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New foodstuffs have arrived over the millennia, from [[sausage]]s in Roman times, and rice, sugar, oranges, and spices from Asia in the [[Middle Ages]], to New World beans and potatoes in the [[Columbian exchange]] after 1492, and spicy curry sauces from India in the 18th and 19th centuries. Many vegetables seen today in British cuisine such as cabbage, peas, and cherries, were also brought as crops by the Romans.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lipkowitz |first=Ina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u5Q9Zklcl_kC&pg=PA1 |title=Words to Eat By: Five Foods and the Culinary History of the English Language |date=5 July 2011 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-1-4299-8739-4}}</ref>
Traditional British dishes include [[full breakfast]], [[Sunday roast|roast dinner]], [[fish and chips]], [[toad in the hole]] and [[shepherd's pie]]. Traditional desserts include [[trifle]], [[scone]]s, [[apple pie]], [[sticky toffee pudding]] and [[Victoria sponge cake]]. [[Cheddar cheese]] originated in the village of [[Cheddar, Somerset|Cheddar]] in Somerset. Modern British cuisine is influenced by other cuisines and has in turn influenced the cuisines of cultures around the world.
The sandwich is named after its supposed inventor, [[John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-05-09 |title=Sandwich celebrates 250th anniversary of the sandwich |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-kent-18010424 |access-date=2024-04-10 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>
==History==
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[[Roman Britain|In Roman times]], further foods were introduced, such as [[sausage]]s,{{sfn|Davidson|2014|p=717}}<ref name=HickmanSausage>{{cite news |last1=Hickman |first1=Martin |title=The secret life of the sausage: A great British institution |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/features/the-secret-life-of-the-sausage-a-great-british-institution-422185.html |work=The Independent |access-date=15 April 2015 |date=30 October 2006}}</ref> [[rabbit]],<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20061211130559/http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba86/news.shtml archive Unearthing the ancestral rabbit]", ''British Archaeology'', Issue 86, January/February 2006</ref> herbs and spices from further south in the Roman empire such as [[chives]]<ref>[http://www.steenbergs.co.uk/content.php?pageid=7 "Chives", Steenbergs Organic Pepper & Spice] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211074122/http://www.steenbergs.co.uk/content.php?pageid=7 |date=11 December 2007 }}</ref> and [[coriander]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thebestpossibletaste.co.uk/ShowDetails.asp?id=132 |title="Coriander", The Best Possible Taste |publisher=Thebestpossibletaste.co.uk |access-date=3 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213084359/http://www.thebestpossibletaste.co.uk/ShowDetails.asp?id=132 |archive-date=13 December 2010 }}</ref> and [[wine]], which was [[Wine from the United Kingdom|produced in Britain]] in vineyards as far north as [[Northamptonshire]] and [[Lincolnshire]].<ref name="Keys 1999">{{cite news |last1=Keys |first1=David |title=Veni, vidi, viticulture - remains of Roman vineyards found in UK |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/veni-vidi-viticulture-remains-of-roman-vineyards-found-in-uk-738723.html |access-date=17 September 2021 |work=[[The Independent]] |date=16 November 1999}}</ref>
After the Roman period and prior to the [[Norman Conquest|Norman conquest]] of England in 1066, British food mostly consisted of vegetables, cereals and mutton.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 July 2022 |title=Moveable Feast; British cuisine has admittedly had its indifferent times but these are history. |pages=25 |work=The Times [London, England]}}</ref> The [[Anglo-Saxons]] introduced [[bacon]] to Britain sometime during the 1st millennium AD. Since the Saxon times the English have bred pigs domestically as a source of bacon and breeding pigs was traditionally a seasonal affair. Each family had their own secret recipe for curing and smoking bacon and in the cities they bought bacon from butchers who also had their own secret recipe, if you lived in London you had access to a wide range of bacon brought in from different parts of Great Britain.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=History Of Bacon |url=https://englishbreakfastsociety.com/history-of-bacon.html|access-date=19 September 2021 |publisher=English Breakfast Society }}</ref>
Bread and butter became common fare among the middle class and the English, in particular, gained a reputation for their liberal use of melted butter as a sauce with meat and vegetables.<ref>{{Cite web |title=McGee, Harold (2004). On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen. New York City: Scribner. ISBN 978-0-684-80001-1. LCCN 2004058999. OCLC 56590708. |url=https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchCode=LCCN&searchArg=2004058999&searchType=1&permalink=y |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=catalog.loc.gov}}</ref>
