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{{short description|Private university in New York City, New York, US}}▼
{{MOS|date=April 2024}}▼
▲{{short description|Private university in New York City, US}}
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{{non-free|date=April 2024}}
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{{Infobox university
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'''Columbia University''', officially '''Columbia University in the City of New York''',<ref name=macauhey-stand-columbia-177>{{citation|last=McCaughey|first=Robert A.|title=Stand, Columbia: A History of Columbia University in the City of New York,
Columbia was established as a [[Colonial colleges|colonial college]] by [[royal charter]] under [[George II of Great Britain]]. It was renamed [[Columbia College (New York)|Columbia College]] in 1784 following the [[American Revolution]], and in 1787 was placed under [[Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York|a private board of trustees]] headed by former students [[Alexander Hamilton]] and [[John Jay]]. In 1896, the campus was moved to its current location in [[Morningside Heights]] and renamed Columbia University.
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Columbia scientists and scholars have played a pivotal role in scientific breakthroughs including [[brain–computer interface]]; the [[laser]] and [[maser]];<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nykolaiszyn|first=J. M.|date=June 1, 2009|title=Curating Oral Histories: From Interview to Archive|journal=Oral History Review|volume=36|issue=2|pages=302–304|doi=10.1093/ohr/ohp054|issn=0094-0798|s2cid=161615270}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=Nick|title=Laser : the inventor, the Nobel laureate, and the thirty-year patent war|date=2000|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-0-684-83515-0|location=New York|oclc=44594104}}</ref> [[nuclear magnetic resonance]];<ref>{{Cite web|title=Isidor Isaac Rabi|url=https://www.aps.org/programs/outreach/history/historicsites/rabi.cfm|access-date=December 2, 2018|website=Aps.org|language=en|archive-date=December 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202202722/https://www.aps.org/programs/outreach/history/historicsites/rabi.cfm|url-status=live}}</ref> the first [[Nuclear reactor|nuclear pile]]; the first [[nuclear fission]] reaction in the [[Americas]]; the first evidence for [[plate tectonics]] and [[continental drift]];<ref>N. D. Opdyke, et al., "Paleomagnetic study of Antarctic deep-sea cores", Science 154(1966): 349–357.</ref><ref>Heirtzler, J. R., et al., "Marine magnetic anomalies, geomagnetic field reversals, and motions of the ocean floor and continents", ''Journal of Geophysical Research'', 73(1968): 2119–2136.</ref><ref>Pitman, W. and M. Talwani, "Sea-floor spreading in the North Atlantic", ''GSA Bulletin'', 83(1972): 619–646.</ref> and much of the initial research and planning for the [[Manhattan Project]] during [[World War II]].
{{as of|2021|December}}, its alumni, faculty, and staff have included seven of the [[Founding Fathers of the United States|Founding Fathers]] of the United States of America;{{refn|group=n|Founding Fathers include five alumni: [[Alexander Hamilton]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Alexander Hamilton|url=https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00cher|url-access=registration|last=Chernow|first=Ron|year=2004|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-1-59420-009-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00cher/page/51 51]}}<!--|access-date=April 14, 2011--></ref> [[John Jay]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/jay/biography.html|title=A Brief Biography of John Jay|publisher=Columbia University|year=2002|work=The Papers of John Jay|access-date=April 16, 2011|archive-date=November 27, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127234750/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/jay/biography.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Robert Livingston (1746–1813)|Robert R. Livingston]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Dangerfield|first=George|title=Chancellor Robert R. Livingston of New York, 1746–1813|url=https://archive.org/details/chancellorrobert00dang|url-access=registration|publisher=Harcourt, Brace and Co|location=New York, New York|year=1960}}</ref> [[Egbert Benson]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B000388|title=Egbert Benson|dictionary=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress|access-date=April 16, 2011|archive-date=May 14, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514001005/http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B000388|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Gouverneur Morris]].<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/RevWar/ss/morrisg.htm|chapter=Gouverneur Morris|publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]]|url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/RevWar/ss/ss-fm.htm|title=Soldier-Statesmen of the Constitution|first=Robert K Jr.|last=Wright|year=1987|access-date=April 13, 2011|id=CMH Pub 71-25|archive-date=October 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009074857/https://history.army.mil/books/RevWar/ss/ss-fm.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Additionally, Founding Fathers [[George Clinton (vice president)|George Clinton]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=From Alexander Hamilton to George Clinton, [26 November 1784–17 July 1787]|url=http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0103|access-date=June 18, 2021|publisher=Founders Online|archive-date=June 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630015513/https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0103|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[William Samuel Johnson]]<ref name=":12"/> served as [[President of Columbia University|presidents of the university]].