Content deleted Content added
mNo edit summary Tags: Reverted Visual edit |
vague, unsourced, and not a "type" of institution |
||
| (6 intermediate revisions by 5 users not shown) | |||
Line 44:
}}
'''Columbia University''', officially '''Columbia University in the City of New York''',<ref name=macauhey-stand-columbia-177>{{citation|last=McCaughey|first=Robert A.|title=Stand, Columbia: A History of Columbia University in the City of New York,
Columbia was established as a [[Colonial colleges|colonial college]] by [[royal charter]] under [[George II of Great Britain]]. It was renamed [[Columbia College (New York)|Columbia College]] in 1784 following the [[American Revolution]], and in 1787 was placed under [[Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York|a private board of trustees]] headed by former students [[Alexander Hamilton]] and [[John Jay]]. In 1896, the campus was moved to its current location in [[Morningside Heights]] and renamed Columbia University.
Line 96:
During the late 20th century, the university underwent significant academic, structural, and administrative changes as it developed into a major research university. For much of the 19th century, the university consisted of decentralized and separate faculties specializing in Political Science, Philosophy, and Pure Science. In 1979, these faculties were merged into the [[Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences|Graduate School of Arts and Sciences]].<ref>{{cite web|title=GSAS at a Glance – Columbia University – Graduate School of Arts and Sciences|url=http://gsas.columbia.edu/content/gsas-glance|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310122351/http://gsas.columbia.edu/content/gsas-glance|archive-date=March 10, 2014|access-date=November 24, 2016}}</ref> In 1991, the faculties of Columbia College, the School of General Studies, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the [[Columbia University School of the Arts|School of the Arts]], and the [[Columbia University School of Professional Studies|School of Professional Studies]] were merged into the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, leading to the academic integration and centralized governance of these schools. In 2010, the [[Columbia University School of International and Public Affairs|School of International and Public Affairs]], which was previously a part of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, became an independent faculty.<ref>{{cite web|title=History – Faculty of Arts and Sciences|url=http://fas.columbia.edu/home/about-faculty-arts-and-sciences/history|access-date=November 24, 2016|website=Fas.columbia.edu|archive-date=December 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214215415/http://fas.columbia.edu/home/about-faculty-arts-and-sciences/history|url-status=live}}</ref>
Starting in the fall of 2023, pro-Palestine student activists have organized numerous protests in response to the [[Israel–Hamas war]], with counter-protests from pro-Israel activists.<ref name="svrluga16april">{{cite news |last1=Svrluga |first1=Susan |date=16 April 2024 |title=At Columbia, Israel-Gaza tensions simmer as leaders face House hearing |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2024/04/16/columbia-university-israel-gaza-campus-tensions/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416154612/https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2024/04/16/columbia-university-israel-gaza-campus-tensions/ |archive-date=April 16, 2024 |access-date=21 April 2024 |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |language=en}}</ref> On April 17, 2024, Columbia president Minouche Shafik was questioned by the [[United States House Committee on Education and the Workforce|House Committee on Education and the Workforce]] on the topic of antisemitism on campus. Shafik's comments regarding the student activists sparked [[2024 Columbia University protests|renewed protests]] that same day,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meyersohn |first=Nathaniel |date=2024-04-25 |title=Columbia president Minouche Shafik faces criticism in all directions {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/25/business/minouche-shafik-columbia-president/index.html |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=April 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426185731/https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/25/business/minouche-shafik-columbia-president/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-25 |title=How the Columbia protests sparked campus demonstrations across the country |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/columbia-protests-sparked-campus-demonstrations-country-rcna148994 |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=NBC News |language=en |archive-date=April 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426185731/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/columbia-protests-sparked-campus-demonstrations-country-rcna148994 |url-status=live }}</ref> leading to what CNN described as a "full-blown crisis" over tensions stemming from a [[2024 Columbia University pro-Palestinian campus occupation|pro-Palestinian campus occupation]].