Anarchism in Ireland: Difference between revisions

[[File:Mayday 07.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Members of the Workers Solidarity Movement marching in Dublin during [[International Workers' Day|May Day]] 2007]]

'''Anarchism in Ireland''' has its roots in the stateless organisation of the ''[[túathtuath]]a'' in [[Gaelic Ireland]]. It first began to emerge from the libertarian socialist tendencies within the [[Irish republicanism|Irish republican]] movement, with anarchist individuals and organisations sprouting out of the resurgent socialist movement during the 1880s, particularly gaining prominence during the time of the [[Socialist League (UK, 1885)|Dublin Socialist League]].

It was only in the late 1960s that a specifically anarchist movement began to emerge, in the context of the [[Northern Ireland civil rights movement|civil rights movement]] in [[Northern Ireland]] and the outbreak of [[the Troubles]]. A number of small local groups formed and dissolved throughout the 1970s before the establishment of the [[Workers Solidarity Movement]] (WSM) in 1984, which has continued to exist as a national [[platformism|platformist]] federation up until theits presentdisbandment day.on There8 hasDecember since2021.<ref>{{Cite beenweb|url=http://www.wsm.ie/c/wsm-end-new-anarchist-beginnings a|title=WSM largehas growthcome ofto anarchistan activityend in- Irelandwe followinglook theforward riseto ofnew theanarchist [[anti-globalizationbeginnings|date=December movement]]8, at2021|website=Workers theSolidarity turnMovement}}</ref> of the 21st century.

Before the [[Tudor conquest of Ireland|Tudor conquest]] during the 16th century, It has been suggested by some that [[Gaelic Ireland]] was largely stateless, even being described as "anarchic" by the Irish historian [[Goddard Henry Orpen]], although this characterisation was disputed by [[Irish nationalism|Irish nationalists]] such as [[Eoin MacNeill]]. Gaelic Irish society was largely built around kinship and had few if any political institutions, with the [[early Irish law]] scholar [[D. A. Binchy]] having written about the absence of any [[legislature]], [[bailiff]]s or [[police]], and noting "no trace of State-administered justice". The historian [[Kathleen Hughes (historian)|Kathleen Hughes]] even argued that one of the reasons that it took more than five hundred years for the English conquest of Ireland to finally be achieved, was precisely because of the lack of a centralised state in Ireland, as Irish people were reticent to give up their freedoms to any state.{{Sfn|Peden|1971|page=3}}

The basic [[polity]] form of Gaelic Ireland was the ''[[Túathtuath]]'', a voluntary assembly of [[Franklin (class)|free men]] that democratically decided how to take action on the issues of the time, with the ability to [[elective monarchy|elect]] their own [[Monarchy of Ireland|kings]], resolve matters of war and peace, and institute their own policy.{{Sfn|Peden|1971|pages=3-4}} The kings themselves had minimal power, strictly limited to acting as a local military leader and presiding over the assemblies of the ''túath'', which themselves held ultimate legislative power.{{Sfn|Rothbard|2006|page=282}}

Laws were passed down orally by a class of professional jurists known as ''[[Early Irish law|Brehons]]'' who could be consulted by ''túathatuatha'' and enforced by groups of private individuals through a system of [[Surety|sureties]], which were the basis for almost all legal transactions. Common tactics to resolve disputes included mutual fasting between plaintiffs and defendants, in which the one that broke their fast or refused to submit to adjudication would "los[e] their honor within the community", with the harshest punishments that communities dealt out being outlawing and exile.{{Sfn|Peden|1971|page=4}} The Gaelic Irish also did not mint nor issue their own coinage, despite Viking and later English colonists having done so, which allowed for fair and equal exchange to take place.{{Sfn|Peden|1971|pages=4, 8}}

The [[Plantations of Ireland]] brought on another series of rebellions against increasing [[Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom|anti-Catholic discrimination]], culminating in the [[Irish Confederate Wars]], during which the [[Confederate Ireland|Irish Catholic Confederation]] briefly re-established self-governance in Ireland before eventually being [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland|conquered]] by the [[Commonwealth of England]] under [[Oliver Cromwell]]. Following the [[Glorious Revolution]], Irish [[Jacobitism|Jacobites]] attempted to restore [[James II of England|James II]] to the throne, but they were defeated and [[Williamite]] rule was successfully secured over Ireland.