}} [[List of presidents of the United States by education|four U.S. presidents]];{{refn|group=n|Three presidents have attended Columbia: [[Theodore Roosevelt]], [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], and [[Barack Obama]]. [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] served as the president of the university from 1948 to 1953.}} 34 foreign [[Head of state|heads of state or government]];{{refn|group=n|Alumni who served as foreign heads of state or government include: [[Muhammad Fadhel al-Jamali]] (Iraq, 1953–54),<ref>{{cite web|author=Muhammad Fadhel al-Jamali|title=Experiences In Arab Affairs|url=http://physics.harvard.edu/~wilson/Fadhel.html|access-date=April 18, 2011|publisher=Harvard University|archive-date=July 17, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717022602/http://www.physics.harvard.edu/%7Ewilson/Fadhel.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Kassim Rimawi|Kassim al-Rimawi]] (Jordan, 1980),<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ar:رئاسة الوزراء — دولة الدكتور قاسم الريماوي |title=Riasat al-Wuzara' — Dawlat al-Duktur Qasim al-Riymawi |trans-title=The
==History==
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[[File:Johnson2.JPG|thumb|[[Samuel Johnson (American educator)|Samuel Johnson]], the first [[List of presidents of Columbia University|president of Columbia]]]]
[[File:Columbia1790.jpg|thumb|King's College Hall in 1790]]
[[File:Columbia1797.jpg|thumb|The 1797 [[Cartography of New York City|Taylor Map]] of [[New York City]], showing "The
Discussions regarding the founding of a college in the [[Province of New York]] began as early as 1704, at which time [[Lewis Morris (governor)|Colonel Lewis Morris]] wrote to the [[United Society Partners in the Gospel|Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts]], the missionary arm of the [[Church of England]], persuading the society that [[New York City]] was an ideal community in which to establish a college.<ref name="McCaughey20032">{{cite book|last=McCaughey|first=Robert|title=Stand, Columbia : A History of Columbia University in the City of New York|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-231-13008-0|location=New York, New York|page=1}}<!--|access-date=April 11, 2011--></ref> However, it was not until the founding of the [[Princeton University|College of New Jersey]] (renamed [[Princeton University|Princeton]]) across the [[Hudson River]] in [[New Jersey]] that the City of New York seriously considered founding a college.<ref name="McCaughey20032" /> In 1746, an act was passed by the general assembly of New York to raise funds for the foundation of a new college. In 1751, the assembly appointed a commission of ten New York residents, seven of whom were members of the [[Church of England]], to direct the funds accrued by the [[state lottery]] towards the foundation of a college.<ref>{{cite book|last=Keppel|first=Fredrick Paul|url=https://archive.org/details/columbia01keppgoog|title=Columbia|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1914|location=Oxford, England|page=[https://archive.org/details/columbia01keppgoog/page/n49 26]}}</ref>
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During the late 20th century, the university underwent significant academic, structural, and administrative changes as it developed into a major research university. For much of the 19th century, the university consisted of decentralized and separate faculties specializing in Political Science, Philosophy, and Pure Science. In 1979, these faculties were merged into the [[Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences|Graduate School of Arts and Sciences]].<ref>{{cite web|title=GSAS at a Glance – Columbia University – Graduate School of Arts and Sciences|url=http://gsas.columbia.edu/content/gsas-glance|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310122351/http://gsas.columbia.edu/content/gsas-glance|archive-date=March 10, 2014|access-date=November 24, 2016}}</ref> In 1991, the faculties of Columbia College, the School of General Studies, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the [[Columbia University School of the Arts|School of the Arts]], and the [[Columbia University School of Professional Studies|School of Professional Studies]] were merged into the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, leading to the academic integration and centralized governance of these schools. In 2010, the [[Columbia University School of International and Public Affairs|School of International and Public Affairs]], which was previously a part of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, became an independent faculty.<ref>{{cite web|title=History – Faculty of Arts and Sciences|url=http://fas.columbia.edu/home/about-faculty-arts-and-sciences/history|access-date=November 24, 2016|website=Fas.columbia.edu|archive-date=December 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214215415/http://fas.columbia.edu/home/about-faculty-arts-and-sciences/history|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Campus==
===Morningside Heights===
[[File:
The majority of Columbia's graduate and undergraduate studies are conducted in the [[Upper Manhattan]] neighborhood of [[Morningside Heights, Manhattan|Morningside Heights]] on [[Seth Low]]'s late-19th century vision of a university campus where all disciplines could be taught at one location. The campus was designed along [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts]] planning principles by the architects [[McKim, Mead & White]]. Columbia's main campus occupies more than six [[city block]]s, or {{convert|32|acres|abbr=on}}, in [[Morningside Heights]], New York City, a neighborhood that contains a number of academic institutions. The university owns over 7,800 apartments in Morningside Heights, housing faculty, graduate students, and staff. Almost two dozen undergraduate dormitories (purpose-built or converted) are located on campus or in Morningside Heights. Columbia University has [[Columbia University tunnels|an extensive tunnel system]], more than a century old, with the oldest portions predating the present campus. Some of these remain accessible to the public, while others have been cordoned off.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Unearthing the Underground|url=http://features.columbiaspectator.com/eye/2016/04/13/unearthing-the-underground/|access-date=May 5, 2021|website=Columbia Spectator|language=en-US|archive-date=May 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505231254/http://features.columbiaspectator.com/eye/2016/04/13/unearthing-the-underground/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Butler_Library_-_1000px_-_AC.jpg|left|thumb|[[Butler Library]]]]
