Decabromodiphenyl ether: Difference between revisions

| IUPACNamePIN = 21,3,4,5,6-Pentabromo-11′-Oxybis(2,3,4,5,6-<wbr/>pentabromophenoxypentabromobenzene)benzene

| ChEBI = 82436

| Solubility = 20-30 µgμみゅーg/litre <ref>{{cite web | title=Environmental Health Criteria| publisher=ICPS | accessdate=2009-07-20 | url= http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc162.htm#SectionNumber:2.1/}}</ref>

'''Commercial decaBDE''' is a technical mixture of differentvarious PBDE [[Congener (chemistry)|congener]]s, with(related PBDEcompounds). congener Congener number 209 (decabromodiphenyl ether) and nonabromodiphenyl ether beingare the mostmain commoncomponents.<ref name="JRC">Joint Research Centre European inventory of Existing Commercial chemical Substances {{cite web|url=http://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-07-11 |deadurlurl-status=yesdead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101220543/http://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ |archivedate=2014-01-01 |df= }}</ref> The term '''decaBDE''' alone refers to only decabromodiphenyl ether, the single "fully brominated" PBDE.<ref name=ATSDR2004>Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. [https://web.archive.org/web/20010718214700/http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp68.html Toxicological Profile for Polybrominated Biphenyls and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBBs and PBDEs).] Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, September 2004.</ref>

As stated in a 2006 review, "Deca-BDE has long been characterized as an environmentally stable and inert product that was not capable of degradation in the environment, not toxic, and therefore of no concern."<ref name=Alcock2006>{{cite journal |vauthors=Alcock RE, Busby J |title=Risk migration and scientific advance: the case of flame-retardant compounds |journal=Risk Anal. |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=369–81 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16573627 |doi=10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00739.x |s2cid=37119476 }}</ref> However, "some scientists had not particularly believed that Deca-BDE was so benign, particularly as evidence to this effect came largely from the industry itself."<ref name=Alcock2006/> One problem in studying the chemical was that "the detection of Deca-BDE in environmental samples is difficult and problematic"; only in the late 1990s did "analytical advances... allow[] detection at much lower concentrations."<ref name=Alcock2006/>

DecaBDE is released by differentdiverse processes into the environment, such as emissions from manufacture of decaBDE-containing products and from the products themselves.<ref name=ATSDR2004/> Elevated concentrations can be found in air, water, soil, food, [[sediment]], [[sludge]], and [[dust]].<ref name=Hale2006>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hale RC, La Guardia MJ, Harvey E, Gaylor MO, Mainor TM |title=Brominated flame retardant concentrations and trends in abiotic media |journal=Chemosphere |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=181–6 |date=June 2006 |pmid=16434082 |doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.12.006 |bibcode=2006Chmsp..64..181H }}</ref> A 2006 study concluded "in general, environmental concentrations of BDE-209 [i.e., decaBDE] appear to be increasing."<ref name=Hale2006/>

An important scientific issue is whether decaBDE debrominates in the environment to PBDE congeners with fewer bromine atoms, since such PBDE congeners may be more toxic than decaBDE itself.<ref name=ATSDR2004/> Debromination may be "biotic" (caused by biological means) or "abiotic" (caused by nonbiological means).<ref name=Maine2007/> The [[European Union]] (EU) in May 2004 stated "the formation of PBT/vPvB ([[Persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substances|Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic]] / very Persistent, very Bioaccumulative]) substances in the environment as a result of degradation [of decaBDE] is a possibility that cannot be quantified based on current knowledge."<ref name="JRC"/> In September 2004 an [[Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry]] (ATSDR) report asserted that "DecaBDE seems to be largely resistant to environmental degradation."<ref name=ATSDR2004/>

