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===Life and naval career===
[[Image:Navigational rules types.JPG|thumb|right|The "Cras Navigation Plotter", foreground, designed by Jean Cras.]]
[[Image:Jean Cras, capitaine de vaisseau.jpg|thumb|left|Jean Cras, ship captain,
Cras was born and died in [[Brest, France|Brest]]. His father was naval medical officer. He was accepted into the navy at the age of seventeen. As a midshipman cadet on the [[French cruiser Iphigénie (1881)|''Iphigénie'']], he travelled in the Americas, the West Indies and Senegal. He was promoted to Lieutenant in 1908. His mathematical skills led to his proposing a number of innovations in technical practices which were adopted by the navy, including his invention of an electrical selector and a {{anchor|Cras plotter}}navigational plotter [[protractor]] known as {{lang|fr|{{ill|Cras plotter{{!}}Règle Cras|fr|Règle Cras}}}} (aka Cras ruler, Cras protractor, Cras plotter).<ref name="fleur">Michel Fleury, "Jean Cras, an exceptional destiny", ''Polyphème'', Timpani, 2003, pp. 15–17</ref> (However, it was difficult to operate by some, which inspired the later development of the [[Breton plotter]] by [[Yvonnick Gueret]].)
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===Musical career===
[[Image:Jean Cras 2.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Jean Cras, ca. 1899]]
Cras met the composer [[Henri Duparc (composer)|Henri Duparc]] early in his career and the two became lifelong friends. Duparc called Cras "the son of my soul". Though Cras's duties in the French navy left him little time to devote to his musical work, he continued to compose throughout his life, mainly writing chamber music and songs. Much of his most ambitious work, the opera ''[[Polyphème]]'', was written and orchestrated during the war
His lyric tragedy
Cras's later work developed a more acerbic style comparable to that of [[Béla Bartók]], though formally close to [[César Franck]]. He considered chamber music to be his forte, writing that "this refined musical form has become for me the most essential".<ref>Jean Cras, Trio a Cordes Miliere, 1988</ref> The String Trio in particular integrates a wide range of styles, including North African influences. It was described as a 'miraculous' work by André Himonet in 1932, achieving "perfectly balanced sonority and a plenitude of expression between which one dare not choose."<ref>Himonet, André. "Jean Cras, musicien de la mer". ''Revue de la Société Internationale des Amis de la Musique française'', December 1932</ref> The Trio for Strings and Piano also blends African and Eastern melodic patterns with Breton musical traditions into a coherent whole. The critic Michel Fleury compares his work to the [[Japonism|Japonist]] style of the artist [[Henri Rivière (painter)|Henri Rivière]] revealing "a stylised Breton land, as though it had been passed through the sieve of his varied experiences gained in the four quarters of the globe."<ref>Michel Fleury. "A Master of Exoticism", ''Jean Cras: quatour, quintette'', timpani, 2004</ref>
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===Opera===
* ''[[Polyphème]]'', opera in five acts on a lyric drama by [[Albert Samain]] (1910–1918, Ed. Salabert) (f.p. Opéra-Comique, Paris, 29 December 1922.)
Published excerpts:
* N° 1: ''«
* N° 2: ''«
* ''Le Sommeil de Galatée'', musical interlude from Act I, (1922, Senart)
===Vocal compositions===
* (1892–1896, numerous songs in manuscript, ''"Album de jeunesse"'')
* ''Panis angelicus'' (August 1899, ms.)
* ''Sept mélodies'', (poems by Rodenbach, Droin, Verlaine, Baudelaire) for voice and piano (1899–1905, Ed. Salabert)
::1. ''Douceur du soir'', poem by [[Georges Rodenbach]]
::2. ''Mains lasses'', poem by Georges Rodenbach
::3. ''
::4. ''Le Son du cor'', poem by Paul Verlaine (''Sagesse X''), (1900)
::5. ''Rêverie'', poem by [[Alfred Droin]], (1903, 1st ed.; 1909, éd. mutuelle de la Schola Cantorum)
::6. ''Nocturne'', poem by Alfred Droin, (1903, 1st ed.; 1909, éd. mutuelle de la Schola Cantorum)
::7. ''Correspondances'', poem by [[Charles Baudelaire]] (1901)
* ''Ave verum'', for voice, violin, organ (or harmonium) (1905, ms.)
