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I undid this revision again. I checked the reference you provided. It does not even MENTION Mayan languages. It doesn't even have any author attribution. It is utterly irrelevant to the topic of this page and attempts to inject pseudo-scientific fiction into the discussion of Mayan languages. Please stop vandalizing the page. |
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{{featured article}}
<!--Spelling conventions:
- This article uses the ALMG orthographies for the Mayan languages of Guatemala, and the Mexican languages Chʼol, Wastek and Tojolabʼal. Traditional Spanish spellings are used for Tzotzil, Tzeltal, Lacandón and Chicomuceltec. The Cordemex orthography is used for the Yucatec language. For Classical CHiché the traditional
– For the names of language groups in the genealogical classification the following spellings are used: Chʼolan, Qʼanjobalan, Quichean, Yucatecan and Huastecan.-->
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===Proto-Mayan sound system===
[[Proto-Mayan]] (the common ancestor of the Mayan languages as reconstructed using the [[comparative method]]) has a predominant CVC syllable structure, only allowing consonant clusters across syllable boundaries.{{sfn|Campbell|Kaufman|1985}}{{sfn|Campbell|2015}}<ref group=notes>Proto-Mayan allowed roots of the shape {{IPA|CVC, CVVC, CVhC, CVʔC}}, and {{IPA|CVSC}} (where {{IPA|S}} is {{IPA|/s/}}, {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, or {{IPA|/x/}})); see {{harvtxt|England|1994|pages=77}}</ref> Most Proto-Mayan roots were ''monosyllabic'' except for a few disyllabic nominal roots.
Due to subsequent vowel loss, many Mayan languages now show complex consonant clusters at both ends of syllables. Following the reconstruction of [[Lyle Campbell]] and [[Terrence Kaufman]], the Proto-Mayan language had the following sounds.{{sfn|Campbell|2015}} It has been suggested that proto-Mayan was a [[Tonal Language|tonal language]], based on the fact that four different contemporary Mayan languages have tone (Yucatec, Uspantek, San Bartolo Tzotzil<ref group=notes>{{harvtxt|Campbell|2015}} mistakenly writes Tzeltal for Tzotzil, {{harvtxt|Avelino|Shin|2011}} states that the reports of a fully developed tone contrast in San Bartolome Tzotzil are inaccurate</ref> and Mochoʼ), but since these languages each can be shown to have innovated tone in different ways, Campbell considers this unlikely.{{sfn|Campbell|2015}}
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==Writing systems==
[[File:Dresden codex, page 2.jpg|thumb|left|[[Yucatec Maya language|Yucatec Maya writing]] in the ''[[Dresden Codex]]'', ca. 11–12th century, [[Chichen Itza]]]]
[[File:Dresden Codex p09.jpg|thumb|upright=0.68|right|Page 9 of the ''[[Dresden Codex]]'' showing the classic Maya language written in [[Maya script|Mayan hieroglyphs]] (from the 1880 Förstermann edition)]] The complex script used to write Mayan languages in pre-Columbian times and known today from engravings at several Maya archaeological sites has been deciphered almost completely. The script is a mix between a logographic and a syllabic system.<ref name="Kettunen & Helmke 2020, p. 8">{{harvtxt|Kettunen|Helmke|2020|page=8}}</ref>
In colonial times Mayan languages came to be written in a script derived from the Latin alphabet; orthographies were developed mostly by missionary grammarians.{{sfn|Suárez|1983|p=5}} Not all modern Mayan languages have standardized orthographies, but the Mayan languages of Guatemala use a standardized, Latin-based phonemic spelling system developed by the [[Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala]] (ALMG).<ref name=French/><ref name=England2007/> Orthographies for the languages of Mexico are currently being developed by the [[Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas]] (INALI).{{sfn|Campbell|2015}}{{sfn|Maxwell|2011}}
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==Literature==
{{main|Mesoamerican literature}}
[[File:Španjolski, majanski i engleski.jpg|thumb|Trilingual text in [[Calakmul]]: Spanish,
From the classic language to the present day, a body of literature has been written in Mayan languages. The earliest texts to have been preserved are largely monumental inscriptions documenting rulership, succession, and ascension, conquest and calendrical and astronomical events. It is likely that other kinds of literature were written in perishable media such as [[Mayan codices|codices]] made of [[amate|bark]], only four of which have survived the ravages of time and the campaign of destruction by Spanish missionaries.{{sfn|Coe|1987|p=161}}
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*{{cite journal|last=Maxwell|first=Judith M. |title=Change in Literacy and Literature in Highland Guatemala, Precontact to Present|journal=Ethnohistory|volume=62|issue=3|year=2015|pages=553–572|doi=10.1215/00141801-2890234}}
*{{cite book|last=Maxwell|first=Judith M. |chapter=The path back to literacy|editor1=Smith, T. J.|editor2=Adams, A. E.|year=2011|title=After the Coup: An Ethnographic Reframing of Guatemala 1954|publisher=University of Illinois Press}}
*{{cite journal|last=Mora-Marín|first=David|year=2009|title=A Test and Falsification of the 'Classic Chʼoltiʼan' Hypothesis: A Study of Three Proto Chʼolan Markers|journal=International Journal of American Linguistics|volume=75|issue=2|pages=115–157|doi=10.1086/596592|s2cid=145216002
*{{cite journal|last=Mora-Marín|first=David|year=2016|title=Testing the Proto-Mayan-Mije-Sokean Hypothesis|journal=International Journal of American Linguistics|volume=82|issue=2|pages=125–180|doi=10.1086/685900|s2cid=147269181}}
* {{cite book |last=McQuown|first=Norman A. |year=1968 |chapter=Classical Yucatec (Maya) |pages=201–248 |title=Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 5: Linguistics |editor=Norman A. McQuown (Volume ed.) |others=[[Robert Wauchope (archaeologist)|R. Wauchope]] (General Editor) |publisher=University of Texas Press |location=Austin |isbn=0-292-73665-7}}
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