[[File:Edmund_Burke2_c.jpg|thumb|right|[[Edmund Burke]], an early exponent of [[philosophical anarchism]] in his work ''[[A Vindication of Natural Society]]''.]]

One of the earliest examples of anarchism in Ireland was in the early work of the Anglo-Irish political philosopher [[Edmund Burke]]. ''[[A Vindication of Natural Society]]'', though intended as a satire of [[Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke|Henry St John]]'s [[deism]],{{Sfn|Rothbard|1958|p=114}} elaborated one of the first literary expressions of [[philosophical anarchism]], which inspired the later works of the English radical [[William Godwin]] and was later praised by the American individualist anarchist [[Benjamin Tucker]].{{Sfn|GodwinRothbard|17931958|p=117}} Some [[libertarianism|libertarian]] scholars have insisted that Burke was initially sincere in his anarchist views, but later disowned them in order to advance his political career,{{Sfn|Rothbard|1958|pp=114-118}}{{Sfn|Sobran|2002}} although this characterisation has since been disputed.{{Sfn|Smith|2014}}

Following the events surrounding the [[Paris Commune]], efforts were made to establish branches of the [[International Workingmen's Association]] (IWA) in Ireland, led by [[Joseph Patrick McDonnell]], the Irish representative on the IWA's General Council. In February 1872, a branch of the IWA was established in Dublin by Richard McKeon, but its activities quickly came under attack by [[anti-communism|anti-communist]] mobs, which forced its premature closure on 7 April of the same year. A [[Cork (city)|Cork]] branch had also been established in February, to more success, gaining 300 members within weeks. When an anti-communist meeting was called by city officials on 24 March, a hundred internationalist workers wearing green neckties disrupted the meeting, themselves taking control of the stage after several hours of conflict with its organisers. But like the Dublin branch, the Cork branch was itself driven out of the city amid a "red scare" driven by the local clergy. There were other short-lived branches in [[Cootehill]] and [[Belfast]], which were likewise suppressed.{{Sfn|Lane|1997|p=19}}

Socialists were not able to establish their own organisations again until the 1880s, in the context of the greater socialist revival happening around the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]. One early mention of an Irish connection to [[anarchism]] was the [[Boston]]-based [[Irish nationalist]] [[W.G.H. Smart]], who wrote articles for ''The An-archist'' in 1880 and 1881.{{Sfn|Becker|1988|pp=119-120}} By this time, members of the [[Irish Home Rule movement]] led by [[Charles Stewart Parnell]] established the [[Irish National Land League]], which spearheaded a period of agrarian agitation for land rights known as the [[Land War]]. The implementation of the [[Protection of Persons and Property (Ireland) Act 1881|Coercion Act]] to suppress the movement triggered the formation of the [[Social Democratic Federation]] (SDF), which quickly developed into the first nation-wide socialist organisation in the United Kingdom. By December 1884, attempts were being made to form an Irish branch of the SDF by a local socialist club in Dublin, which on 18 January 1885 established the Dublin Democratic Association (DDA) "to promote and defend the rights of labour, and to restore the land to the people," although this did not affiliate with the SDF due to worries that it would alienate Catholic members of the [[Irish National League]]. Only about one quarter of the DDA's members were actually socialists, the rest being a mix of various different radical tendencies, the largest of which were nationalist Land Leaguers. Largely the organisation focused on promoting "the advancement of democratic principles", but after a foreign Marxist was invited to speak at the club, nationalist members protested, causing a split in the DDA that resulted in its disbandment by May 1885.{{Sfn|Lane|1997|p=20}}

[[File:Socialist- League- Manifesto- 1885.jpg|thumb|left|The manifesto of the [[Socialist League (UK, 1885)|Socialist League]], a [[libertarian socialism|libertarian socialist]] organisation that had a branch in Dublin from 1885 to 1887.]]

