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I undid this revision again. I checked the reference you provided. It does not even MENTION Mayan languages. It doesn't even have any author attribution. It is utterly irrelevant to the topic of this page and attempts to inject pseudo-scientific fiction into the discussion of Mayan languages. Please stop vandalizing the page. |
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{{featured article}}
<!--Spelling conventions:
- This article uses the ALMG orthographies for the Mayan languages of Guatemala, and the Mexican languages Chʼol, Wastek and Tojolabʼal. Traditional Spanish spellings are used for Tzotzil, Tzeltal, Lacandón and Chicomuceltec. The Cordemex orthography is used for the Yucatec language. For Classical CHiché the traditional
– For the names of language groups in the genealogical classification the following spellings are used: Chʼolan, Qʼanjobalan, Quichean, Yucatecan and Huastecan.-->
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|iso5=myn
|map=Distribution-myn2.png
|mapcaption=Location of Mayan speaking populations. See [[#Distribution|below]] for a detailed map of the different languages.{{imagefact|date=December 2022}}
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{{Maya civilization}}
The '''Mayan languages'''<ref group=notes>In [[linguistics]], it is conventional to use ''Mayan'' when referring to the languages, or an aspect of a language. In other academic fields, ''Maya'' is the preferred usage, serving as both a singular and plural [[noun]], and as the [[adjective|adjectival]] form.</ref> form a [[language family]] spoken in [[Mesoamerica]], both in the south of Mexico and northern [[Central America]]. Mayan languages are spoken by at least
The Mayan language family is one of the best-documented and most studied in the [[Americas]].<ref name="Campbell 1997, p.165">{{harvtxt|Campbell |1997|p=165}}</ref> Modern Mayan languages descend from the [[Proto-Mayan language]], thought to have been spoken at least 5,000 years ago; it has been partially [[historical linguistics|reconstructed]] using the [[comparative method (linguistics)|comparative method]]. The proto-Mayan language diversified into at least six different branches: the [[Huastecan languages|Huastecan]], [[Kʼicheʼ language|Quichean]], [[Yucatecan languages|Yucatecan]], [[Qʼanjobʼal language|Qanjobalan]], [[Mamean languages|Mamean]] and [[Chʼolan languages|Chʼolan–Tzeltalan]] branches.
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===Colonial period===
During the Spanish colonization of Central America, all [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|indigenous]] languages were eclipsed by [[Spanish language|Spanish]], which became the new prestige language. The use of Mayan languages came to an end in many important domains of society, including administration, religion and literature
===Modern period===
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===Subdivisions===
The Mayan family consists of thirty languages. Typically, these languages are grouped into
The Mayan language family is extremely well documented, and its internal genealogical classification scheme is widely accepted and established, except for some minor unresolved differences.{{sfn|Law|2013}}
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==Distribution==
{{see also|List of Mayan languages}}{{Multiple image
| align =
| direction = vertical
| total_width = 300
| image1 = Mayan languages map.svg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Present geographic distribution of Mayan languages in Mexico and Central America
| image2 = Mayan Language Map.png
| caption2 = Map of Mayan language communities—font size indicates relative size of speaker population. (Yucatec and Kʼicheʼ with 900,000 and 400,000 speakers respectively; 100,000–500,000 speakers; 10,000–100,000 speakers; and under 10,000 speakers.){{imagefact|date=December 2022}}
}}
Studies estimate that Mayan languages are spoken by more than
===Western branch===
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===Yucatecan branch===
[[File:Map-Maya in Mexico.svg|thumb|The area where Yucatec Maya is spoken in the peninsula of Yucatán{{imagefact|date=December 2022}}]]
[[Yucatec Maya language|Yucatec Maya]] (known simply as "Maya" to its speakers) is the most commonly spoken Mayan language in [[Mexico]]. It is currently spoken by approximately 800,000 people, the vast majority of whom are to be found on the [[Yucatán Peninsula]].<ref name="Gordon, Raymond G. 2005">Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.). Ethnologue, (2005).</ref><ref>
[http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mlen10&c=3337 Población hablante de lengua indígena de 5 y más años por principales lenguas, 1970 a 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825062559/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mlen10&c=3337 |date=2007-08-25 }} [[INEGI]]
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===Proto-Mayan sound system===
[[Proto-Mayan]] (the common ancestor of the Mayan languages as reconstructed using the [[comparative method]]) has a predominant CVC syllable structure, only allowing consonant clusters across syllable boundaries.{{sfn|Campbell|Kaufman|1985}}{{sfn|Campbell|2015}}<ref group=notes>Proto-Mayan allowed roots of the shape {{IPA|CVC, CVVC, CVhC, CVʔC}}, and {{IPA|CVSC}} (where {{IPA|S}} is {{IPA|/s/}}, {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, or {{IPA|/x/}})); see {{harvtxt|England|1994|pages=77}}</ref> Most Proto-Mayan roots were ''monosyllabic'' except for a few disyllabic nominal roots.