Subsequently, many studies have been published concerning decaBDE debromination. Common [[Anaerobic organism|anaerobic]] soil bacteria debrominated decaBDE and octaBDE in a 2006 study.<ref name=He2007>{{cite journal |vauthors=He J, Robrock KR, Alvarez-Cohen L |title=Microbial reductive debromination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) |journal=Environ. Sci. Technol. |volume=40 |issue=14 |pages=4429–34 |date=July 2006 |pmid=16903281 |doi= 10.1021/es052508d|bibcode=2006EnST...40.4429H |url=http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/esthag/2006/40/i14/abs/es052508d.html}}</ref> In 2006-2007 studies, metabolic debromination of decaBDE was demonstrated in fish,<ref name=Stapleton2006Aug>{{cite journal |author=Stapleton HM |title=In vivo and in vitro debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) by juvenile rainbow trout and common carp |journal=Environ. Sci. Technol. |volume=40 |issue=15 |pages=4653–8 |date=August 2006 |pmid=16913120 |url=http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/esthag/2006/40/i15/abs/es060573x.html |doi=10.1021/es060573x |name-list-formatstyle=vanc|author2=Brazil B |author3=Holbrook RD |last4=Mitchelmore |first4=Carys L. |last5=Benedict |first5=Rae |last6=Konstantinov |first6=Alex |last7=Potter |first7=Dave|bibcode=2006EnST...40.4653S |display-authors=3 }}</ref> birds,<ref name=VandenSteen2007>{{cite journal |author=Van den Steen E |title=Accumulation, tissue-specific distribution and debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) in European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) |journal=Environ. Pollut. |volume=148 |issue=2 |pages=648–53 |date=July 2007 |pmid=17239511 |doi=10.1016/j.envpol.2006.11.017 |url= |name-list-format=vanc }}</ref> cows,<ref name=Kierkegaard2007>{{cite journal |author=Kierkegaard A |title=Fate of higher brominated PBDEs in lactating cows |journal=Environ. Sci. Technol. |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=417–23 |date=January 2007 |pmid=17310701 |url=http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/esthag/2007/41/i02/abs/es0619197.html |doi=10.1021/es0619197 |name-list-formatstyle=vanc|author2=Asplund L |author3=de Wit CA |last4=McLachlan |first4=Michael S. |last5=Thomas |first5=Gareth O. |last6=Sweetman |first6=Andrew J. |last7=Jones |first7=Kevin C.|bibcode=2007EnST...41..417K |display-authors=3 }}</ref> and rats.<ref name=Huwe2007>{{cite journal |vauthors=Huwe JK, Smith DJ |title=Accumulation, whole-body depletion, and debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether in male sprague-dawley rats following dietary exposure |journal=Environ. Sci. Technol. |volume=41 |issue=7 |pages=2371–7 |date=April 2007 |pmid=17438789 |url=http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/esthag/2007/41/i07/abs/es061954d.html |doi=10.1021/es061954d|bibcode=2007EnST...41.2371H }}</ref> A 2007 study by La Guardia and colleagues measured PBDE congeners "from a wastewater treatment plant (sludge) to receiving stream sediments and associated aquatic biota"; it "support[ed] the hypothesis that metabolic debromination of -209 [i.e., decaBDE] does occur in the aquatic environment under realistic conditions."<ref name=LaGuardia2007>{{cite journal |vauthors=La Guardia MJ, Hale RC, Harvey E |title=Evidence of debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in biota from a wastewater receiving stream |journal=Environ. Sci. Technol. |volume=41 |issue=19 |pages=6663–70 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17969678 |url=http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/esthag/2007/41/i19/abs/es070728g.html |doi=10.1021/es070728g|bibcode=2007EnST...41.6663L }}</ref> In another 2007 study, Stapleton and Dodder exposed "both a natural and a BDE 209 spiked [house] dust material" to sunlight, and found "nonabrominated congeners" and "octabrominated congeners" consistent with debromination of decaBDE in the environment.<ref name=Stapleton2007>{{cite journal |vauthors=Stapleton HM, Dodder NG |title=Photodegradation of decabromodiphenyl ether in house dust by natural sunlight |journal=Environ. Toxicol. Chem. |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=306–12 |date=February 2008 |pmid=18348638 |doi=10.1897/07-301R.1|s2cid=207267052 }}</ref>

In March 2007 the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency concluded "it can be questioned how much abiotic and microbial degradation [of decaBDE] occurs under normal environmental conditions, and it is not clear whether the more toxic lower-brominated PBDEs are produced in significant quantities by any of these pathways."<ref name=IL2007>Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. [http://www.epa.state.il.us/reports/decabde-study/index.html Report on Alternatives to the Flame Retardant DecaBDE: Evaluation of Toxicity, Availability, Affordability, and Fire Safety Issues.] March 2007.</ref> In September 2010, the UK Advisory Committee on Hazardous Substances issued an opinion that ‘there is strong but incomplete, scientific evidence indicating that Deca-BDE has the potential to undergo transformation to lower brominated congeners in the environment'.<ref>Advisory Committee on Hazardous Substances. ACHS opinion on the Draft Environmental Risk Assessment Report for Decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) (CAS 1163 19 5). Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs [https://web.archive.org/web/20110704155154/http://archive.defra.gov.uk/environment/quality/chemicals/achs/documents/achs-decaBDE-opinion-100923.pdf{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}]</ref>