The Norman conquest reintroduced spices and continental influences in the Middle Ages;<ref name="Spencer">{{cite book |title=British Food: An Extraordinary Thousand Years of History |first=Colin |last=Spencer |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-231-13110-0 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]}}{{pages needed|date=January 2018}}</ref> [[Orange (fruit)|orange]]s arrived in the late 13th century,<ref name="everwon3">{{cite web|url=http://www.open2.net/everwondered_food/history/history_timeline3.htm |title="Food History Timeline", BBC/Open University |date=18 November 2004 |access-date=3 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041118084945/http://www.open2.net/everwondered_food/history/history_timeline3.htm |archive-date = 18 November 2004}}</ref> [[sugar cane]] in the 14th,<ref>Lee, J.R. "Philippine Sugar and Environment", Trade Environment Database (TED) Case Studies, 1997 [http://www.american.edu/TED/philsug.htm]</ref> and [[carrot]]s in the 15th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://website.lineone.net/~stolarczyk/history2.html |title=Stolarczyk, J. "Carrot History Part Two – A.D. 200 to date" |date=3 March 2005 |access-date=3 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050303170245/http://website.lineone.net/~stolarczyk/history2.html |archive-date=3 March 2005}}</ref>
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The [[turkey (bird)|turkey]] was introduced to Britain in the 16th century,{{sfn|Davidson|2014|p=836}} but its use for [[Christmas dinner]], with [[Christmas pudding]] for dessert, was a 19th-century innovation.{{sfn|Davidson|2014|p=187}}<ref name=BRO>Broomfield, Andrea (2007). "Food and cooking in Victorian England: a history". pp. 149–150. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007</ref> Other traditional British dishes, like [[fish and chips]] and the [[full breakfast]], rose to prominence in the Victorian era;{{sfn|Panayi|2010|pp=16–17}}<ref name=MrsB355>{{cite book |title=Mrs Beeton's Cookery Book |date=1922 |publisher=Ward, Lock & Co. |edition=New |chapter=Meals and Menus. Breakfast |pages=355–358}}</ref> while they have a status in British culture, they are not necessarily a large part of many people's diets.<ref name="Ashley2004">{{cite book |last=Ashley |first=Bob |title=Food and Cultural Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2vYp3_IngH8C&pg=PA77 |year=2004 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-27038-0 |pages=77–83}}</ref>
The world’s first sweet tasting pea was developed in the 18th century by amateur plant breeder Thomas Edward Knight of Downton, near Salisbury, England.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pea Facts |url=https://peas.org/pea-facts/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=Yes Peas!}}</ref>
Before the [[Industrial Revolution]], bacon was generally produced on local farms and in domestic kitchens. The world's first commercial bacon processing plant was opened in Wiltshire in the 1770s by John Harris.<ref name=":2" />
=== 20th century ===
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In the 18th and 19th centuries, the [[British Empire]] began to be influenced by [[Indian cuisine|India's elaborate food tradition]] with strong spices and herbs. Traditional British cuisine was modified with the addition of [[Indian cuisine|Indian-style]] spices and ingredients such as [[rice]], creating dishes such as [[kedgeree]] (1790)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nls.uk/year-of-food-and-drink/october |title=Sustainable shore - October recipe - Year of Food and Drink 2015 - National Library of Scotland |work=nls.uk}}</ref> and [[mulligatawny soup]] (1791).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Roy |first1=Modhumita |title=Some Like It Hot: Class, Gender and Empire in the Making of Mulligatawny Soup |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=7 August 2010 |volume=45 |issue=32 |pages=66–75 |jstor=20764390}}</ref><ref name="Cooking under the Raj">{{cite web |url=http://www.india-seminar.com/2006/566/566_david_housego.htm |title=Cooking under the Raj |access-date=30 January 2008}}</ref>
Curry became popular in Britain by the 1970s, when some restaurants that originally catered mainly to Indians found their clientele diversifying.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.southalabama.edu/history/faculty/rogers/357/articles/Going%20for%20an%20Indian.pdf |publisher=southalabama.edu |last=Buettner |first=Elizabeth |title="Going for an Indian": South Asian Restaurants and the Limits of Multiculturalism in Britain |access-date=11 October 2015}}</ref> [[Chicken tikka masala]], a mildly spiced dish in a creamy sauce, was acclaimed "a true British national dish" as "a perfect illustration of the way Britain absorbs and adapts external influences".<ref name=GuardianMasala>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/apr/19/race.britishidentity |title=Robin Cook's chicken tikka masala speech |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=19 April 2001 |date=25 February 2002}}</ref><ref name="bbcenc">{{cite news
=== 21st century ===
Culinary standards and preferences have continued to evolve in the 21st century. Debora Robertson, writing in
A 2021 survey, by Mortar Research, showed many people claim never to have eaten traditional favourites such as [[toad in the hole]], [[spotted dick]], [[Scotch egg]]s, [[black pudding]], or [[bubble and squeak]], and a minority did not believe these dishes existed.<ref name="BBC Food Sept 2021">{{cite web |title=Are we losing our love of classic British dishes? |publisher=BBC Food |access-date=15 October 2021 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/articles/classic_british_dishes |date=29 September 2021}}</ref>
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