<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Celina |last1=Tebor |first2=Zoe |last2=Sottile |first3=Matt |last3=Egan |date=2024-04-21 |title=Columbia University faces full-blown crisis as rabbi calls for Jewish students to 'return home' |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/21/us/columbia-university-jewish-students-protests/ |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=April 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422142454/https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/21/us/columbia-university-jewish-students-protests/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In response, the university moved in-person classes online on Monday, April 22.<ref>{{Cite news |first1=Douglas |last1=Belikn |first2=Alyssa |last2=Lukpat |title=Columbia Cancels In-Person Classes Amid Pro-Palestinian Protests |url=https://www.wsj.com/us-news/education/columbia-university-cancels-in-person-classes-amid-pro-palestinian-protests-111ffc5d |date=April 22, 2024 |access-date=2024-04-22 |work=The Wall Street Journal |language=en-US |url-access=subscription |archive-date=April 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422213047/https://www.wsj.com/us-news/education/columbia-university-cancels-in-person-classes-amid-pro-palestinian-protests-111ffc5d |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ferré-Sadurní |first1=Luis |last2=Edmonds |first2=Colbi |last3=Cruz |first3=Liset |date=2024-04-22 |title=Jewish Students Are Targeted as Protests Continue at Columbia |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/21/nyregion/columbia-protests-antisemitism.html |access-date=2024-04-22 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |url-access=limited |archive-date=April 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422175550/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/21/nyregion/columbia-protests-antisemitism.html |url-status=live
==Campus==
===Morningside Heights===
[[File:
The majority of Columbia's graduate and undergraduate studies are conducted in the [[Upper Manhattan]] neighborhood of [[Morningside Heights, Manhattan|Morningside Heights]] on [[Seth Low]]'s late-19th century vision of a university campus where all disciplines could be taught at one location. The campus was designed along [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts]] planning principles by the architects [[McKim, Mead & White]]. Columbia's main campus occupies more than six [[city block]]s, or {{convert|32|acres|abbr=on}}, in [[Morningside Heights]], New York City, a neighborhood that contains a number of academic institutions. The university owns over 7,800 apartments in Morningside Heights, housing faculty, graduate students, and staff. Almost two dozen undergraduate dormitories (purpose-built or converted) are located on campus or in Morningside Heights. Columbia University has [[Columbia University tunnels|an extensive tunnel system]], more than a century old, with the oldest portions predating the present campus. Some of these remain accessible to the public, while others have been cordoned off.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Unearthing the Underground|url=http://features.columbiaspectator.com/eye/2016/04/13/unearthing-the-underground/|access-date=May 5, 2021|website=Columbia Spectator|language=en-US|archive-date=May 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505231254/http://features.columbiaspectator.com/eye/2016/04/13/unearthing-the-underground/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Butler_Library_-_1000px_-_AC.jpg|left|thumb|[[Butler Library]]]]
Line 109 ⟶ 110:
A statue by sculptor [[Daniel Chester French]] called ''[[Alma Mater (New York sculpture)|Alma Mater]]'' is centered on the front steps of [[Low Memorial Library]]. McKim, Mead & White invited French to build the sculpture in order to harmonize with the larger composition of the court and library in the center of the campus. Draped in an academic gown, the female figure of Alma Mater wears a crown of laurels and sits on a throne. The scroll-like arms of the throne end in lamps, representing [[List of Latin phrases (S)|sapientia and doctrina]]. A book signifying knowledge, balances on her lap, and an owl, the attribute of wisdom, is hidden in the folds of her gown. Her right hand holds a scepter composed of four sprays of wheat, terminating with a crown of King's College which refers to Columbia's origin as a [[royal charter]] institution in 1754. A local actress named Mary Lawton was said to have posed for parts of the sculpture. The statue was dedicated on September 23, 1903, as a gift of Mr. & Mrs. Robert Goelet, and was originally covered in golden leaf. During the [[Columbia University protests of 1968]] a bomb damaged the sculpture, but it has since been repaired.