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*[[Classical music|Classical]]}}
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===Life and naval career===
[[Image:Navigational rules types.JPG|thumb|right|The "Cras Navigation Plotter", foreground, designed by Jean Cras.]]
[[Image:Jean Cras, capitaine de vaisseau.jpg|thumb|left|Jean Cras, ship captain,
Cras was born and died in [[Brest, France|Brest]]. His father was naval medical officer. He was accepted into the navy at the age of seventeen. As a midshipman cadet on the [[French cruiser Iphigénie (1881)|''Iphigénie'']], he travelled in the Americas, the West Indies and Senegal. He was promoted to Lieutenant in 1908. His mathematical skills led to his proposing a number of innovations in technical practices which were adopted by the navy, including his invention of an electrical selector and a {{anchor|Cras plotter}}navigational plotter [[protractor]] known as {{lang|fr|{{ill|Cras plotter{{!}}Règle Cras|fr|Règle Cras}}}} (aka Cras ruler, Cras protractor, Cras plotter).<ref name="fleur">Michel Fleury, "Jean Cras, an exceptional destiny", ''Polyphème'', Timpani, 2003, pp. 15–17</ref> (However, it was difficult to operate by some, which inspired the later development of the [[Breton plotter]] by [[Yvonnick Gueret]].)
With the outbreak of war in 1914 Cras was appointed as adjutant to Admiral [[Augustin Boué de Lapeyrère]]. He later worked in the Submarine Defense Service. In 1916 he was appointed commander of the [[torpedo boat]] ''Commandant Bory''. During the Adriatic campaign he sank a submarine and was commended for his bravery in rescuing a sailor who had fallen overboard.<ref name="fleur"/>
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===Musical career===
[[Image:Jean Cras 2.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Jean Cras, ca. 1899]]
Cras met the composer [[Henri Duparc (composer)|Henri Duparc]]
His lyric tragedy
Cras's later work developed a more acerbic style comparable to that of [[Béla Bartók]], though formally close to [[César Franck]]. He considered chamber music to be his forte, writing that "this refined musical form has become for me the most essential".<ref>Jean Cras, Trio a Cordes Miliere, 1988</ref> The String Trio in particular integrates a wide range of styles, including North African influences. It was
==Selected works==
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===Opera===
* ''[[Polyphème]]'', opera in five acts on a lyric drama by [[Albert Samain]] (1910–1918, Ed. Salabert) (f.p. Opéra-Comique, Paris, 29 December 1922.)
Published excerpts:
* N° 1: ''«
* N° 2: ''«
* ''Le Sommeil de Galatée'', musical interlude from Act I, (1922, Senart)
===Vocal compositions===
* (1892–1896, numerous songs in manuscript, ''"Album de jeunesse"'')
* ''Panis angelicus'' (August 1899, ms.)
* ''Sept mélodies'', (poems by Rodenbach, Droin, Verlaine, Baudelaire) for voice and piano (1899–1905, Ed. Salabert)
::1. ''Douceur du soir'', poem by [[Georges Rodenbach]]
::2. ''Mains lasses'', poem by Georges Rodenbach
::3. ''
::4. ''Le Son du cor'', poem by Paul Verlaine (''Sagesse X''), (1900)
::5. ''Rêverie'', poem by [[Alfred Droin]], (1903, 1st ed.; 1909, éd. mutuelle de la Schola Cantorum)
::6. ''Nocturne'', poem by Alfred Droin, (1903, 1st ed.; 1909, éd. mutuelle de la Schola Cantorum)
::7. ''Correspondances'', poem by [[Charles Baudelaire]] (1901)
* ''Ave verum'', for voice, violin, organ (or harmonium) (1905, ms.)
* ''Deuxième messe à 4 voix a capella'' (1907–1908, ms.)
::1. ''Kyrie'' (1907)
::2. ''Gloria'' (1907)
::3. ''Sanctus'' (1908)
::4. ''Benedictus'' (1908)
* ''Regina coeli'', voices with organ (1909, pub. 1914, Ed. Schola Cantorum)
* ''Ave Maria'', for voice with organ (August 1910, ms.)