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A statue by sculptor [[Daniel Chester French]] called ''[[Alma Mater (New York sculpture)|Alma Mater]]'' is centered on the front steps of [[Low Memorial Library]]. McKim, Mead & White invited French to build the sculpture in order to harmonize with the larger composition of the court and library in the center of the campus. Draped in an academic gown, the female figure of Alma Mater wears a crown of laurels and sits on a throne. The scroll-like arms of the throne end in lamps, representing [[List of Latin phrases (S)|sapientia and doctrina]]. A book signifying knowledge, balances on her lap, and an owl, the attribute of wisdom, is hidden in the folds of her gown. Her right hand holds a scepter composed of four sprays of wheat, terminating with a crown of King's College which refers to Columbia's origin as a [[royal charter]] institution in 1754. A local actress named Mary Lawton was said to have posed for parts of the sculpture. The statue was dedicated on September 23, 1903, as a gift of Mr. & Mrs. Robert Goelet, and was originally covered in golden leaf. During the [[Columbia University protests of 1968]] a bomb damaged the sculpture, but it has since been repaired.<ref>{{cite web|author=Smithsonian American Art Museum's Inventories of American Painting and Sculpture|title=Alma Mater (sculpture)|url=http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?profile=all&source=~!siartinventories&uri=full=3100001~!20526~!0#focus|access-date=April 14, 2011|publisher=The Smithsonian Institution|archive-date=November 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122051823/https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?profile=all&source=~!siartinventories&uri=full=3100001~!20526~!0#focus|url-status=live}}</ref> The small hidden owl on the sculpture is also the subject of many Columbia legends, the main legend being that the first student in the freshmen class to find the hidden owl on the statue will be valedictorian, and that any subsequent Columbia male who finds it will marry a Barnard student, given that Barnard is a [[women's college]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Meredith Foster|date=February 11, 2011|title=The Myth of the College Sweetheart|url=http://eye.columbiaspectator.com/article/2011/02/10/myth-college-sweetheart|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307091227/http://eye.columbiaspectator.com/article/2011/02/10/myth-college-sweetheart|archive-date=March 7, 2011|access-date=April 14, 2011|work=The Eye|publisher=Columbia Spectator}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=May 19, 1999|title=What Is the Mace? A Guide to Columbia's Icons|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/newrec/2423/tmpl/story.4.html|access-date=April 16, 2011|publisher=Columbia University Record|archive-date=December 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216021347/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/newrec/2423/tmpl/story.4.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
"The Steps", alternatively known as "Low Steps" or the "Urban Beach", are a popular meeting area for Columbia students. The term refers to the long series of granite steps leading from the lower part of campus (South Field) to its upper terrace. With a design inspired by the [[City Beautiful movement]], the steps of Low Library provides Columbia University and Barnard College students, faculty, and staff with a comfortable outdoor platform and space for informal gatherings, events, and ceremonies. McKim's classical facade epitomizes late 19th-century new-classical designs, with its columns and portico marking the entrance to an important structure.<ref>{{cite web|author=Richard P. Dober|title=The Steps at Low Library|url=http://dlmplanners.org/notes/pdf/The%20Steps%20at%20Low%20Library.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814190951/http://dlmplanners.org/notes/pdf/The%20Steps%20at%20Low%20Library.pdf|archive-date=August 14, 2011|access-date=April 11, 2011|publisher=Dober, Lidsky, Craig and Associates, Inc.}}</ref>
{{wide image|Columbia pano.jpg|1200px|Panoramic view of the Morningside Heights campus as seen from Butler Library and facing Low Memorial Library ===Other campuses===
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|url-status=live
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{{cite web
|url=http://undergrad.admissions.columbia.edu/classprofile/2020
|title=Common Data Set 2015–2016
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=== Organization ===
{| class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; font-size:90%; line-height:1.4em; width:300px"
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |Columbia Graduate/Professional Schools<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=
|-
|'''College/school'''
|'''Year founded'''
|-
|[[Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons|Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons]]
|1767
|-
|[[Columbia University College of Dental Medicine|College of Dental Medicine]]
|1916
|-
|[[Columbia Law School]]
|1858
|-
|[[
|1864
|-