By this time there had been a split within the SDF, in which [[libertarian socialism|libertarian socialists]] led by [[William Morris]] and [[Andreas Scheu]] broke from [[Henry Hyndman]]'s parliamentarian faction, establishing the [[Socialist League (UK, 1885)|Socialist League]] with the intention of fomenting a [[social revolution]]. From its outset the League lent its support to the Home Rule movement, with its secretary [[John Lincoln Mahon]] setting into motion efforts to recruit Irish members to the League. By June 1885, the League's [[Michael Gabriel]], an [[Anarchism in England|English anarchist]], had moved to the [[North Strand]] in Dublin, where he distributed the League's newspaper ''[[Commonweal (newspaper)|Commonweal]]''.{{Sfn|Lane|1997|pp=20-21}}{{Sfn|Lane|2008|p=17}} Despite a sense of pessimism regarding the prospects of propagating socialism in Ireland, in December 1885, Gabriel was able to establish a branch of the Socialist League in Dublin, drawing its membership from a number of former members of the DDA and even a couple former members of the IWA. The anti-parliamentarism and atheism proclaimed by the League quickly made the rounds at the local socialist club, in spite of the impediment provided by the prevailing religious orthodoxy in Ireland. The Dublin League remained a small organisation throughout its existence, with few more than 20 members, but still managed to successfully propagate socialism for the first time in Ireland. At the first meeting of the Dublin branch, which attracted 60 people, the young Irish anarchist Thomas Fitzpatrick railed against Irish nationalism in favour of [[Proletarian internationalism|internationalism]], arguing against Home Rule but without providing a socialist alternative (one which would only later be provided by [[James Connolly]]).{{Sfn|Lane|1997|p=21}}{{Sfn|Lane|2008|pp=17-19}} The Irish Socialist League's opposition to Home Rule came largely from its anarchist rejection of parliamentarism, with Gabriel arguing that "the power of one man to govern another should be swept away under the socialist system."{{Sfn|Lane|1997|pp=21-22}}{{Sfn|Lane|2008|p=19}}

Unlike its predecessors, the activities and meetings of the Socialist League were able to continue largely unmolested until April 1886, organising among local bottlemakers during a [[Lockout (industry)|lockout]] and inviting William Morris to give lectures in the city. But with the defeat of the [[Government of Ireland Bill 1886|First Home Rule Bill]], the organisation's capacities began to wane as political agitation in Ireland started to focus almost exclusively on the issue of Home Rule. By October 1886, the Dublin League had come into conflict with the London-based Central Council over the earlier expulsion of Charles Reuss, with the anarchist-leaning Dublin branch supporting Reuss in line with ''[[The Anarchist (newspaper)|The Anarchist]]'' newspaper. The branch quickly resolved the dispute within a month, but members had already become discouraged by the conflict, and the Dublin League collapsed in March 1887. Nevertheless, former members of the League continued their socialist agitation for years to come, with the Socialist League being quickly succeeded by the National Labour League (NLL). The NLL mobilised the unemployed to demonstrate in the streets and proclaimed a distinctly [[revolutionary socialism|revolutionary socialist]] outlook, calling for the [[common ownership]] of land and for Irish workers to rise up against capitalism. By the turn of the 1890s, [[new unionism]] was introduced to Ireland by the Irish Socialist Union, laying the foundations for the rise of [[syndicalism]].{{Sfn|Lane|1997|p=22}}{{Sfn|Lane|2008|pp=19-21}}

Around the same time, [[George Bernard Shaw]] (1856–1950) wrote the article "What's in a name (how an anarchist might put it)" at the request of [[Charlotte Wilson]] for issue no. 1 of ''[[The Anarchist]]'' in 1885. Shaw had been taught French by the [[Paris Commune|Communard]] Richard Deck, who introduced him to [[Proudhon]]. Later he was embarrassed by unauthorised reprints, as he was a [[Fabian socialist]], not an anarchist.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} Irish writer [[Oscar Wilde]] notably expressed anarchist sympathies, especially in his essay ''[[The Soul of Man under Socialism]].{{sfn|Goodway|2006|pp=62–92}}

Around 1890 [[John Creaghe]], an Irish doctor who was joint founder (with Fred Charles), of ''The Sheffield Anarchist'', took part in the "no rent" [[AgitatorDemonstration (protest)|agitation]] before leaving [[Sheffield]] in 1891. He went on to become the founding editor in [[Argentina]] of the anarchist paper, ''El Oprimido'', which was one of the first to support the "organisers" current (as opposed to refusal to organise large scale organisations).{{Sfn|Ó Catháin|2004}} In 1892 English anarchists visited Fred Allen at the Dublin independent offices to see if his Fair Trial Fund could be used for anarchist as well as [[Irish Republican Brotherhood]] prisoners.{{Sfn|McGee|2005|p=216}} In 1894 at [[Trinity College Dublin]]'s Fabian Society "over 200 students listened sympathetically" to a lecture on "Anarchism and Darwinism".{{Sfn|McGee|2005|p=218}}

[[File:James_Connolly2.jpg|thumb|leftright|[[James Connolly]], leading figure in the Irish [[syndicalism|syndicalist]] movement and commander of the [[Irish Citizen Army]] during the [[Easter Rising]].]]

