Free City of Cracow: Difference between revisions

{{Short description|1815–1846Polish city state in Poland(1815–1846)}}

| native_name = {{native = ''name|pl|Wolne, Niepodległe i Ściśle Neutralne Miasto Kraków zi jego Okręgiem''Okręg}}

| conventional_long_name = Free, Independent, and Strictly Neutral City of KrakówCracow with its Territory

| status = City-state

| government_type = [[Constitutional republic]]

| status_text = [[Protectorate]] of [[Austrian Empire|Austria]], [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], and [[Russian Empire|Russia]]|

| p1 = Duchy of Warsaw

| flag_p1s1 = FlagGrand ofDuchy Polandof (1807–1815).svgKraków

| s1s2 = Grand Duchy = Kingdom of KrakówGalicia and Lodomeria

| flag_s1 year_start = Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg|1815

| s2date_start = Kingdom of Galicia= and3 LodomeriaMay

| year_startevent1 = 1815[[November Uprising]]

| date_startdate_event1 = 29 November = 3 May1830

| event_start year_end = [[Congress of Vienna|Established]]1846

| event1 date_end = [[16 November Uprising]]

| date_event1 event_end = 29 November[[Kraków 1830Uprising]]|

| year_endtitle_leader = [[President of the = 1846Senate]]

| date_endleader1 = 16{{ill|Stanisław NovemberWodzicki|pl}}

| event_end year_leader1 = [[Kraków Uprising]]|1815–1831

| title_leaderlegislature = [[PresidentAssembly of theRepresentatives Senate(Kraków)]]

| legislatureflag = AssemblySymbols of Representatives (Kraków)|

| image_flagimage_coat = Coat of =arms of the Free FlagCity of KrakowCracow.svg

| flag coa_size = Symbols of Kraków95px

| image_coatsymbol = Herb= wolnegoSymbols miastaof krakowa.jpgKraków

| symbol image_map = SymbolsFree City of Kraków 1815.svg

| image_map image_map2 = FreeRzeczpospolita CityKrakowska of1815 Kraków 1815EN.svgpng

| common_languagescapital = [[Polish languageKraków|PolishCracow]] (officialKraków), [[Yiddish]], [[German language|German]]

| religion currency = [[Roman Catholic Church{{plainlist|Roman Catholic]], [[Judaism]]

| today = [[Poland]]

The '''Free, Independent, and Strictly Neutral City of KrokówCracow with its Territory''',{{efn|[[Polish language|Polish]]: ''Wolne, Niepodległe i Ściśle Neutralne Miasto Kraków z Okręgiem''}}{{Efn|The [[Polish language|Polish]] variant of name Kraków is occasionally retroactively applied in English to the historical Free City.|name=|group=}} more commonly known as the '''Free City of KrakówCracow''',{{efn|[[Polish language|Polish]]: ''Wolne Miasto Kraków''; [[German language|German]]: ''Freie Stadt Krakau''}} and the '''Republic of KrakówCracow''',{{efn|[[Polish language|Polish]]: ''Rzeczpospolita Krakowska''; {{lang-de|Republik Krakau}}}}, was a [[city-state|city republic]] created by the [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1815, which included the Polish city of [[KrakówCracow]] and its surrounding areas.

It was [[Condominium (international law)|jointly controlled]] by its three neighbours ([[Russian Empire|Russia]], [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], and [[Austrian Empire|Austria]]), and was a centre of agitation for an independent Poland. In 1846, in the aftermath of the unsuccessful [[Kraków Uprising]], the Free City of KrakówCracow was annexed by the Austrian Empire.{{sfn|Degan|1997|p=378}} It was a remnant of the [[Duchy of Warsaw]], which was [[Partitions of Poland|partitioned]] betweenamong the three states after the [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1815.

The Free City of KrakówCracow was an overwhelmingly Polish-speaking city-state; of its population 85% were Catholics, 14% were Jews, while other religions comprised less than 1%. The city of KrakówCracow itself had a Jewish population reaching nearly 40%, while the rest were almost exclusively Polish-speaking Catholics.<ref name="censuses">''Censuses of the Austro-Hungarian Statistical Central Commission'', cited in Anson Rabinbach, ''The Migration of Galician Jews to Vienna.'' Austrian History Yearbook, Volume XI, Berghahn Books/Rice University Press, Houston 1975, p. 46/47 (table III)</ref>

During the [[November Uprising]] of 1830–311830–1831, Kraków was a base for the smuggling of armsweapons into the Russian-controlled [[Congress Poland|Kingdom of Poland]]. After the end of the uprising the autonomy of the Free City was severely restricted. The police were controlled by Austria and the election of the president had to be approved by all three powers. KrakówCracow was subsequently occupied by the Austrian army from 1836 to 1841. After the unsuccessful [[Kraków Uprising|Kraków uprising]] of 1846, the Free City was annexed by Austria on 16 November 1846 as the [[Grand Duchy of Kraków]].

File:Józef Brodowski 001.JPG|Granting of the constitution of the Free City of Kraków, 1815-18181815–1818. (Painting from the mid-19th century).

File:Rabacja galicyjska.JPG|[[Galician slaughter]] (''Polish'' "Rzeź galicyjska") by [[Jan Lewicki]] (1795-18711795–1871).

The Free City of KrakówCracow was created from the southwest part of the [[Duchy of WarszawaWarsaw]] (part of the former [[Kraków Department]] on the left bank of the [[Vistula]] river). TheAt territoryis ofsmallest, the city wasencompassed atan area of its1164 leastto 1164–12341234&nbsp;km²² (sources vary). It bordered the [[Russian Empire]], the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] and the [[Austrian Empire]]. It comprised the city of Kraków and its environs; the other settlements in the area administered by the Free City included 224 villages and three towns ([[Chrzanów]], [[Trzebinia]] and [[Nowa Góra, Lesser Poland Voivodeship|Nowa Góra]]).

In 1833, in the aftermath of the [[November Uprising]] and the foiled plan by some Polish activists to start an uprising in KrakówCracow, the partitioning powers issued a new, much more restrictive constitution: the number of senators and deputies was lowered and their competences limited, while the commissars of the partitioning powers had their competences expanded. [[Freedom of the press]] was also curtailed. In 1835 a secret treaty between the three partitioning powers presented a plan in which in case of additional Polish unrest, Austria was given the right to occupy and annex the city. That would take place after the [[Kraków Uprising]] of 1846.

The Free City of KrakówCracow was the first purely [[republic]]an government in the [[history of Poland]].

*{{Citation |last=Degan |first=Vladimir Đuro |year=1997 |title=Developments in International Law: Sources of Internat'l |volume=27 |series=Developments in International Law Series |edition=illustrated |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |isbn=9789041104212 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=K0pTp1qCc9UC&pg=PA378#v=onepage&q&f=false 378]}}

{{Wikisource|Final Act of the Congress of Vienna/Constitution of the Free City of KrakówCracow|Constitution of the Free City of Kraków (3 May 1815)}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:KrakówCracow, Free City of}}

[[Category:19th century in Poland|Free City of Kraków]]

[[Category:History of Kraków|Free City of KrakówCracow]]

[[Category:FormerFree SlavicCity of Kraków| countries]]