<ref>{{cite web|author=Smithsonian American Art Museum's Inventories of American Painting and Sculpture|title=Alma Mater (sculpture)|url=http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?profile=all&source=~!siartinventories&uri=full=3100001~!20526~!0#focus|access-date=April 14, 2011|publisher=The Smithsonian Institution|archive-date=November 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122051823/https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?profile=all&source=~!siartinventories&uri=full=3100001~!20526~!0#focus|url-status=live}}</ref> The small hidden owl on the sculpture is also the subject of many Columbia legends, the main legend being that the first student in the freshmen class to find the hidden owl on the statue will be valedictorian, and that any subsequent Columbia male who finds it will marry a Barnard student, given that Barnard is a [[women's college]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Meredith Foster|date=February 11, 2011|title=The Myth of the College Sweetheart|url=http://eye.columbiaspectator.com/article/2011/02/10/myth-college-sweetheart|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307091227/http://eye.columbiaspectator.com/article/2011/02/10/myth-college-sweetheart|archive-date=March 7, 2011|access-date=April 14, 2011|work=The Eye|publisher=Columbia Spectator}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=May 19, 1999|title=What Is the Mace? A Guide to Columbia's Icons|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/newrec/2423/tmpl/story.4.html|access-date=April 16, 2011|publisher=Columbia University Record|archive-date=December 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216021347/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/newrec/2423/tmpl/story.4.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
"The Steps", alternatively known as "Low Steps" or the "Urban Beach", are a popular meeting area for Columbia students. The term refers to the long series of granite steps leading from the lower part of campus (South Field) to its upper terrace. With a design inspired by the [[City Beautiful movement]], the steps of Low Library provides Columbia University and Barnard College students, faculty, and staff with a comfortable outdoor platform and space for informal gatherings, events, and ceremonies. McKim's classical facade epitomizes late 19th-century new-classical designs, with its columns and portico marking the entrance to an important structure.<ref>{{cite web|author=Richard P. Dober|title=The Steps at Low Library|url=http://dlmplanners.org/notes/pdf/The%20Steps%20at%20Low%20Library.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814190951/http://dlmplanners.org/notes/pdf/The%20Steps%20at%20Low%20Library.pdf|archive-date=August 14, 2011|access-date=April 11, 2011|publisher=Dober, Lidsky, Craig and Associates, Inc.}}</ref>
{{wide image|Columbia pano.jpg|1200px|Panoramic view of the Morningside Heights campus as seen from Butler Library and facing Low Memorial Library ===Other campuses===
Line 143 ⟶ 145:
|url-status=live
}}</ref>|change ref=<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://undergrad.admissions.columbia.edu/classprofile/2020
|title=Common Data Set 2015–2016
Line 202 ⟶ 204:
|1922
|-
|[[
|1836, affiliate since 1928
|-
Line 242 ⟶ 244:
The University Senate was established by the trustees after a university-wide referendum in 1969. It succeeded to the powers of the University Council, which was created in 1890 as a body of faculty, deans, and other administrators to regulate inter-Faculty affairs and consider issues of university-wide concern. The University Senate is a unicameral body consisting of 107 members drawn from all constituencies of the university. These include the president of the university, the provost, the deans of Columbia College and the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, all of whom serve ''ex officio'', and five additional representatives, appointed by the president, from the university's administration. The president serves as the Senate's presiding officer. The Senate is charged with reviewing the educational policies, physical development, budget, and external relations of the university. It oversees the welfare and academic freedom of the faculty and the welfare of students.<ref>{{cite web|title=Columbia University Senate|url=http://senate.columbia.edu/|access-date=April 17, 2011|publisher=Columbia University|archive-date=October 14, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014113501/http://senate.columbia.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="senate.columbia.edu2">{{cite web|date=2017|title=Election packet|url=http://senate.columbia.edu/|format=PDF|access-date=August 5, 2015|archive-date=August 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809223936/http://senate.columbia.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB2">{{cite web|title=Elections|url=http://senate.columbia.edu/topbar_pages/elections.html|website=Senate.columbia.edu|access-date=September 7, 2017|archive-date=February 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227162639/http://senate.columbia.edu/topbar_pages/elections.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The [[List of presidents of Columbia University|president of Columbia University]], who is selected by the trustees in consultation with the executive committee of the University Senate and who serves at the trustees' pleasure, is the chief executive officer of the university. Assisting the president in administering the university are the provost, the senior executive vice president, the executive vice president for health and biomedical sciences, several other vice presidents, the general counsel, the secretary of the university, and the deans of the faculties, all of whom are appointed by the trustees on the nomination of the president and serve at their pleasure.<ref name="Columbia.edu2" /> [[Minouche Shafik]] became the 20th president of Columbia University on July 1, 2023.
[[File:Barnard College, June 4, 1913 (LOC).jpg|thumb|The [[Barnard College]] Class of 1913 processes down the steps of Low Library.]]