Once in the body, decaBDE "might leave unchanged or as metabolites, mainly in the feces and in very small amounts in the urine, within a few days," in contrast with "lower brominated PBDEs... [which] might stay in your body for many years, stored mainly in body fat."<ref name=ATSDR2004/> In workers with occupational exposure to PBDEs, the calculated apparent half-life for decaBDE was 15 days, as opposed to (for example) an octaBDE congener with a half-life of 91 days.<ref name=Thuresson2006>{{cite journal|vauthors=Thuresson K, Höglund P, Hagmar L, Sjödin A, Bergman A, Jakobsson K |title=Apparent Half-Lives of Hepta- to Decabrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Human Serum as Determined in Occupationally Exposed Workers |journal=Environ. Health Perspect. |volume=114 |issue=2 |pages=176–81 |date=February 2006 |pmid=16451851 |pmc=1367828 |url=http://ehpnet1.niehs.nih.gov/members/2005/8350/8350.html |doi=10.1289/ehp.8350 }}{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In the general population, decaBDE has been found in blood and breast milk, but at lower levels than other PBDE congeners such as 47, 99, and 153.<ref name=Lorber2007>{{cite journal |author=Lorber M |title=Exposure of Americans to polybrominated diphenyl ethers |journal=J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=2–19 |date=January 2008 |pmid=17426733 |doi=10.1038/sj.jes.7500572 |doi-access=free }}</ref> An investigation carried out by the [[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]] detected decaBDE in blood samples from 3 of 14 ministers of health and environment of European Union countries, while (for example) PBDE-153 was found in all 14.<ref>WWF Detox Campaign. [http://assets.panda.org/downloads/badbloodoctober2004.pdf Bad Blood? A Survey of Chemicals in the Blood of European Ministers.] October 2004.</ref>

In 2004, ATSDR wrote "Nothing definite is known about the health effects of PBDEs in people. Practically all of the available information is from studies of laboratory animals. Animal studies indicate that commercial decaBDE mixtures are generally much less toxic than the products containing lower brominated PBDEs. Because of its very different toxicity, decaBDEDecaBDE is expected to have relatively little effect on the health of humans."<ref name=ATSDR2004/> Based on animal studies, the possible health effects of decaBDE in humans involve the liver, thyroid, reproductive/developmental effects, and neurological effects.<ref name=IL2006>Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. [http://www.epa.state.il.us/reports/decabde-study/available-research-review.pdf DecaBDE Study: A Review of Available Scientific Research.] January 2006.</ref>

One 2006 review concluded "Decreases in thyroid hormone levels have been reported in several studies, and thyroid gland enlargement (an early sign of hypothyroidism) has been shown in studies of longer duration exposure."<ref name=IL2006/> A 2007 experiment giving decaBDE to pregnant mice found that decaBDE "is likely an endocrine disrupter in male mice following exposure during development" based on results such as decreased serum [[triiodothyronine]].<ref name=Tseng2007>{{cite journal |author=Tseng LH |title=Developmental exposure to decabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 209): effects on thyroid hormone and hepatic enzyme activity in male mouse offspring |journal=Chemosphere |volume=70 |issue=4 |pages=640–7 |date=January 2008 |pmid=17698168 |doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.06.078 |name-list-formatstyle=vanc|author2=Li MH |author3=Tsai SS |last4=Lee |first4=Chia-Wei |last5=Pan |first5=Min-Hsiung |last6=Yao |first6=Wei-Jen |last7=Hsu |first7=Ping-Chi |bibcode=2008Chmsp..70..640T |url=http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/173649/1/14.pdf |display-authors=3 }}</ref>

"Significant data gaps" exist in the scientific literature on a possible relationship between decaBDE and reproductive/developmental effects.<ref name=IL2006/> A 2006 study of mice found that decaBDE decreased some "sperm functions."<ref name=Tseng2006>{{cite journal |author=Tseng LH |title=Postnatal exposure of the male mouse to 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-decabrominated diphenyl ether: decreased epididymal sperm functions without alterations in DNA content and histology in testis |journal=Toxicology |volume=224 |issue=1–2 |pages=33–43 |date=July 2006 |pmid=16713668 |doi=10.1016/j.tox.2006.04.003 |name-list-formatstyle=vanc|author2=Lee CW |author3=Pan MH |last4=Tsai |first4=Shinn-Shong |last5=Li |first5=Mei-Hui |last6=Chen |first6=Jenq-Renn |last7=Lay |first7=Jiunn-Jyi |last8=Hsu |first8=Ping-Chi |url=http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/173646/1/12.pdf |display-authors=3 }}</ref>