Due to subsequent vowel loss, many Mayan languages now show complex consonant clusters at both ends of syllables. Following the reconstruction of [[Lyle Campbell]] and [[Terrence Kaufman]], the Proto-Mayan language had the following sounds.{{sfn|Campbell|2015}} It has been suggested that proto-Mayan was a [[Tonal Language|tonal language]], based on the fact that four different contemporary Mayan languages have tone (Yucatec, Uspantek, San Bartolo Tzotzil<ref group=notes>{{harvtxt|Campbell|2015}} mistakenly writes Tzeltal for Tzotzil, {{harvtxt|Avelino|Shin|2011}} states that the reports of a fully developed tone contrast in San Bartolome Tzotzil are inaccurate</ref> and Mochoʼ), but since these languages each can be shown to have innovated tone in different ways, Campbell considers this unlikely.{{sfn|Campbell|2015}}
{| align="center" class="wikitable" style="float: none; text-align: center"
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A number of [[loanword]]s of Mayan or potentially Mayan origins are found in many other languages, principally [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[English language|English]], and some neighboring [[Mesoamerican languages]]. In addition, Mayan languages borrowed words, especially from Spanish.<ref name=Hofling2011>{{cite book|last=Hofling|first=Charles Andrew|title=Mopan Maya-Spanish-English Dictionary|year=2011|publisher=University of Utah Press|location=Salt Lake City, Utah|isbn=978-1607810292|page=6}}</ref>
A Mayan loanword is ''[[cigar]]''. The Mayan word for "tobacco" is {{lang|myn|sic}}
The English word "[[hurricane]]", which is a borrowing from the Spanish word {{lang|es|huracán}} is considered to be related to the name of Maya storm deity [[Huracan|Jun Raqan]]. However, it is probable that the word passed into European languages from a [[Cariban languages|Cariban language]] or [[Taíno language|Taíno]].<ref>Read & González (2000), p.200</ref>
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==Writing systems==
[[File:Dresden codex, page 2.jpg|thumb|left|[[Yucatec Maya language|Yucatec Maya writing]] in the ''[[Dresden Codex]]'', ca. 11–12th century, [[Chichen Itza]]]]
[[File:Dresden Codex p09.jpg|thumb|upright=0.68|right|Page 9 of the ''[[Dresden Codex]]'' showing the classic Maya language written in [[Maya script|Mayan hieroglyphs]] (from the 1880 Förstermann edition)]] The complex script used to write Mayan languages in pre-Columbian times and known today from engravings at several Maya archaeological sites has been deciphered almost completely. The script is a mix between a logographic and a syllabic system.<ref name="Kettunen & Helmke 2020, p. 8">{{harvtxt|Kettunen|Helmke|2020|page=8}}</ref>
In colonial times Mayan languages came to be written in a script derived from the Latin alphabet; orthographies were developed mostly by missionary grammarians.{{sfn|Suárez|1983|p=5}} Not all modern Mayan languages have standardized orthographies, but the Mayan languages of Guatemala use a standardized, Latin-based phonemic spelling system developed by the [[Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala]] (ALMG).<ref name=French/><ref name=England2007/> Orthographies for the languages of Mexico are currently being developed by the [[Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas]] (INALI).{{sfn|Campbell|2015}}{{sfn|Maxwell|2011}}
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{{Main|Maya script}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Balam_1.svg
| width1 = 100
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Balam_2.svg
| width2 = 135
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = Two different ways of writing the word ''bʼalam'' "jaguar" in the Maya script. First as logogram representing the entire word with the single glyph <small>BʼALAM</small>, then phonetically using the three syllable signs ''bʼa'', ''la'', and ''ma''.
}}
{{multiple image
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===Colonial orthography===
{{Redirect|ꜩ|the cryptocurrency with ꜩ as its symbol|Tezos}}
{{anchor|Parra letter}}
Colonial orthography is marked by the use of ''c'' for /k/ (always hard, as in ''cic'' /kiik/), ''k'' for /q/ in Guatemala or for /kʼ/ in the Yucatán, ''h'' for /x/, and ''tz'' for /ts/; the absence of glottal stop or vowel length (apart sometimes for a double vowel letter for a long glottalized vowel, as in ''uuc'' /uʼuk/), the use of ''u'' for /w/, as in ''uac'' /wak/, and the variable use of ''z, ç, s'' for /s/. The greatest difference from modern orthography, however, is in the various attempts to transcribe the ejective consonants.<ref name=Missionary/>
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==Literature==
{{main|Mesoamerican literature}}
[[File:Španjolski, majanski i engleski.jpg|thumb|Trilingual text in [[Calakmul]]: Spanish, Yucatec Maya and English]]
From the classic language to the present day, a body of literature has been written in Mayan languages. The earliest texts to have been preserved are largely monumental inscriptions documenting rulership, succession, and ascension, conquest and calendrical and astronomical events. It is likely that other kinds of literature were written in perishable media such as [[Mayan codices|codices]] made of [[amate|bark]], only four of which have survived the ravages of time and the campaign of destruction by Spanish missionaries.{{sfn|Coe|1987|p=161}}