Another Irish syndicalist that moved to Dublin at this time was [[James Larkin]], a trade union activist of the [[Liverpool]]-based [[National Union of Dock Labourers]] (NUDL) that had been expelled for participated in [[wildcat strike action]]s. Connolly and Larkin together collaborated in the foundation of the [[Irish Transport and General Workers' Union]] (ITGWU), a trade union with [[syndicalism|syndicalist]] tendencies which the two hoped would eventually form the nucleus of "[[One Big Union (concept)|One Big Union]]" in Ireland.{{Sfn|van der Walt|Schmidt|2009|p=163}} Connolly's view of syndicalism held that "the political, territorial state of capitalist society will have no place or function under Socialism", thus he rejected the use of state bureaucracy in the transition to socialism, instead considering that [[industrial union]]s would [[prefigurative politics|provide the framework]] for a future socialist society.{{Sfn|van der Walt|Schmidt|2009|pp=163-164}} Connolly also viewed electoral participation as a "political weapon" for industrial unionists, although he rejected the conquest of state power as a goal, believing that any [[social revolution]] must immediately abolish the [[state (polity)|state]].{{Sfn|van der Walt|Schmidt|2009|p=164}} This position led Connolly and Larkin to establish the [[Labour Party (Ireland)|Labour Party]] as the political wing of the [[Irish Trades Union Congress]] (ITUC), of which the ITGWU was an affiliate.{{Sfn|van der Walt|Schmidt|2009|p=163}}

A series of industrial disputes led by the ITGWU eventually escalated into the [[Dublin lock-out]] of 1913. During the lockout, Connolly and Larkin came together with [[Jack White (trade unionist)|Jack White]] to establish the [[Irish Citizen Army]] (ICA), a workers' militia set up to protect striking workers from the [[Dublin Metropolitan Police|police]]. Following the suppression of the strike movement, Larkin fled to the United States, where he became involved in the activities of the IWW and later gravitated towards [[Bolshevism]].{{Sfn|van der Walt|Schmidt|2009|p=163}} Meanwhile, with the outbreak of [[World War I]], a section of the ICA around Connolly began to plan for an armed uprising against [[British rule in Ireland|British rule]] with the aim of establishing an independent Irish Republic. Connolly's take on republicanism rejected [[Irish nationalism|nationalism]], which he believed would simply lead to Irish workers being oppressed by an Irish capitalist state. Connolly insitedinsisted on the necessity for Irish independence to come about through a socialist revolution in which workers would seize the [[means of production]], stating that "only the Irish working class remain as the incorruptible inheritors of the fight for freedom in Ireland." But by 1916, Connolly had shelved his anti-nationalist criticisms and socialist ambitions, leading the ICA into an alliance with Irish nationalists. During the [[Easter Rising]], republican forces including the ICA seized a number of strategically important buildings around Dublin and a [[Provisional Government of the Irish Republic|Provisional Government]] including Connolly [[Proclamation of the Irish Republic|proclaimed]] the formation of an Irish Republic, before its suppresionsuppression by British forces and the unconditional surrender of the rebels. Connolly and the other rebel leaders were executed in the weeks following. In his analysis of the Rising, ''[http://www.wsm.ie/story/665 The Only Hope of Ireland]'', the Russian anarcho-communist [[Alexander Berkman]] declared that it had failed because of its nationalist character and lack of socialist program:{{Sfn|van der Walt|Schmidt|2009|p=318}}