In 2002–2003 the American Chemistry Council’sCouncil's Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel, citing an unpublished 1997 study, estimated that 280 deaths due to fires are prevented each year in the U.S. because of the use of decaBDE.<ref name=BFRIP2002/><ref name=BFRIP2003/> The industry advocacy group [[American Council on Science and Health]], in a 2006 report largely concerning decaBDE, concludedsaid that "the benefits of PBDE flame retardants, in terms of lives saved and injuries prevented, far outweigh any demonstrated or likely negative health effects from their use."<ref name=Kucewicz2006>Kucewicz, William P. [http://www.acsh.org/docLib/20060809_flame.pdf Brominated Flame Retardants: A Burning Issue.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521154359/http://www.acsh.org/docLib/20060809_flame.pdf |date=2011-05-21 }} New York: American Council on Science and Health, August 2006.</ref> A 2006 study concluded "current levels of Deca in the United States are unlikely to represent an adverse health risk for children."<ref name=Hays2006>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hays SM, Pyatt DW |title=Risk assessment for children exposed to decabromodiphenyl (oxide) ether (Deca) in the United States |journal=Integr Environ Assess Manag |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=2–12 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16640311 |doi=10.1897/1551-3793(2006)2[2:RAFCET]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=23777908 |doi-access=free }}</ref> A report from the Swedish National Testing and Research Institute concerning the costs and benefits of decaBDE in television sets that was funded by BSEF assumed "no cost for injuries (either to humans or the environment) due to exposure to flame retardants... as there was no indication that such costs exist for DecaBDE"; it found that decaBDE's benefits exceeded its costs.<ref name=Simonson2006>Simonson, Margaret, et al. [http://www.sp.se/sv/units/fire/Documents/Rapporter/SPReport_2006_28.pdf Cost Benefit Analysis Model for Fire Safety Methodology and TV (DecaBDE) Case Study.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206124130/http://www.sp.se/sv/units/fire/Documents/Rapporter/SPReport_2006_28.pdf |date=2008-12-06 }} Swedish National Testing and Research Institute, SP Report 2006:28.</ref>

In [[Germany]], plastics manufacturers and the textile additives industry "declared in 1986 a voluntary phase-out of the use of PBDEs, including Deca-BDE."<ref name=Lassen2006>Lassen, Carsten, et al. [http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publications/2007/978-87-7052-349-3/pdf/978-87-7052-350-9.pdf Deca-BDE and Alternatives in Electrical and Electronic Equipment.] Danish Environmental Protection Agency, 2006.</ref> Although decaBDE was to be phased out of electrical and electronic equipment in the EU by 2006 under the EU's [[Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive]] (RoHS), decaBDE use has been exempted from RoHS during 2005-20102005–2010.<ref name=EU2005>[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32005D0717&qid=1429874961729 COMMISSION DECISION of 13 October 2005 amending for the purposes of adapting to the technical progress the Annex to Directive 2002/95/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment (2005/717/EC).] ''Official Journal of the European Union'' 15.10.2005.</ref><ref name= EU2010>[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32010D0571&qid=1429874961729 COMMISSION DECISION of 24 September 2010 amending, for the purposes of adapting to scientific and technical progress, the Annex to Directive 2002/95/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards exemptions for applications containing lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls or polybrominated diphenyl ethers (2010/571/EU).] ''Official Journal of the European Union'' 24.09.2010.</ref><ref name=WA2005>Washington State Departments of Health and Ecology. [http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/eap/pbt/pbde/docs/oct25/DevelopmentsEU.pdf Developments within the European Union Regarding Deca-BDE as Interpreted by Health and Ecology Staff.] October 12, 2005.</ref> A case in the [[European Court of Justice]] against the RoHS exemption was decided against Deca-BDE and its use must be phased out by July 1, 2008.<ref name=Maine2007/> [[Sweden]], an EU member, banned decaBDE as of 2007.<ref name=Lorber2007/><ref name=Stiffler2007March>Stiffler, Lisa. [http://www.seattlepi.com/local/309169_pbde28.html PBDEs: They are everywhere, they accumulate and they spread.] ''Seattle Post-Intelligencer'', March 28, 2007.</ref> The former European Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel (EBFRIP), now merged with EFRA, the European Flame Retardant Association, stated that Sweden's ban on DecaBDE "was a serious breach of EU law. [http://www.ebfrip.org/uploads/Press/documents/06.08.30%20-%20Swedish%20move.pdf]. The European Commission then started an [[infringement procedure]] against Sweden which lead to the Swedish Government repealing this restriction on 1 July 2008 [https://web.archive.org/web/20110612204355/http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/10626/a/104665]. The environment agency of [[Norway]], which is a member of the [[European Free Trade Association]] but is not a member of the EU, recommended that decaBDE be banned from electronic products in 2008.<ref>Norwegian Ban on Deca PBDE "[http://www.sft.no/publikasjoner/2401/ta2401.pdf]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}" Norwegian Pollution Control Agency.</ref>

