard A |title=Fate of higher brominated PBDEs in lactating cows |journal=Environ. Sci. Technol. |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=417–23 |date=January 2007 |pmid=17310701 |url=http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/esthag/2007/41/i02/abs/es0619197.html |doi=10.1021/es0619197 |name-list-style=vanc|author2=Asplund L |author3=de Wit CA |last4=McLachlan |first4=Michael S. |last5=Thomas |first5=Gareth O. |last6=Sweetman |first6=Andrew J. |last7=Jones |first7=Kevin C.|bibcode=2007EnST...41..417K |display-authors=3 }}</ref> and rats.<ref name=Huwe2007>{{cite journal |vauthors=Huwe JK, Smith DJ |title=Accumulation, whole-body depletion, and debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether in male sprague-dawley rats following dietary exposure |journal=Environ. Sci. Technol. |volume=41 |issue=7 |pages=2371–7 |date=April 2007 |pmid=17438789 |url=http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/esthag/2007/41/i07/abs/es061954d.html |doi=10.1021/es061954d|bibcode=2007EnST...41.2371H }}</ref> A 2007 study by La Guardia and colleagues measured PBDE congeners "from a wastewater treatment plant (sludge) to receiving stream sediments and associated aquatic biota"; it "support[ed] the hypothesis that metabolic debromination of -209 [i.e., decaBDE] does occur in the aquatic environment under realistic conditions."<ref name=LaGuardia2007>{{cite journal |vauthors=La Guardia MJ, Hale RC, Harvey E |title=Evidence of debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in biota from a wastewater receiving stream |journal=Environ. Sci. Technol. |volume=41 |issue=19 |pages=6663–70 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17969678 |url=http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/esthag/2007/41/i19/abs/es070728g.html |doi=10.1021/es070728g|bibcode=2007EnST...41.6663L }}</ref> In another 2007 study, Stapleton and Dodder exposed "both a natural and a BDE 209 spiked [house] dust material" to sunlight, and found "nonabrominated congeners" and "octabrominated congeners" consistent with debromination of decaBDE in the environment.<ref name=Stapleton2007>{{cite journal |vauthors=Stapleton HM, Dodder NG |title=Photodegradation of decabromodiphenyl ether in house dust by natural sunlight |journal=Environ. Toxicol. Chem. |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=306–12 |date=February 2008 |pmid=18348638 |doi=10.1897/07-301R.1|s2cid=207267052 }}</ref>

In March 2007 the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency concluded "it can be questioned how much abiotic and microbial degradation [of decaBDE] occurs under normal environmental conditions, and it is not clear whether the more toxic lower-brominated PBDEs are produced in significant quantities by any of these pathways."<ref name=IL2007>Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. [http://www.epa.state.il.us/reports/decabde-study/index.html Report on Alternatives to the Flame Retardant DecaBDE: Evaluation of Toxicity, Availability, Affordability, and Fire Safety Issues.] March 2007.</ref> In September 2010, the UK Advisory Committee on Hazardous Substances issued an opinion that ‘there is strong but incomplete, scientific evidence indicating that Deca-BDE has the potential to undergo transformation to lower brominated congeners in the environment'.<ref>Advisory Committee on Hazardous Substances. ACHS opinion on the Draft Environmental Risk Assessment Report for Decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) (CAS 1163 19 5). Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs [https://web.archive.org/web/20110704155154/http://archive.defra.gov.uk/environment/quality/chemicals/achs/documents/achs-decaBDE-opinion-100923.pdf{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}]</ref>

In 2004, ATSDR wrote "Nothing definite is known about the health effects of PBDEs in people. Practically all of the available information is from studies of laboratory animals. Animal studies indicate that commercial decaBDE mixtures are generally much less toxic than the products containing lower brominated PBDEs. Because of its very different toxicity, decaBDEDecaBDE is expected to have relatively little effect on the health of humans."<ref name=ATSDR2004/> Based on animal studies, the possible health effects of decaBDE in humans involve the liver, thyroid, reproductive/developmental effects, and neurological effects.<ref name=IL2006>Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. [http://www.epa.state.il.us/reports/decabde-study/available-research-review.pdf DecaBDE Study: A Review of Available Scientific Research.] January 2006.</ref>

One 2006 review concluded "Decreases in thyroid hormone levels have been reported in several studies, and thyroid gland enlargement (an early sign of hypothyroidism) has been shown in studies of longer duration exposure."<ref name=IL2006/> A 2007 experiment giving decaBDE to pregnant mice found that decaBDE "is likely an endocrine disrupter in male mice following exposure during development" based on results such as decreased serum [[triiodothyronine]].<ref name=Tseng2007>{{cite journal |author=Tseng LH |title=Developmental exposure to decabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 209): effects on thyroid hormone and hepatic enzyme activity in male mouse offspring |journal=Chemosphere |volume=70 |issue=4 |pages=640–7 |date=January 2008 |pmid=17698168 |doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.06.078 |name-list-style=vanc|author2=Li MH |author3=Tsai SS |last4=Lee |first4=Chia-Wei |last5=Pan |first5=Min-Hsiung |last6=Yao |first6=Wei-Jen |last7=Hsu |first7=Ping-Chi |bibcode=2008Chmsp..70..640T |url=http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/173649/1/14.pdf |display-authors=3 }}</ref>