* ''Elégies'' (four poems by Albert Samain), for voice with orchestra (1910, Ed. Durand)
* ''
* ''Image'' (poem by E. Schneider), for voice with piano (1921, Ed. Salabert)
* ''Fontaines'' (five poems by [[Lucien Jacques]]), for voice & orchestra, or for voice & piano (1923, Ed. Salabert)
* ''Cinq Robaïyats'' (five Persian quatrains by [[Omar Khayyam]], transl. [[Franz Toussaint]]), for voice with piano (1924, Ed. Salabert)
* ''Dans la montagne'' (poems by Maurice Boucher), five chorales for male quartet (1925, Ed. Salabert)
* ''Hymne en l'honneur d'une Sainte'' (text by Jean Cras) for female voices with organ (1925, Ed. Salabert)
* ''Vocalise-Etude'', for voice and piano (1928, Ed. Leduc)
* ''La Flûte de Pan'' for voice, Pan-pipes, violin, viola and cello (four poems by Lucien Jacques), (1928, Ed. Salabert)
* ''Soir sur la mer'' (poem by [[Virginie Hériot]]), for voice and piano (1929, Ed. Salabert)
* ''Trois Noëls'' (poems by [[Léon Chancerel]]), for voices and chorus with piano (1929, Ed. Salabert)
* ''Trois chansons bretonnes'' (poems by Jean Cras), for voice and piano (1932, Ed. Salabert)
* ''Deux chansons: le roi Loudivic, Chanson du barde'', extracts from ''Chevalier étranger'' by [[Tanguy Malmanche]], for voice and piano (1932, Ed.Salabert)
===Chamber music===
* ''Voyage symbolique (premier trio)'', for piano, violin & cello (1899, ms.)
* ''L'Esprit (première sonate)'', for violin & piano (1900, ms.)
* ''L'Âme (deuxième sonate)'', for viola & piano (1900, ms.)
* ''La Chair (troisième sonate)'', for cello & piano (1900, Ed. Durand)
* ''Trio en ut pour piano, violon et violoncelle'' (1907, Ed. Durand)
* ''À ma Bretagne'', string quartet (1909, Ed. Salabert)
* ''Quintette'', for flute, harp, violin, viola, & cello, or for piano and string quartet (1922, Ed. Salabert)
* ''Prélude et danse: Demain'', saxophone quartet (1924–1926, ms.)
* ''Deux Impromptus pour harpe'' (1925, Ed. Salabert)
* ''Trio pour violon, alto et violoncelle'' (1926 Spring; 1927, Senart) <ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/1802/4948 Senart Edition, miniature score] (publ. 1927); [http://data.bnf.fr/14015003/jean_cras_trios__cordes/ Information about Autograph Manuscript from BNF Data]</ref>
* ''Quatre petites pièces pour violon et piano:''
::1. ''Air varié'' (1926, Ed. Salabert)
::2. ''Habanera'' (1927, Ed. Salabert)
::3. ''Evocation'' (1928, Ed.Salabert)
::4. ''Epilogue'' (1929, Ed. Salabert)
* ''Suite en duo'', for flute & harp, or for violin & piano (1927, Ed. Salabert)
[[File:Jean Cras - Suite en duo début.flac]]
* ''Quintette pour harpe, flûte, violon, alto et violoncelle'' (1928, Ed. Salabert)
* ''Légende'', for cello & piano (reduction of work for cello & orchestra) (1930, Senart)
===Piano works===
* ''Impromptu pastoral'' (1900, ms.)
* ''Petite pièce en fa mineur'' (1901, ms.)
* ''Valse en mi majeur'' (1904, ms.)
* ''Cinq poèmes intimes pour piano:'' (1912, E. Demets)
::1. ''En Islande'' (1902, Ed. Eschig)
::2. ''Preludio con fughetta'' (1902, Ed. Eschig)
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::4. ''Recueillement'' (1904, Ed. Eschig)
::5. ''La maison du matin'' (1911, Ed. Eschig)
* ''Deux Paysages: Paysage maritime, Paysage champêtre'', piano solo (1917, Ed. Durand)
* ''Danze'' (1917, Rouart, Lerolle et cie.)
* ''Quatre Danze: Danza morbida, Danza scherzosa, Danza tenera, Danza animata'', piano solo (1917, Ed. Salabert)
* ''Âmes d'enfants, pour 6 petites mains'', [[piano six hands]] (1917, ms.), [[piano four hands]] (1922, Senart), also orchestrated (1918, Ed. Salabert)
* ''Premier anniversaire, «
* ''First string quartet'', version for piano, 4 mains, (1921, Rouart, Lerolle et cie.)
* ''Deux impromptus'', for piano or harp, (1926, Senart)
===Organ===
* ''Chorale'' (1904, ms.)