DecaBDE has been the subject of a ten-year evaluation under the EU Risk Assessment procedure which has reviewed over 1100 studies. The Risk Assessment was published on the EU Official Journal in May 2008.<ref>Official Journal of the European Union: ''[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2008:131:0007:0012:EN:PDF Communication from the Commission on the results of the risk evaluation of chlorodifluoromethane, bis(pentabromophenyl)ether and methenamine and on the risk reduction strategy for the substance methenamine]'', 29.5.2008</ref> Deca was registered under the EU’sEU's REACH Regulation at the end of August 2010.

The UK’sUK's Advisory Committee on Hazardous Substances (ACHS) presented their conclusions following a review of the emerging studies on Deca-BDE on 14 September 2010.

This EU process is running in parallel with a UNEP review to determine whether Deca-BDE should be listed as a [[Persistent Organic Pollutant]] (POP) under the Stockholm Convention.

As of mid-2007 two states had instituted measures to phase out decaBDE. In April 2007 the state of [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]] passed a law banning the manufacture, sale, and use of decaBDE in mattresses as of 2008; the ban "could be extended to TVs, computers and upholstered residential furniture in 2011 provided an alternative flame retardant is approved."<ref name=Stiffler2007April>Stiffler, Lisa. [http://www.seattlepi.com/local/311845_pbdes17.html Chemical ban puts industry on the defensive.] ''Seattle Post-Intelligencer'', April 16, 2007.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ecy.wa.gov/laws-rules/leg_imp/2007/1024.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402122352/http://www.ecy.wa.gov/laws-rules/leg_imp/2007/1024.pdf |archive-date=2015-04-02 |dead-url-status=yesdead }}</ref> In June 2007 the state of [[Maine]] passed a law "ban[ning] the use of deca-BDE in mattresses and furniture on January 1, 2008 and phas[ing] out its use in televisions and other plastic-cased electronics by January 1, 2010."<ref name=NRCM2007>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100521060218/http://www.nrcm.org/news_detail.asp?news=1568 Maine Legislature votes to ban toxic Deca flame retardant.]{{dead link|date=January 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Natural Resources Council of Maine]], May 24th, 2007.</ref><ref name=MaineDemos2007>Maine House Democrats. [http://www.maine.gov/legis/housedems/news/deca_bill_signed_into_law%20.htm Governor signs deca ban bill into law: State will require phase-out of the flame retardant in household items.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630002226/http://www.maine.gov/legis/housedems/news/deca_bill_signed_into_law%20.htm |date=2007-06-30 }} June 14, 2007.</ref> As of 2007, other states considering restrictions on decaBDE include California, Connecticut, Hawaii, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota,<ref>[https://www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us/revisor/pages/search_status/status_detail.php?b=Senate&f=SF0651&ssn=0&y=2007 SF0651 Status in Senate for Legislative Session 85<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Montana, New York, and Oregon.<ref name=Stiffler2007March/><ref name=NCEL2007>[http://www.ncel.net/newsmanager/news_article.cgi?news_id=175 Maine Joins Washington, Bans PBDEs.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070802103637/http://ncel.net/newsmanager/news_article.cgi?news_id=175 |date=2007-08-02 }} Washington, DC: National Caucus of Environmental Legislators, June 18, 2007.</ref>

On December 17, 2009, as the result of negotiations with EPA, the two U.S. producers of decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE), Albemarle Corporation and Chemtura Corporation, and the largest U.S. importer, ICL Industrial Products, Inc., announced commitments to phase out voluntarily decaBDE in the United States by the end of 2013.[http://www.albemarle.com/?news=text&releaseID=1367378][http://phoenix.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=68079&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1367410&highlight] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119061747/http://phoenix.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=68079&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1367410&highlight |date=2016-01-19 }}, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110713001745/http://www.icl-ip.com/Brome/Brome.nsf/viewAllByUNID/6E5934724F9A52BEC22576930042E95A/%24file/Press_Release.pdf], [https://web.archive.org/web/20100118092730/http://www.epa.gov/oppt/existingchemicals/pubs/actionplans/deccadbe.html]

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[[Category:OrganobromidesBromobenzene derivatives]]