Following the [[Irish War of Independence]], Jack White had found himself politically isolated from the main camps of the new [[Irish Free State]], gravitating towards [[left communism|anti-parliamentary communism]] and briefly joining [[Sylvia Pankhurst]]'s [[Workers Socialist Federation]]. In 1934, a number of communist members of the [[Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)|Irish Republican Army]] came together with other left-wing figures to establish the [[Republican Congress]], which White joined, organising a branch in Dublin with other former [[British Army]] serviceman. The Congress soon experienced a split between socialists in favour of establishing a workers' republic and communists that advocated a temporary alliance with [[Fianna Fail]], with the socialists breaking off and many joining the Labour Party, while White himself remained in the organisation. When the [[Spanish Civil War]] broke out, the Congress organised support for the [[Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)|Republicans]] and established the [[Connolly Column]], with White joining it to fight against the [[Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)|Nationalists]]. Upon arriving in Spain, White was immediately impressed by the [[Spanish Revolution of 1936|revolutionary gains]], particularly the collectivisation projects and the organisation of the [[confederal militias]] advanced by the [[anarchism in Spain|anarchists]]. While fighting on the Aragon front, White trained militiamen and women how to use firearms, while also becoming increasingly dissilusioneddisillusioned with the influence of the Communist Party over the Irish internationalists, gravitating closer towards anarchism. White began to clash with Irish [[Marxism-Leninism|Marxist-Leninists]] like [[Frank Ryan (Irish republican)|Frank Ryan]], enough so that he relinquished command in the [[International Brigades]] and joined the anarcho-syndicalist [[Confederación Nacional del Trabajo|National Confederation of Labor]] (CNT). Back in [[London]] he worked with [[Emma Goldman]] and the ''[[Freedom (British newspaper)|Freedom]]'' newspaper to organise support for the Spanish anarchists, but following the Nationalist victory in the civil war and the subsequent Allied victory in [[World War II]], White died in 1946, leaving behind a number of papers that his family destroyed out of shame.{{Sfn|MacSimóin|1997}}

In the late 1960s, as the civil rights campaign took off, [[People's Democracy (Ireland)|People's Democracy]], before it became a small [[Trotskyist]] group, included some self-described anarchists{{Sfn|Hall|2019||pages=3–4}} such as [[John McGuffin]] and Jackie Crawford. The latter was one of the group who sold ''[[Freedom (British newspaper)|Freedom]]'' in [[Belfast]]'s Castle Street in the late 1960s. There was an anarchist banner on the Belfast-Derry [[civil rights]] march.{{Sfn|Hall|2019||page=5}} PD members, including John Grey, contributed to a special issue of the British ''[[Anarchy Magazine]]'' about [[Northern Ireland]] in 1971.

=== ActiveAnarchist organisations in Ireland===

*The Workers Solidarity Movement iswas a [[platformist]] anarchist group withthat had members in Dublin, Cork, Limerick, Belfast, Derry, and Galway. It formed in 1984 and folded in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://freedomnews.org.uk/2021/12/09/ireland-a-farewell-to-the-workers-solidarity-movement/ |title=Ireland: A farewell to the Workers Solidarity Movement |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=9 December 2021 |website=Freedom News |publisher= |access-date=7 August 2022 |quote=}} </ref>

There are also a number of organisations and spaces which, while perhaps not explicitly anarchist, share much in common with the anarchist movement. These include the Grassroots Gatherings (2001–present), the Dublin Grassroots Network (2003–2004), Grassroots Dissent (2004–), Galway Social Space (2008–2010), [[Rossport Solidarity Camp]] (2005–2014), Jigsaw (2015-20212015–2021) formerly titled [[Seomra Spraoi]] (2004–2015), 'Grangegorman' Squat (2013-20152013–2015) and the [[Barricade Inn]] (2015–2016).

*{{cite journal|url=https://libcom.org/library/raven-06|first=Heiner|last=Becker|title=The Mystery of Dr Nathan-Ganz|journal=The Raven|issue=6|date=October 1988|location=[[London]]|publisher=[[Freedom Press]]|pppages=118-145118–145|issn=0951-4066|oclc=877379054}}

*{{cite book|firstauthor-link=AndrewDavid Goodway|last=FloodGoodway|first=David|chapter=[[Oscar Wilde]]|title=The[[Anarchist RisingSeeds ofBeneath the Moon|year=2007Snow]]|location=[[DublinLiverpool]]|publisher=[[WorkersLiverpool SolidarityUniversity MovementPress]]|urlyear=2006|pages=62–92|isbn= 1-84631-025-3|oclc=http://struggle.ws/pdf/andrew/risingmoon.html897032902}}