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|1880
|-
|[[Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation|Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation]]
|1881
|-
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|1916
|-
|[[Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health|Mailman School of Public Health]]
|1922
|-
|[[Union Theological Seminary]] {{small|(affiliate)}}
|[[School of International and Public Affairs]]▼
|1836, affiliate since 1928
|-
▲|[[School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University|School of International and Public Affairs]]
|1946
|-
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|-
|[[Columbia Climate School]]
|2020
|}
{| class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; font-size:90%; line-height:1.4em; width:300px"
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|'''Year founded'''
|-
|[[Columbia College,
|1754
|-
|[[
|1864
|-
|[[Barnard College]] {{small|(affiliate)}}
|1889
|-
|[[Jewish Theological Seminary of America]] {{small|(affiliate)}}
|1886
|-
|[[Columbia University School of General Studies]]
|1947
|}
Columbia University is an independent, privately supported, nonsectarian and [[not-for-profit]] institution of higher education.<ref>[https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/135598093 "Columbia University In The City Of New York"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228202119/https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/135598093 |date=February 28, 2024 }} ''ProPublica''. Retrieved February 28, 2024.</ref> Its official corporate name is "[[Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York|The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York]]". The university's first charter was granted in 1754 by King George II; however, its modern charter was first enacted in 1787 and last amended in 1810 by the New York State Legislature. The university is governed by 24 trustees, customarily including the president, who serves ''[[Ex officio member|ex officio]]''. The trustees themselves are responsible for choosing their successors. Six of the 24 are nominated from a pool of candidates recommended by the Columbia Alumni Association. Another six are nominated by the board in consultation with the executive committee of the University Senate. The remaining 12, including the president, are nominated by the trustees themselves through their internal processes. The term of office for trustees is six years. Generally, they serve for no more than two consecutive terms. The trustees appoint the president and other senior administrative officers of the university, and review and confirm faculty appointments as required. They determine the university's financial and investment policies, authorize the budget, supervise the endowment, direct the management of the university's real estate and other assets, and otherwise oversee the administration and management of the university.<ref name="Columbia.edu2">{{cite web|title=Board of Trustees, Office of the Secretary|url=
[[File:Columbia University (52009406881).jpg|left|thumb|Low Memorial Library]]
The University Senate was established by the trustees after a university-wide referendum in 1969. It succeeded to the powers of the University Council, which was created in 1890 as a body of faculty, deans, and other administrators to regulate inter-Faculty affairs and consider issues of university-wide concern. The University Senate is a unicameral body consisting of 107 members drawn from all constituencies of the university. These include the president of the university, the provost, the deans of Columbia College and the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, all of whom serve ''ex officio'', and five additional representatives, appointed by the president, from the university's administration. The president serves as the Senate's presiding officer. The Senate is charged with reviewing the educational policies, physical development, budget, and external relations of the university. It oversees the welfare and academic freedom of the faculty and the welfare of students.<ref>{{cite web|title=Columbia University Senate|url=http://senate.columbia.edu/|access-date=April 17, 2011|publisher=Columbia University|archive-date=October 14, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014113501/http://senate.columbia.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="senate.columbia.edu2">{{cite web|date=2017|title=Election packet|url=http://senate.columbia.edu/|format=PDF|access-date=August 5, 2015|archive-date=August 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809223936/http://senate.columbia.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB2">{{cite web|title=Elections|url=http://senate.columbia.edu/topbar_pages/elections.html|website=Senate.columbia.edu|access-date=September 7, 2017|archive-date=February 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227162639/http://senate.columbia.edu/topbar_pages/elections.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The [[List of presidents of Columbia University|president of Columbia University]], who is selected by the trustees in consultation with the executive committee of the University Senate and who serves at the trustees' pleasure, is the chief executive officer of the university. Assisting the president in administering the university are the provost, the senior executive vice president, the executive vice president for health and biomedical sciences, several other vice presidents, the general counsel, the secretary of the university, and the deans of the faculties, all of whom are appointed by the trustees on the nomination of the president and serve at their pleasure.<ref name="Columbia.edu2" /> [[Minouche Shafik]] became the 20th president of Columbia University on July 1, 2023.
[[File:Barnard College, June 4, 1913 (LOC).jpg|thumb|The [[Barnard College]] Class of 1913 processes down the steps of Low Library.]]