* ''Grande marche nuptiale pour orgue'' (1904, Ed. Schola Cantorum)
===Orchestral works===
* ''Andante religieux'' (1901, ms.)
* ''Âmes d'enfants'', orchestration of work for «
* ''Journal de bord, Suite symphonique'' (1927, Ed. Salabert)
* ''Légende pour violoncelle et orchestre'' (1929, Ed. Salabert)
* ''Concerto pour piano et orchestre'' (1931, Ed. Salabert), (reduction for 2 pianos, 1932, Senart)
==References==
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* Bempéchat, Paul-André. Jean Cras, Polymath of Music and Letters. Farnham (UK): Ashgate, 2009; 610 pp.
* Bempéchat, Paul-André. "Jean Cras", ''Revised New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians''. London: MacMillan.
* Bempéchat, Paul-André. "Ravel Writes to Jean Cras", in Liber Amicorum [[Isabelle Cazeaux]]: Pendragon Press (Hillsdale, New York: 2005), pp. 365–376.
* Bempéchat, Paul-André. "Fair Winds and Following Seas: Jean
* Bempéchat, Paul-André. "The Breton Compositions of Jean Cras", in Proceedings of the 23rd Harvard Celtic Colloquium (2003).
* Bempéchat, Paul-André. "Narrating the Symbol: Jean
* Bempéchat, Paul-André. "Where Formalism Meets Folklore: Jean
* Bempéchat, Paul-André. "The Choral Works of Jean Cras", The Choral Journal, February 2001, Vol. 41, No. 7, pp. 9–16.
* Bempéchat, Paul-André. "An Admiral of Music: Jean
* Bempéchat, Paul-André. "Love's Labours Found: Jean Cras' Pieces for Violin and Piano Rediscovered (with apologies to The Bard)", American String Teacher, November 1999, Vol. 49, No. 4, pp. 64–74.
* Bempéchat, Paul-André. "Inside Jean
* Bempéchat, Paul-André. "Jean Cras and Albert Samain: Parallels and Paradoxes in the Genesis of Polyphème", The Opera Journal, March 1998, Vol. XXXI/1, pp. 3–17.
* Bempéchat, Paul-André. "Inside Jean Cras' Musical Laboratory: An African Diary in Music and Letters: The Genesis of His ‘Suite en Duo' for Flute and Harp (1928),
* Bempéchat, Paul-André. "A Rediscovered Masterpiece: Jean Cras' ‘Deux Impromptus pour harpe (1925),
* Bempéchat, Paul-André. Jean Cras, in Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart (MGG), 2001.
* Bempéchat, Paul-André. "Naval Hero—Novel Voice: The Piano Works of Jean Cras", Piano & Keyboard 206, September–October 2000, pp. 47–55.
* [[Brister, Wanda]]. "The Vocal Music of Jean Cras", Journal of Singing, March/April 2015, pp. 521–526.
* Cras, M. & Surchamp, Dom Angelico. "Regard sur Jean Cras". ''Zodiaque'', Numéro 123, January 1980.
* [[René Dumesnil|Dumesnil, René]]. ''Portraits de musiciens français''. Paris: 1938. Chapter on Jean Cras.
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* [http://www.cello.org/Newsletter/Articles/cras/cras.htm ''Recent Repertoire Discoveries from France''], article by Paul-André Bempéchat with a summary of Cras' career, from Cello.org.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080103072053/http://www.agencebretagnepresse.com/fetch.php?id=9062 Death of Monique Cras, daughter of Jean Cras], article by Paul-André Bempéchat, (in English) from Agence Bretagne Presse.
* [https://archive.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061030162721/http://www.abeilleinfo.com/dossiers/dossier.php?nomdossier=polypheme&rg=4&tit_dos=Polyph%C3%83%C2%A8me%20de%20Jean%20Cras ''Jean Cras : un destin hors norme''], article (in French) from AbeilleInfo.com.
* [http://hdl.handle.net/1802/4948 String Trio] Score from Sibley Music Library Digital Scores Collection.
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[[Category:1879 births]]
[[Category:1932 deaths]]
[[Category:French opera composers]]
[[Category:
[[Category:19th-century classical composers]]
[[Category:20th-century classical composers]]
[[Category:
[[Category:French Navy admirals]]
[[Category:French military personnel of World War I]]
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[[Category:20th-century French male musicians]]
[[Category:19th-century French male musicians]]
[[Category:Composers for harp]]
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