Columbia has four official undergraduate colleges: [[Columbia College of Columbia University|Columbia College]], the liberal arts college offering the Bachelor of Arts degree; the [[Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science|Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science]] (also known as SEAS or Columbia Engineering), the engineering and applied science school offering the Bachelor of Science degree; the [[Columbia University School of General Studies|School of General Studies]], the liberal arts college offering the Bachelor of Arts degree to non-traditional students undertaking full- or part-time study; and [[Barnard College]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of Schools {{!}} Columbia University in the City of New York|url=https://www.columbia.edu/content/academics/schools|access-date=October 25, 2021|website=www.columbia.edu|archive-date=October 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017065128/https://www.columbia.edu/content/academics/schools|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Schools of Columbia University|url=http://www.columbia.edu/content/academics.html|access-date=April 17, 2011|publisher=Columbia University|archive-date=April 12, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412041309/http://www.columbia.edu/content/academics.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Barnard College]] is a women's liberal arts college and an academic affiliate in which students receive a Bachelor of Arts degree from Columbia University. Their degrees are signed by the presidents of Columbia University and Barnard College.<ref>{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions – Barnard College|url=https://barnard.edu/frequently-asked-questions-8|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225231547/https://barnard.edu/frequently-asked-questions-8|archive-date=February 25, 2019|access-date=March 23, 2019|website=Barnard.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CHARTERS AND STATUTES : Columbia University in the City of New York|url=https://provost.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/content/Faculty%20Affairs/Charters%20and%20Statutes%20September%202016.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621075108/https://provost.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/content/Faculty%20Affairs/Charters%20and%20Statutes%20September%202016.pdf |archive-date=June 21, 2018 |url-status=live|access-date=March 23, 2019|website=Provost.columbia.edu}}</ref> Barnard students are also eligible to cross-register classes that are available through the Barnard Catalogue and alumnae can join the Columbia Alumni Association.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cross-Registration: Columbia and Barnard College – Office of the University Registrar|url=https://registrar.columbia.edu/cross-registration-columbia-and-barnard-college|access-date=March 23, 2019|website=Registrar.columbia.edu|archive-date=December 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222041541/https://registrar.columbia.edu/cross-registration-columbia-and-barnard-college|url-status=live}}</ref>
Line 598 ⟶ 600:
In a 2016 ranking of universities worldwide with respect to living graduates who are billionaires, Columbia ranked second, after Harvard.<ref>{{cite news|date=November 29, 2016|title=The Universities Churning Out The Most Billionaires|work=Forbes|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2016/11/29/the-universities-churning-out-the-most-billionaires-infographic/#6ca1ff5d6613|access-date=November 19, 2017|archive-date=December 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201044334/https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2016/11/29/the-universities-churning-out-the-most-billionaires-infographic/#6ca1ff5d6613|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Marie Thibault2">{{cite news|author=Marie Thibault|title=In Pictures: Billionaire University|work=Forbes|url=https://www.forbes.com/2010/08/11/harvard-stanford-columbia-business-billionaires-universities_slide_4.html|access-date=April 12, 2011|archive-date=August 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801075748/https://www.forbes.com/2010/08/11/harvard-stanford-columbia-business-billionaires-universities_slide_4.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Former U.S. Presidents [[Theodore Roosevelt]] and [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] attended the law school. Other political figures educated at Columbia include former U.S. President [[Barack Obama]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Columbia News Announcement|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/08/11/obama.html|access-date=April 16, 2011|publisher=Columbia.edu|archive-date=May 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502135302/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/08/11/obama.