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* {{Cite book |last=Fabri|first=Antonella |year=2003 |chapter=Genocide or Assimilation: Discourses of Women's Bodies, Health, and Nation in Guatemala|editor=Richard Harvey Brown |title=The Politics of Selfhood: Bodies and Identities in Global Capitalism|publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]]|isbn=0-8166-3754-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Fernández de Miranda|first=María Teresa |year=1968 |chapter=Inventory of Classificatory Materials |pages=63–78 |title=Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 5: Linguistics |editor=Norman A. McQuown (Volume ed.) |others=[[Robert Wauchope (archaeologist)|R. Wauchope]] (General Editor) |publisher=University of Texas Press |location=Austin |isbn=0-292-73665-7}}
*{{cite journal|last=French|first=Brigittine M.|title=The politics of Mayan linguistics in Guatemala: native speakers, expert analysts, and the nation.|journal=Pragmatics|volume=13|issue=4|year=2003|pages=483–498|doi=10.1075/prag.13.4.02fre|s2cid=145598734|
* {{cite book|last=Gossen|first=Gary|year=1985|chapter=Tzotzil Literature|title=Supplement to the Handbook of Middle American Indians, Volume 3|editor=Victoria Reifler Bricker|publisher=[[University of Texas Press]]|location=Austin|isbn=0-292-77593-8|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/supplementtohand00edmo|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/supplementtohand00edmo}}
* {{cite book |last1=Grenoble|first1=Lenore A. |last2=Whaley|first2=Lindsay J. |year=1998 |chapter=Preface |chapter-url=http://assets.cambridge.org/97805215/91027/frontmatter/9780521591027_frontmatter.pdf |chapter-format=[[PDF]]|pages=xi–xii|title=Endangered languages: Current issues and future prospects.|editor=Lenore A. Grenoble|editor2=Lindsay J. Whaley |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-59102-3}}
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*{{cite journal|last=Maxwell|first=Judith M. |title=Change in Literacy and Literature in Highland Guatemala, Precontact to Present|journal=Ethnohistory|volume=62|issue=3|year=2015|pages=553–572|doi=10.1215/00141801-2890234}}
*{{cite book|last=Maxwell|first=Judith M. |chapter=The path back to literacy|editor1=Smith, T. J.|editor2=Adams, A. E.|year=2011|title=After the Coup: An Ethnographic Reframing of Guatemala 1954|publisher=University of Illinois Press}}
*{{cite journal|last=Mora-Marín|first=David|year=2009|title=A Test and Falsification of the 'Classic Chʼoltiʼan' Hypothesis: A Study of Three Proto Chʼolan Markers|journal=International Journal of American Linguistics|volume=75|issue=2|pages=115–157|doi=10.1086/596592|s2cid=145216002
*{{cite journal|last=Mora-Marín|first=David|year=2016|title=Testing the Proto-Mayan-Mije-Sokean Hypothesis|journal=International Journal of American Linguistics|volume=82|issue=2|pages=125–180|doi=10.1086/685900|s2cid=147269181}}
* {{cite book |last=McQuown|first=Norman A. |year=1968 |chapter=Classical Yucatec (Maya) |pages=201–248 |title=Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 5: Linguistics |editor=Norman A. McQuown (Volume ed.) |others=[[Robert Wauchope (archaeologist)|R. Wauchope]] (General Editor) |publisher=University of Texas Press |location=Austin |isbn=0-292-73665-7}}
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* {{cite book |last=Suárez |first=Jorge A. |year=1983 |title=The Mesoamerican Indian Languages |series=Cambridge Language Surveys |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-22834-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/mesoamericanindi0009suar }}
* {{cite book |last=Tozzer|first=Alfred M. |author-link=Alfred Tozzer |year=1977 |orig-year=1921 |title=A Maya Grammar |edition=unabridged republication |publisher=[[Dover Publications]] |location=New York |isbn=0-486-23465-7}}
* {{cite journal|last=Wichmann|first=S.|year=2006|title=Mayan historical linguistics and epigraphy: a new synthesis|journal=Annual Review of Anthropology|volume=35|pages=279–294|doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.35.081705.123257|s2cid=18014314
*{{cite journal|last1=Wichmann|first1=Søren|first2=Cecil H. |last2=Brown|title=Contact among some Mayan languages: Inferences from loanwords. |journal=Anthropological Linguistics|year=2003|pages=57–93}}
*{{cite book|editor-last=Wichmann|editor-first=Søren|title=The linguistics of Maya writing|year=2004|publisher=Utah University Press}}
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{{Incubator|code=cak|language=Kaqchikel}}
*[http://www.almg.org.gt/ The Guatemalan Academy of Mayan Languages] – Spanish/Mayan site, the primary authority on Mayan Languages {{in lang|es}}
*[http://www.peabody.harvard.edu/node/24 Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions Program at the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927062939/http://www.peabody.harvard.edu/node/24 |date=2011-09-27 }}
*[http://www.hup.harvard.edu/results-list.php?collection=1210 Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions, Volumes 1–9. Published by the Peabody Museum Press and distributed by Harvard University Press]
*[http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists_for_Mayan_languages Swadesh lists for Mayan languages] (from Wiktionary's [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists Swadesh-list appendix])
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