Columbia has four official undergraduate colleges: [[Columbia College of Columbia University|Columbia College]], the liberal arts college offering the Bachelor of Arts degree; the [[Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science|Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science]] (also known as SEAS or Columbia Engineering), the engineering and applied science school offering the Bachelor of Science degree; the [[Columbia University School of General Studies|School of General Studies]], the liberal arts college offering the Bachelor of Arts degree to non-traditional students undertaking full- or part-time study; and [[Barnard College]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of Schools {{!}} Columbia University in the City of New York|url=https://www.columbia.edu/content/academics/schools|access-date=October 25, 2021|website=www.columbia.edu|archive-date=October 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017065128/https://www.columbia.edu/content/academics/schools|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Schools of Columbia University|url=http://www.columbia.edu/content/academics.html|access-date=April 17, 2011|publisher=Columbia University|archive-date=April 12, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412041309/http://www.columbia.edu/content/academics.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Barnard College]] is a women's liberal arts college and an academic affiliate in which students receive a Bachelor of Arts degree from Columbia University. Their degrees are signed by the presidents of Columbia University and Barnard College.<ref>{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions – Barnard College|url=https://barnard.edu/frequently-asked-questions-8|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225231547/https://barnard.edu/frequently-asked-questions-8|archive-date=February 25, 2019|access-date=March 23, 2019|website=Barnard.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CHARTERS AND STATUTES : Columbia University in the City of New York|url=https://provost.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/content/Faculty%20Affairs/Charters%20and%20Statutes%20September%202016.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621075108/https://provost.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/content/Faculty%20Affairs/Charters%20and%20Statutes%20September%202016.pdf |archive-date=June 21, 2018 |url-status=live|access-date=March 23, 2019|website=Provost.columbia.edu}}</ref> Barnard students are also eligible to cross-register classes that are available through the Barnard Catalogue and alumnae can join the Columbia Alumni Association.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cross-Registration: Columbia and Barnard College – Office of the University Registrar|url=https://registrar.columbia.edu/cross-registration-columbia-and-barnard-college|access-date=March 23, 2019|website=Registrar.columbia.edu|archive-date=December 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222041541/https://registrar.columbia.edu/cross-registration-columbia-and-barnard-college|url-status=live}}</ref>
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==Student life==
{| class="wikitable floatright sortable collapsible"; text-align:right; font-size:80%;"
|+ style="font-size:90%" |Student body composition as of May 2, 2022
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Columbia University is home to many [[Fraternities and sororities in North America|fraternities, sororities]], and co-educational Greek organizations. Approximately 10–15% of undergraduate students are associated with Greek life.<ref>[http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/admissions/faq/campus.php#4 Office of Undergraduate Admissions site about Campus Life] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419140748/http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/admissions/faq/campus.php#4 |date=April 19, 2012 }}. Retrieved September 12, 2007.</ref> Many Barnard women also join Columbia sororities. There has been a Greek presence on campus since the establishment in 1836 of the Delta chapter of [[Alpha Delta Phi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Alpha Delta Phi Society: About Us|url=http://www.adpscolumbia.org/home.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207180508/http://www.adpscolumbia.org/home.php|archive-date=February 7, 2011|access-date=April 11, 2011}}</ref> The InterGreek Council is the self-governing student organization that provides guidelines and support to its member organizations within each of the three councils at Columbia, the Interfraternity Council, Panhellenic Council, and Multicultural Greek Council. The three council presidents bring their affiliated chapters together once a month to meet as one Greek community. The InterGreek Council meetings provide opportunity for member organizations to learn from each other, work together and advocate for community needs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fraternity and Sorority Life at Columbia|url=http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/resprograms/fraternity_sorority/council/|access-date=April 17, 2011|publisher=Columbia University|archive-date=June 23, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623115419/http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/resprograms/fraternity_sorority/council|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Spec1962.jpg|thumb|Copies of the ''[[Columbia Daily Spectator]]'' being sold during the [[1962–63 New York City newspaper strike]]]]
[[File:JesterCoverGWBridge.jpg|thumb|The [[Art Deco]] cover of the November 1931 edition of the [[Jester of Columbia|''Jester'']], celebrating the opening of the [[George Washington Bridge]]]]