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court [[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]],<ref>{{cite web|date=March 7, 2006|title=Tribute: The Legacy of Ruth Bader Ginsburg and WRP Staff|url=https://www.aclu.org/womens-rights/tribute-legacy-ruth-bader-ginsburg-and-wrp-staff|access-date=April 16, 2011|publisher=American Civil Liberties Union|archive-date=March 19, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319024236/http://www.aclu.org/womens-rights/tribute-legacy-ruth-bader-ginsburg-and-wrp-staff|url-status=live}}</ref> former U.S. Secretary of State [[Madeleine Albright]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Albright|first=Madeleine|url=https://archive.org/details/madamsecretary00albr_0|title=Madam Secretary: A Memoir|publisher=Miramax|year=2003|isbn=978-0-7868-6843-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/madamsecretary00albr_0/page/71 71]|url-access=registration}}<!--| access-date=April 16, 2011--></ref> former chairman of the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank [[Alan Greenspan]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Martin|first=Justin|title=Greenspan: The Man behind Money|date=October 15, 2009|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-7382-0275-4|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|pages=27–31}}<!--| access-date= April 16, 2011--></ref> U.S. Attorney General [[Eric Holder]], and U.S. Solicitor General [[Donald Verrilli Jr.]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Tucker-Hamilton|first=Racine|author2=Hickey, Matthew|date=December 17, 2004|title=Interview with Eric H. Holder, Jr.|work=Oral history project|publisher=The History Makers|format=Interview|url=http://www.thehistorymakers.com/programs/dvl/files/Holder_Ericf.html|url-status=dead|access-date=November 18, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221232555/http://www.thehistorymakers.com/programs/dvl/files/Holder_Ericf.html|archive-date=December 21, 2008}}</ref> The university has also educated 29 foreign [[Head of state|heads of state]], including president of Georgia [[Mikheil Saakashvili]], president of East Timor [[
Alumni of Columbia have occupied top positions in Wall Street and the rest of the business world. Notable members of the [[Astor family]]<ref>{{cite news|date=August 24, 1890|title=Letters To The Editor; The Interesting Career Of John Jacob Astor Ii. A Man Of Broad And Generous Sympathies Who Appreciated The Responsibilities Of Wealth|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1890/08/24/archives/letters-to-the-editor-the-interesting-career-of-john-jacob-astor-ii.html|access-date=April 14, 2011|archive-date=June 17, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617065754/https://www.nytimes.com/1890/08/24/archives/letters-to-the-editor-the-interesting-career-of-john-jacob-astor-ii.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Reynolds|first=Cuyler|url=https://archive.org/details/genealogicalfami00reyn|title=Genealogical and family history of southern New York and the Hudson River Valley|publisher=Lewis Historical Pub. Co.|year=1914|page=[https://archive.org/details/genealogicalfami00reyn/page/1263 1263]|quote=William Waldorf Astor columbia law school.|access-date=April 16, 2011}}</ref> attended Columbia, while other business graduates include investor [[Warren Buffett]],<ref>{{cite news|date=March 1, 2011|title=World's Billionaires: Warren Buffett|work=[[Forbes]]|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/warren-buffett|access-date=April 12, 2011|archive-date=January 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105085138/https://www.forbes.com/profile/warren-buffett/|url-status=live}}</ref> former CEO of PBS and NBC [[Lawrence K.
In science and technology, Columbia alumni include: founder of [[IBM]] [[Herman Hollerith]];<ref>{{cite web|title=Herman Hollerith|url=http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/builders/builders_hollerith.html|access-date=April 11, 2011|publisher=IBM|archive-date=November 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101131919/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/builders/builders_hollerith.html|url-status=live}}</ref> inventor of [[FM broadcast|FM radio]] [[Edwin Armstrong]];<ref>{{cite web|author=Tsividis, Yannis|date=Spring 2002|title=Edwin Armstrong: Pioneer of the Airwaves|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/alumni/Magazine/Spring2002/Armstrong.html|access-date=April 15, 2011|work=Columbia Magazine|archive-date=November 6, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106173317/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/alumni/Magazine/Spring2002/Armstrong.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Francis Mechner]]; integral in development of the [[nuclear submarine]] [[Hyman G. Rickover|Hyman Rickover]];<ref>{{cite book|last=Allen|first=Thomas|title=Rickover: Father of the Nuclear Navy|publisher=Brassey's|year=2007|isbn=978-1-57488-704-4|page=12}}<!