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{{Use American English|date = March 2019}}
{{Short description|
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2013}}
{{Infobox census
| name = 1840 United States
| logo = Seal of the United States
| logo_caption = Seal of the [[United States
| image =
| image_caption =
| country = United States
| date = {{start date|1840|06|01}}
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| most_populous = [[New York (state)|New York]]<br>2,428,921
| least_populous = [[Delaware]]<br>78,085
|
| previous_census = 1830 United States census
| previous_year = 1830
| next_census = 1850 United States
| next_year = 1850
}}
The '''1840 United States
This was the first census in which:
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* A city recorded a population of over 300,000 ([[New York City|New York]])
* Multiple cities recorded populations of over 100,000 (New York, [[Baltimore]], and [[New Orleans]])
It was also the last census conducted by U.S. marshals, as starting in 1850 a temporary office would be set up for each census under the purview of the Department of the Interior.
==Controversy over statistics for mental illness among Northern blacks==
The 1840
Pro-slavery advocates trumpeted the results as evidence of the beneficial effects of slavery, and the probable consequences of emancipation.<ref name="Litwack">{{Citation
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| issue = 4
| doi = 10.2307/2716144
| s2cid = 150261737
}}, and sources there cited.</ref> Anti-slavery advocates contended, on the contrary, that the published returns were riddled with errors, as detailed in an 1844 report by [[Edward Jarvis (physician)|Edward Jarvis]] of Massachusetts in the [[American Journal of the Medical Sciences]], later published separately as a pamphlet,<ref name="Litwack" /><ref>{{cite book | author = Edward Jarvis | title = Insanity Among the Coloured Population of the Free States | publisher = T.K. & P.G. Collins, Printers | year = 1844 | location = Philadelphia | url = http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/101475758 | access-date = May 31, 2013}}</ref> and in a memorial from the [[American Statistical Association]] to Congress, praying that measures be taken to correct the errors.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Edward Jarvis|author2=William Brigham|author3=J. Wingate Thornton|title=Memorial of the American Statistical Association Praying the Adoption of Measures for the Correction of Errors in the Returns of the Sixth Census|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PYEFAAAAQAAJ|access-date=May 31, 2013|series=Public Documents Printed by Order of the Senate of the United States, Second Session of the Twenty-Eighth Congress|volume=I|number=5|year=1844}}</ref>
The memorial was submitted to the House of Representatives by [[John Quincy Adams]], who contended that it demonstrated "a multitude of gross and important errors" in the published returns.<ref name="Adams (1877)">{{cite book|author=John Quincy Adams|editor=Charles Francis Adams|title=Memoirs of John Quincy Adams: comprising portions of his diary from 1795 to 1848|url=https://archive.org/details/memoirsjohnquin00adamgoog|access-date=May 31, 2013|year=1877|publisher=J. B. Lippincott & Co.|location=Philadelphia|pages=[https://archive.org/details/memoirsjohnquin00adamgoog/page/n35 27]–28, 61, 119–20}}</ref> In response to the House's request for an inquiry, Secretary of State [[John C. Calhoun]] reported that a careful examination of the statistics by the supervisor of the census had fully sustained their correctness.<ref>Litwack (1958), 267</ref><ref name="Calhoun, ''Works'' V">{{cite book|author1=John Caldwell Calhoun|author2=South Carolina General Assembly|editor=Richard K. Crallé|title=The Works of John C. Calhoun: Reports and Public Letters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RzUTAQAAMAAJ|access-date=May 31, 2013|volume=V|year=1859|publisher=D. Appleton and Company|location=New York|page=458}} Calhoun engaged William A. Weaver, the superintendent of the 1840 census, to review the figures and check them against related data from the 1830 census. ''Ibid.'' Weaver reported that he had examined "each specification of error" and concluded that the memorialists had themselves erred in their claims. While there doubtless had been minor errors, he said, there had been no glaring methodological mistakes as charged. ''See'' William Edwin Hemphill, ed., [https://books.google.com/books?id=3xKqzUctxPsC
==Census questions==
The 1840 census asked these questions:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://purl.org/net/nysl/nysdocs/9643270|title=Library Bibliography Bulletin 88, New York State Census Records, 1790-1925|year=1981|publisher=[[New York State Library]]}}
* Name of head of family
* Address
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! Rank !! State !! Population
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| 10 || Indiana || 685,866
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| 22 || New Hampshire || 284,574
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| X || West Virginia <ref>Between 1790 and 1860, the state of West Virginia was part of Virginia; the data for
|-
| 23 || Michigan || 212,267
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| X || Florida || 54,477
|-
| X || Iowa <ref>Includes portion of what is now [[Minnesota]] lying west of the [[Mississippi River]], as well as portions of what is now [[North Dakota]] and [[South Dakota]] lying east of the Missouri River</ref>|| 43,112
|-
| X || District of Columbia <ref>The District of Columbia is not a state but was created with the passage of the [[Residence Act]] of 1790. The territory that formed that federal capital was originally donated by both Maryland and Virginia; however, the Virginia portion was [[District of Columbia retrocession|returned by Congress]] in 1846.</ref> || 33,745
|-
| X || Wisconsin <ref>Includes portion of what is now [[Minnesota]] lying east of the [[Mississippi River]]</ref>|| 30,945
|}
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| 51 || [[Portsmouth, New Hampshire|Portsmouth]] || [[New Hampshire]] || 7,887 || [[Northeastern United States (U.S. Census Bureau)|Northeast]]
|-
| 52 || [[Wheeling, West Virginia|Wheeling]] || [[Virginia]]<ref>Is in present day West Virginia</ref> || 7,885 || [[Southern United States|South]]
|-
| 53 || [[Taunton, Massachusetts|Taunton]] || [[Massachusetts]] || 7,645 || [[Northeastern United States (U.S. Census Bureau)|Northeast]]
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| 60 || [[Schenectady]] || [[New York (state)|New York]] || 6,784 || [[Northeastern United States (U.S. Census Bureau)|Northeast]]
|-
| 61 || [[Fall River, Massachusetts|Fall River]] || [[Massachusetts]] || 6,738 || [[Northeastern United States (U.S. Census Bureau)|Northeast]]
|-
| 62 || [[Warwick, Rhode Island|Warwick]] || [[Rhode Island]] || 6,726 || [[Northeastern United States (U.S. Census Bureau)|Northeast]]
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* [https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1840.html Overview of the 1840 Census] on www.census.gov.
* [https://www.cyndislist.com/us/census/1840/online/ 1840 U.S. Federal Census {{hyphen}} Online Records and Indexes] on www.cyndislist.com (21 Links) Includes links to sites with any or all of the following: digitized images, indexes, transcriptions, extractions, abstracts, and partial or whole copies of census materials.
* [https://guides.loc.gov/census-connections/decennial-census/1840-1880#s-lib-ctab-22509999-0 Library of Congress research guide for 1840 census] - links to primary documents
{{USCensus}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1840 in the United States|United States Census, 1840]]
[[Category:United States
[[Category:1840 censuses|United States]]
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