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Founded in 1961 under the auspices of Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism, the ''[[Columbia Journalism Review]]'' (CJR) examines day-to-day press performance as well as the forces that affect that performance. The magazine is published six times a year.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=About Us: Mission Statement|url=https://www.cjr.org/index.php|magazine=[[Columbia Journalism Review]]|access-date=April 16, 2011|archive-date=May 14, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514055343/http://www.cjr.org/index.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
Former publications include the ''Columbia University Forum'', a review of literature and cultural affairs distributed for free to alumni.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Miller |title=Pure and Simple Pleasure |journal=The American Scholar |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=698–702 |date=1968 |issn=0003-0937 |jstor=41209618 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Coleman |first1=Alexander |title=Rev. of The Columbia University Forum Anthology |work=[[The New York Times]] |page=87 |date=1968-06-30 |url=https://nyti.ms/40yP1S4 |language=en |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
Columbia is home to two pioneers in undergraduate [[campus radio]] broadcasting, [[WKCR-FM]] and CTV. Many undergraduates are also involved with Barnard's radio station, [[WBAR (Barnard College)|WBAR]]. WKCR, the student run radio station that broadcasts to the Tri-state area, claims to be the oldest FM radio station in the world, owing to the university's affiliation with [[Edwin Howard Armstrong|Major Edwin Armstrong]]. The station went operational on July 18, 1939, from a 400-foot antenna tower in Alpine, New Jersey, broadcasting the first FM transmission in the world. Initially, WKCR was not a radio station, but an organization concerned with the technology of radio communications. As membership grew, however, the nascent club turned its efforts to broadcasting. Armstrong helped the students in their early efforts, donating a microphone and turntables when they designed their first makeshift studio in a dorm room.<ref>{{cite web|year=2009|title="The Original FM": The Columbia University Radio Club|url=http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/wkcr/history|access-date=January 12, 2013|publisher=Columbia University|archive-date=February 26, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226180937/http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/wkcr/history|url-status=live}}</ref> The station has its studios on the second floor of Alfred Lerner Hall on the Morningside campus with its main transmitter tower at [[4 Times Square]] in [[Midtown Manhattan]]. Columbia Television (CTV) is the nation's second oldest [[student television station]] and the home of CTV News, a weekly live news program produced by undergraduate students.<ref>{{cite web|title=CTV News|url=http://www.ctvnewsonline.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061104113018/http://www.ctvnewsonline.com/|archive-date=November 4, 2006|access-date=August 10, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CTV|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ctv|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820181902/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ctv/|archive-date=August 20, 2006|access-date=August 10, 2006}}</ref>
The [[Philolexian Society]] is a literary and debating club founded in 1802, making it the oldest student group at Columbia, as well as the third oldest collegiate literary society in the country.<ref>{{cite web|date=February 1, 2010|title=History|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/philo/history/|access-date=April 11, 2011|publisher=Philolexian Society|archive-date=February 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205032007/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/philo/History/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The society annually administers the [[Joyce Kilmer Memorial Bad Poetry Contest]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Jaynes, Gregory|date=December 5, 1987|title=No, Not a Curse But a Jersey Prize For Worst Verse|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/05/nyregion/about-new-york-no-not-a-curse-but-a-jersey-prize-for-worst-verse.html|access-date=April 16, 2011|archive-date=November 3, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103222446/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/05/nyregion/about-new-york-no-not-a-curse-but-a-jersey-prize-for-worst-verse.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Columbia Parliamentary Debate Team competes in tournaments around the country as part of the [[American Parliamentary Debate Association]], and hosts both high school and college tournaments on Columbia's campus, as well as public debates on issues affecting the university.<ref>{{cite web|title=Columbia Parliamentary Debate Team|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/debate|access-date=August 10, 2006|archive-date=January 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115065955/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/debate/|url-status=live}}</ref>
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===World Leaders Forum===
[[File:Uniwersytet_Columbia.jpg|left|thumb|World Leaders Forum at [[Low Memorial Library]]]]
Established in 2003 by university president [[Lee C. Bollinger]], the World Leaders Forum at Columbia University provides the opportunity for
Past forum speakers include former president of the United States [[Bill Clinton]], the prime minister of India [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], former president of Ghana [[John Agyekum Kufuor]], president of Afghanistan [[Hamid Karzai]], prime minister of Russia [[Vladimir Putin]], president of the Republic of Mozambique [[Joaquim Alberto Chissano]], president of the Republic of Bolivia [[Carlos Diego Mesa Gisbert]], president of the Republic of Romania [[Ion Iliescu]], president of the Republic of Latvia [[Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga]], the first female president of Finland [[Tarja Halonen]], President [[Yudhoyono]] of Indonesia, President [[Pervez Musharraf]] of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, Iraq President [[Jalal Talabani]], the [[14th Dalai Lama]], president of the Islamic Republic of Iran [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]], financier [[George Soros]], Mayor of New York City [[Michael R. Bloomberg]], President [[Václav Klaus]] of the Czech Republic, President [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]] of Argentina, former Secretary-General of the United Nations [[Kofi Annan]], and [[Al Gore]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Participants