--| access-date= April 16, 2011--></ref> founder of [[Google China]] [[Kai-Fu Lee]];<ref>{{cite web|author=Richmond Ezer Escolar|date=June 11, 2008|title=Google Conquers China: An Interview with Kai-Fu Lee|url=http://www4.gsb.columbia.edu/chazen/journal/article/137235/Google+Conquers+China%3A+An+Interview+with+Kai-Fu+Lee|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404162252/http://www4.gsb.columbia.edu/chazen/journal/article/137235/Google%2BConquers%2BChina%3A%2BAn%2BInterview%2Bwith%2BKai-Fu%2BLee|archive-date=April 4, 2012|access-date=April 12, 2012|publisher=Columbia Business School Chazen Web Journal}}</ref> scientists [[Stephen Jay Gould]],<ref>Green, Michelle (1986). [http://www.stephenjaygould.org/library/green_sjgould.html "Stephen Jay Gould: driven by a hunger to learn and to write".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003060040/http://www.stephenjaygould.org/library/green_sjgould.html |date=October 3, 2018 }} ''People'' '''25''' (June 2): 109–114.</ref> [[Robert Millikan]],<ref>{{cite journal|author=David Goodstein|title=In the Case of Robert Andrews Millikan|url=http://www.its.caltech.edu/~dg/MillikanII.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010603113008/http://www.its.caltech.edu/~dg/MillikanII.pdf |archive-date=June 3, 2001 |url-status=live|journal=American Scientist|pages=54–60}}</ref> [[Helium–neon laser]] inventor [[Ali Javan]] and [[Mihajlo Pupin]];<ref>{{cite web|title=Michael Pupin|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/physics/about/main/one/michaelpupin.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109042332/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/physics/about/main/one/michaelpupin.html|archive-date=January 9, 2011|access-date=April 16, 2011|publisher=Columbia University: Department of Physics}}</ref> chief-engineer of the [[New York City Subway]], [[William Barclay Parsons]];<ref>{{cite web|title=William Barclay Parsons|url=http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/william_barclay_parsons.html|access-date=April 16, 2011|publisher=Columbia University|archive-date=March 25, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110325081007/http://www.c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/william_barclay_parsons.html|url-status=live}}</ref> philosophers [[Irwin Edman]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Irwin Edman|url=http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/irwin_edman.html|access-date=April 16, 2011|publisher=Columbia University|archive-date=May 25, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525020504/http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/irwin_edman.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Robert Nozick]];<ref>{{cite news|author=Ryan, Alan|date=January 30, 2001|title=Obituary: Professor Robert Nozick|work=The Independent|location=London|url=http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/irwin_edman.html|access-date=April 16, 2011|archive-date=May 25, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525020504/http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/irwin_edman.html|url-status=live}}</ref> economist [[Milton Friedman]];<ref>{{cite web|title=Columbia University 250: Milton Friedman|url=http://www.c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/milton_friedman.html|access-date=April 16, 2011|archive-date=December 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223100942/http://www.c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/milton_friedman.html|url-status=live}}</ref> psychologist [[Harriet Babcock]];<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict02ogil|title=The biographical dictionary of women in science : pioneering lives from ancient times to the mid-20th century.|date=2000|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-92039-1|editor1-last=Ogilvie|editor1-first=Marilyn|editor-link=Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie|location=New York, NY [u.a.]|page=65|editor2-last=Harvey|editor2-first=Joy|editor2-link=Joy Harvey|url-access=registration}}</ref> archaeologist [[Josephine Platner Shear]];<ref name=":03">{{Cite web|title=Local Express 10 December 1936 — Princeton Periodicals|url=https://theprince.princeton.edu/princetonperiodicals/cgi-bin/princetonperiodicals?a=d&d=LocalExpress19361210-01.2.24&srpos=23&e=-------en-20--21-byDA-txt-txIN-------|access-date=August 26, 2021|website=theprince.princeton.edu}}</ref> and sociologists [[Lewis A. Coser]] and [[Rose Laub Coser]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Saxon|first=Wolfgang|title=Rose L. Coser, 78; Taught Sociology At Stony Brook|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 24, 1994 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/24/obituaries/rose-l-coser-78-taught-sociology-at-stony-brook.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Vromen|first=Suzanne|title=Rose Laub Coser|url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/coser-rose-laub|website=Jwa.org}}</ref>
Line 688 ⟶ 690:
==Further reading==
* Carriere, Micheal. "Fighting the war against blight: Columbia University, Morningside Heights, Inc., and counterinsurgent urban renewal." ''Journal of Planning History'' 10.1 (2011): 5-29.
* De Bary, Wm Theodore ed. ''Living Legacies at Columbia'' (Columbia University Press, 2006), {{ISBN|0-231-13884-9}}.
| |||