"Significant data gaps" exist in the scientific literature on a possible relationship between decaBDE and reproductive/developmental effects.<ref name=IL2006/> A 2006 study of mice found that decaBDE decreased some "sperm functions."<ref name=Tseng2006>{{cite journal |author=Tseng LH |title=Postnatal exposure of the male mouse to 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-decabrominated diphenyl ether: decreased epididymal sperm functions without alterations in DNA content and histology in testis |journal=Toxicology |volume=224 |issue=1–2 |pages=33–43 |date=July 2006 |pmid=16713668 |doi=10.1016/j.tox.2006.04.003 |name-list-style=vanc|author2=Lee CW |author3=Pan MH |last4=Tsai |first4=Shinn-Shong |last5=Li |first5=Mei-Hui |last6=Chen |first6=Jenq-Renn |last7=Lay |first7=Jiunn-Jyi |last8=Hsu |first8=Ping-Chi |url=http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/173646/1/12.pdf |display-authors=3 }}</ref>

In 2002–2003 the American Chemistry Council's Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel, citing an unpublished 1997 study, estimated that 280 deaths due to fires are prevented each year in the U.S. because of the use of decaBDE.<ref name=BFRIP2002/><ref name=BFRIP2003/> The industry advocacy group [[American Council on Science and Health]], in a 2006 report largely concerning decaBDE, said that "the benefits of PBDE flame retardants, in terms of lives saved and injuries prevented, far outweigh any demonstrated or likely negative health effects from their use."<ref name=Kucewicz2006>Kucewicz, William P. [http://www.acsh.org/docLib/20060809_flame.pdf Brominated Flame Retardants: A Burning Issue.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521154359/http://www.acsh.org/docLib/20060809_flame.pdf |date=2011-05-21 }} New York: American Council on Science and Health, August 2006.</ref> A 2006 study concluded "current levels of Deca in the United States are unlikely to represent an adverse health risk for children."<ref name=Hays2006>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hays SM, Pyatt DW |title=Risk assessment for children exposed to decabromodiphenyl (oxide) ether (Deca) in the United States |journal=Integr Environ Assess Manag |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=2–12 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16640311 |doi=10.1897/1551-3793(2006)2[2:RAFCET]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=23777908 |doi-access=free }}</ref> A report from the Swedish National Testing and Research Institute concerning the costs and benefits of decaBDE in television sets that was funded by BSEF assumed "no cost for injuries (either to humans or the environment) due to exposure to flame retardants... as there was no indication that such costs exist for DecaBDE"; it found that decaBDE's benefits exceeded its costs.<ref name=Simonson2006>Simonson, Margaret, et al. [http://www.sp.se/sv/units/fire/Documents/Rapporter/SPReport_2006_28.pdf Cost Benefit Analysis Model for Fire Safety Methodology and TV (DecaBDE) Case Study.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206124130/http://www.sp.se/sv/units/fire/Documents/Rapporter/SPReport_2006_28.pdf |date=2008-12-06 }} Swedish National Testing and Research Institute, SP Report 2006:28.</ref>

As of mid-2007 two states had instituted measures to phase out decaBDE. In April 2007 the state of [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]] passed a law banning the manufacture, sale, and use of decaBDE in mattresses as of 2008; the ban "could be extended to TVs, computers and upholstered residential furniture in 2011 provided an alternative flame retardant is approved."<ref name=Stiffler2007April>Stiffler, Lisa. [http://www.seattlepi.com/local/311845_pbdes17.html Chemical ban puts industry on the defensive.] ''Seattle Post-Intelligencer'', April 16, 2007.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ecy.wa.gov/laws-rules/leg_imp/2007/1024.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402122352/http://www.ecy.wa.gov/laws-rules/leg_imp/2007/1024.pdf |archive-date=2015-04-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In June 2007 the state of [[Maine]] passed a law "ban[ning] the use of deca-BDE in mattresses and furniture on January 1, 2008 and phas[ing] out its use in televisions and other plastic-cased electronics by January 1, 2010."<ref name=NRCM2007>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100521060218/http://www.nrcm.org/news_detail.asp?news=1568 Maine Legislature votes to ban toxic Deca flame retardant.] [[Natural Resources Council of Maine]], May 24th, 2007.</ref><ref name=MaineDemos2007>Maine House Democrats. [http://www.maine.gov/legis/housedems/news/deca_bill_signed_into_law%20.htm Governor signs deca ban bill into law: State will require phase-out of the flame retardant in household items.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630002226/http://www.maine.gov/legis/housedems/news/deca_bill_signed_into_law%20.htm |date=2007-06-30 }} June 14, 2007.</ref> As of 2007, other states considering restrictions on decaBDE include California, Connecticut, Hawaii, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota,<ref>[https://www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us/revisor/pages/search_status/status_detail.php?b=Senate&f=SF0651&ssn=0&y=2007 SF0651 Status in Senate for Legislative Session 85<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Montana, New York, and Oregon.<ref name=Stiffler2007March/><ref name=NCEL2007>[http://www.ncel.net/newsmanager/news_article.cgi?news_id=175 Maine Joins Washington, Bans PBDEs.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070802103637/http://ncel.net/newsmanager/news_article.cgi?news_id=175 |date=2007-08-02 }} Washington, DC: National Caucus of Environmental Legislators, June 18, 2007.</ref>

On December 17, 2009, as the result of negotiations with EPA, the two U.S. producers of decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE), Albemarle Corporation and Chemtura Corporation, and the largest U.S. importer, ICL Industrial Products, Inc., announced commitments to phase out voluntarily decaBDE in the United States by the end of 2013.[http://www.albemarle.com/?news=text&releaseID=1367378][http://phoenix.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=68079&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1367410&highlight] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119061747/http://phoenix.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=68079&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1367410&highlight |date=2016-01-19 }}, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110713001745/http://www.icl-ip.com/Brome/Brome.nsf/viewAllByUNID/6E5934724F9A52BEC22576930042E95A/%24file/Press_Release.pdf], [https://web.archive.org/web/20100118092730/http://www.epa.gov/oppt/existingchemicals/pubs/actionplans/deccadbe.html]

[[Category:OrganobromidesBromobenzene derivatives]]