===Other===
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In a 2016 ranking of universities worldwide with respect to living graduates who are billionaires, Columbia ranked second, after Harvard.<ref>{{cite news|date=November 29, 2016|title=The Universities Churning Out The Most Billionaires|work=Forbes|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2016/11/29/the-universities-churning-out-the-most-billionaires-infographic/#6ca1ff5d6613|access-date=November 19, 2017|archive-date=December 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201044334/https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2016/11/29/the-universities-churning-out-the-most-billionaires-infographic/#6ca1ff5d6613|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Marie Thibault2">{{cite news|author=Marie Thibault|title=In Pictures: Billionaire University|work=Forbes|url=https://www.forbes.com/2010/08/11/harvard-stanford-columbia-business-billionaires-universities_slide_4.html|access-date=April 12, 2011|archive-date=August 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801075748/https://www.forbes.com/2010/08/11/harvard-stanford-columbia-business-billionaires-universities_slide_4.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Former U.S. Presidents [[Theodore Roosevelt]] and [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] attended the law school. Other political figures educated at Columbia include former U.S. President [[Barack Obama]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Columbia News Announcement|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/08/11/obama.html|access-date=April 16, 2011|publisher=Columbia.edu|archive-date=May 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502135302/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/08/11/obama.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court [[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]],<ref>{{cite web|date=March 7, 2006|title=Tribute: The Legacy of Ruth Bader Ginsburg and WRP Staff|url=https://www.aclu.org/womens-rights/tribute-legacy-ruth-bader-ginsburg-and-wrp-staff|access-date=April 16, 2011|publisher=American Civil Liberties Union|archive-date=March 19, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319024236/http://www.aclu.org/womens-rights/tribute-legacy-ruth-bader-ginsburg-and-wrp-staff|url-status=live}}</ref> former U.S. Secretary of State [[Madeleine Albright]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Albright|first=Madeleine|url=https://archive.org/details/madamsecretary00albr_0|title=Madam Secretary: A Memoir|publisher=Miramax|year=2003|isbn=978-0-7868-6843-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/madamsecretary00albr_0/page/71 71]|url-access=registration}}<!--| access-date=April 16, 2011--></ref> former chairman of the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank [[Alan Greenspan]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Martin|first=Justin|title=Greenspan: The Man behind Money|date=October 15, 2009|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-7382-0275-4|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|pages=27–31}}<!--| access-date= April 16, 2011--></ref> U.S. Attorney General [[Eric Holder]], and U.S. Solicitor General [[Donald Verrilli Jr.]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Tucker-Hamilton|first=Racine|author2=Hickey, Matthew|date=December 17, 2004|title=Interview with Eric H. Holder, Jr.|work=Oral history project|publisher=The History Makers|format=Interview|url=http://www.thehistorymakers.com/programs/dvl/files/Holder_Ericf.html|url-status=dead|access-date=November 18, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221232555/http://www.thehistorymakers.com/programs/dvl/files/Holder_Ericf.html|archive-date=December 21, 2008}}</ref> The university has also educated 29 foreign [[Head of state|heads of state]], including president of Georgia [[Mikheil Saakashvili]], president of East Timor [[
Alumni of Columbia have occupied top positions in Wall Street and the rest of the business world. Notable members of the [[Astor family]]<ref>{{cite news|date=August 24, 1890|title=Letters To The Editor; The Interesting Career Of John Jacob Astor Ii. A Man Of Broad And Generous Sympathies Who Appreciated The Responsibilities Of Wealth|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1890/08/24/archives/letters-to-the-editor-the-interesting-career-of-john-jacob-astor-ii.html|access-date=April 14, 2011|archive-date=June 17, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617065754/https://www.nytimes.com/1890/08/24/archives/letters-to-the-editor-the-interesting-career-of-john-jacob-astor-ii.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Reynolds|first=Cuyler|url=https://archive.org/details/genealogicalfami00reyn|title=Genealogical and family history of southern New York and the Hudson River Valley|publisher=Lewis Historical Pub. Co.|year=1914|page=[https://archive.org/details/genealogicalfami00reyn/page/1263 1263]|quote=William Waldorf Astor columbia law school.|access-date=April 16, 2011}}</ref> attended Columbia, while other business graduates include investor [[Warren Buffett]],<ref>{{cite news|date=March 1, 2011|title=World's Billionaires: Warren Buffett|work=[[Forbes]]|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/warren-buffett|access-date=April 12, 2011|archive-date=January 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105085138/https://www.forbes.com/profile/warren-buffett/|url-status=live}}</ref> former CEO of PBS and NBC [[Lawrence K.