*{{cite journal|title=The Emergence of Modern Irish Socialism 1885-87|url=http://www.wsm.ie/story/1778|first=Fintan|last=Lane|year=1997|journal=Red & Black Revolution|issue=3|location=[[Dublin]]|publisher=Workers Solidarity Movement|oclc=924048574|pppages=19-2219–22}}

*{{cite journal|first=Fintan|last=Lane|url=httphttps://www.historyireland.com/18th-19th-century-history/volumes/volume16/issue2/features/?id=114438|archivepractical-anarchists-we-social-revolutionaries-in-url=https:dublin-1885-7//web.archive.org/web/20110720061915/https://www.historyireland.com/volumes/volume16/issue2/features/?id=114438|archive-date=20 July 2011|title="Practical anarchists, we": social revolutionaries in Dublin, 1885–87|journal=[[History Ireland]]|location=[[Dublin]]|publisher=History Ireland Ltd.|year=2008|volume=16|issue=2|pppages=16-2116–21|issn=0791-8224|oclc=231619350|jstor=27725765}}

*{{cite journal|url=http://struggle.ws/ws/ws50_jack.html|title=Jack White: Irish Anarchist who organised Irish Citizens Army|first=Alan|last=MacSimóin|journal=Workers Solidarity|issue=50|year=1997|location=[[Dublin]]|publisher=[[Workers Solidarity Movement]]|oclc=51859611}}

*{{cite journal|url=http://www.irlandeses.org/cathain.htm|title=Dr. John O’DwyerO'Dwyer Creaghe (1841-1920)|first=Máirtín|last=Ó Catháin|year=2004|journal=Irish migrationMigration studiesStudies in Latin America|location=[[Waterford]]|publisher=[[Society for Irish Latin American Studies]]|issn=1661-6065|oclc=1074613522|lccn=2010065894}}

*{{cite book|editoreditor1-first1first=Steven J.|editoreditor1-last1last=Hirsch|editoreditor2-first2first=Lucien|editoreditor2-last2last=van der Walt|editor-link2=Lucien van der Walt|chapter=Syndicalism, Industrial Unionism, and Nationalism in Ireland|title=Anarchism and Syndicalism in the Colonial and Postcolonial World, 1870–1940|first=Emmet|last=O’Connor|series=Studies in Global Social History|volume=6|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|location=[[Leiden]]|year=2010|isbn=9789004188495|oclc=868808983|pppages=193-224193–224}}

*{{cite journal|url=https://mises.org/library/complete-libertarian-forum-1969-1984|title=Stateless Societies: Ancient Ireland|first=Joseph R.|last=Peden|journal=[[The Libertarian Forum]]|volume=III|issue=4|date=April 1971|location=[[New York City|New York]]|publisher=[[Mises Institute]]|pages=3-43–4, 8|issn=0047-4517|oclc=8546937|isbn=1-933550-02-3}}

*{{cite journal |url=https://mises.org/library/note-burkes-vindication-natural-society |title=A Note on Burke's Vindication of Natural Society |last=Rothbard|first=Murray|author-link=Murray Rothbard|journal=[[Journal of the History of Ideas]]|location=Philadelphia|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]]|volume=19|issue=1|date=January 1958|pppages=114-118114–118|issn=0022-5037|oclc=1027084093|doi=10.2307/2707957|jstor=2707957|access-date=17 November 2021}}

*{{Cite book |last=Rothbard |first=Murray | author-link=Murray Rothbard|url=https://mises.org/library/new-liberty-libertarian-manifesto |title=For a New Liberty |year= 2006 |orig-year=1973 |publisher=[[Mises Institute]] |isbn=978-0-945466-47-5 |location=[[Auburn, Alabama|Auburn]] | oclc=75961482}}

*{{cite book|last=White|first=Jack|author-link=Jack White (trade unionist)|title=Misfit: An Autobiography|url=https://books.google.escom/books/about/Misfit.html?id=eVpjAAAAMAAJ|location=[[Dublin]]|publisher=Livewire publications|year=2005|orig-year=1930|edition=2nd|isbn=1905225202|oclc=70220211}}