In science and technology, Columbia alumni include: founder of [[IBM]] [[Herman Hollerith]];<ref>{{cite web|title=Herman Hollerith|url=http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/builders/builders_hollerith.html|access-date=April 11, 2011|publisher=IBM|archive-date=November 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101131919/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/builders/builders_hollerith.html|url-status=live}}</ref> inventor of [[FM broadcast|FM radio]] [[Edwin Armstrong]];<ref>{{cite web|author=Tsividis, Yannis|date=Spring 2002|title=Edwin Armstrong: Pioneer of the Airwaves|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/alumni/Magazine/Spring2002/Armstrong.html|access-date=April 15, 2011|work=Columbia Magazine|archive-date=November 6, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106173317/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/alumni/Magazine/Spring2002/Armstrong.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Francis Mechner]]; integral in development of the [[nuclear submarine]] [[Hyman G. Rickover|Hyman Rickover]];<ref>{{cite book|last=Allen|first=Thomas|title=Rickover: Father of the Nuclear Navy|publisher=Brassey's|year=2007|isbn=978-1-57488-704-4|page=12}}<!--| access-date= April 16, 2011--></ref> founder of [[Google China]] [[Kai-Fu Lee]];<ref>{{cite web|author=Richmond Ezer Escolar|date=June 11, 2008|title=Google Conquers China: An Interview with Kai-Fu Lee|url=http://www4.gsb.columbia.edu/chazen/journal/article/137235/Google+Conquers+China%3A+An+Interview+with+Kai-Fu+Lee|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404162252/http://www4.gsb.columbia.edu/chazen/journal/article/137235/Google%2BConquers%2BChina%3A%2BAn%2BInterview%2Bwith%2BKai-Fu%2BLee|archive-date=April 4, 2012|access-date=April 12, 2012|publisher=Columbia Business School Chazen Web Journal}}</ref> scientists [[Stephen Jay Gould]],<ref>Green, Michelle (1986). [http://www.stephenjaygould.org/library/green_sjgould.html "Stephen Jay Gould: driven by a hunger to learn and to write".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003060040/http://www.stephenjaygould.org/library/green_sjgould.html |date=October 3, 2018 }} ''People'' '''25''' (June 2): 109–114.</ref> [[Robert Millikan]],<ref>{{cite journal|author=David Goodstein|title=In the Case of Robert Andrews Millikan|url=http://www.its.caltech.edu/~dg/MillikanII.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010603113008/http://www.its.caltech.edu/~dg/MillikanII.pdf |archive-date=June 3, 2001 |url-status=live|journal=American Scientist|pages=54–60}}</ref> [[Helium–neon laser]] inventor [[Ali Javan]] and [[Mihajlo Pupin]];<ref>{{cite web|title=Michael Pupin|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/physics/about/main/one/michaelpupin.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109042332/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/physics/about/main/one/michaelpupin.html|archive-date=January 9, 2011|access-date=April 16, 2011|publisher=Columbia University: Department of Physics}}</ref> chief-engineer of the [[New York City Subway]], [[William Barclay Parsons]];<ref>{{cite web|title=William Barclay Parsons|url=http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/william_barclay_parsons.html|access-date=April 16, 2011|publisher=Columbia University|archive-date=March 25, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110325081007/http://www.c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/william_barclay_parsons.html|url-status=live}}</ref> philosophers [[Irwin Edman]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Irwin Edman|url=http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/irwin_edman.html|access-date=April 16, 2011|publisher=Columbia University|archive-date=May 25, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525020504/http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/irwin_edman.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Robert Nozick]];<ref>{{cite news|author=Ryan, Alan|date=January 30, 2001|title=Obituary: Professor Robert Nozick|work=The Independent|location=London|url=http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/irwin_edman.html|access-date=April 16, 2011|archive-date=May 25, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525020504/http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/irwin_edman.html|url-status=live}}</ref> economist [[Milton Friedman]];<ref>{{cite web|title=Columbia University 250: Milton Friedman|url=http://www.c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/milton_friedman.html|access-date=April 16, 2011|archive-date=December 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223100942/http://www.c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/milton_friedman.html|url-status=live}}</ref> psychologist [[Harriet Babcock]];<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict02ogil|title=The biographical dictionary of women in science : pioneering lives from ancient times to the mid-20th century.|date=2000|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-92039-1|editor1-last=Ogilvie|editor1-first=Marilyn|editor-link=Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie|location=New York, NY [u.a.]|page=65|editor2-last=Harvey|editor2-first=Joy|editor2-link=Joy Harvey|url-access=registration}}</ref> archaeologist [[Josephine Platner Shear]];<ref name=":03">{{Cite web|title=Local Express 10 December 1936 — Princeton Periodicals|url=https://theprince.princeton.edu/princetonperiodicals/cgi-bin/princetonperiodicals?a=d&d=LocalExpress19361210-01.2.24&srpos=23&e=-------en-20--21-byDA-txt-txIN-------|access-date=August 26, 2021|website=theprince.princeton.edu}}</ref> and sociologists [[Lewis A. Coser]] and [[Rose Laub Coser]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Saxon|first=Wolfgang|title=Rose L. Coser, 78; Taught Sociology At Stony Brook|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 24, 1994 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/24/obituaries/rose-l-coser-78-taught-sociology-at-stony-brook.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Vromen|first=Suzanne|title=Rose Laub Coser|url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/coser-rose-laub|website=Jwa.org}}</ref>
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==Further reading==
* Carriere, Micheal. "Fighting the war against blight: Columbia University, Morningside Heights, Inc., and counterinsurgent urban renewal." ''Journal of Planning History'' 10.1 (2011): 5-29.
* De Bary, Wm Theodore ed. ''Living Legacies at Columbia'' (Columbia University Press, 2006), {{ISBN|0-231-13884-9}}.
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