* ''Deuxième messe à 4 voix a capella'' (1907–1908, ms.)
::1. ''Kyrie'' (1907)
::2. ''Gloria'' (1907)
::3. ''Sanctus'' (1908)
::4. ''Benedictus'' (1908)
* ''Regina coeli'', voices with organ (1909, pub. 1914, Ed. Schola Cantorum)
* ''Ave Maria'', for voice with organ (August 1910, ms.)
* ''Elégies'' (four poems by Albert Samain), for voice with orchestra (1910, Ed. Durand)
* ''
* ''Image'' (poem by E. Schneider), for voice with piano (1921, Ed. Salabert)
* ''Fontaines'' (five poems by [[Lucien Jacques]]), for voice & orchestra, or for voice & piano (1923, Ed. Salabert)
* ''Cinq Robaïyats'' (five Persian quatrains by [[Omar Khayyam]], transl. [[Franz Toussaint]]), for voice with piano (1924, Ed. Salabert)
* ''Dans la montagne'' (poems by Maurice Boucher), five chorales for male quartet (1925, Ed. Salabert)
* ''Hymne en l'honneur d'une Sainte'' (text by Jean Cras) for female voices with organ (1925, Ed. Salabert)
* ''Vocalise-Etude'', for voice and piano (1928, Ed. Leduc)
* ''La Flûte de Pan'' for voice, Pan-pipes, violin, viola and cello (four poems by Lucien Jacques), (1928, Ed. Salabert)
* ''Soir sur la mer'' (poem by [[Virginie Hériot]]), for voice and piano (1929, Ed. Salabert)
* ''Trois Noëls'' (poems by [[Léon Chancerel]]), for voices and chorus with piano (1929, Ed. Salabert)
* ''Trois chansons bretonnes'' (poems by Jean Cras), for voice and piano (1932, Ed. Salabert)
* ''Deux chansons: le roi Loudivic, Chanson du barde'', extracts from ''Chevalier étranger'' by [[Tanguy Malmanche]], for voice and piano (1932, Ed.Salabert)
===Chamber music===
* ''Voyage symbolique (premier trio)'', for piano, violin & cello (1899, ms.)
* ''L'Esprit (première sonate)'', for violin & piano (1900, ms.)
* ''L'Âme (deuxième sonate)'', for viola & piano (1900, ms.)
* ''La Chair (troisième sonate)'', for cello & piano (1900, Ed. Durand)
* ''Trio en ut pour piano, violon et violoncelle'' (1907, Ed. Durand)
* ''À ma Bretagne'', string quartet (1909, Ed. Salabert)
* ''Quintette'', for flute, harp, violin, viola, & cello, or for piano and string quartet (1922, Ed. Salabert)
* ''Prélude et danse: Demain'', saxophone quartet (1924–1926, ms.)
* ''Deux Impromptus pour harpe'' (1925, Ed. Salabert)
* ''Trio pour violon, alto et violoncelle'' (1926 Spring; 1927, Senart) <ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/1802/4948 Senart Edition, miniature score] (publ. 1927); [http://data.bnf.fr/14015003/jean_cras_trios__cordes/ Information about Autograph Manuscript from BNF Data]</ref>
* ''Quatre petites pièces pour violon et piano:''
::1. ''Air varié'' (1926, Ed. Salabert)
::2. ''Habanera'' (1927, Ed. Salabert)
::3. ''Evocation'' (1928, Ed.Salabert)
::4. ''Epilogue'' (1929, Ed. Salabert)
* ''Suite en duo'', for flute & harp, or for violin & piano (1927, Ed. Salabert)
[[File:Jean Cras - Suite en duo début.flac]]
* ''Quintette pour harpe, flûte, violon, alto et violoncelle'' (1928, Ed. Salabert)
* ''Légende'', for cello & piano (reduction of work for cello & orchestra) (1930, Senart)
===Piano works===
* ''Impromptu pastoral'' (1900, ms.)
* ''Petite pièce en fa mineur'' (1901, ms.)
* ''Valse en mi majeur'' (1904, ms.)
* ''Cinq poèmes intimes pour piano:'' (1912, E. Demets)
::1. ''En Islande'' (1902, Ed. Eschig)
::2. ''Preludio con fughetta'' (1902, Ed. Eschig)
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::4. ''Recueillement'' (1904, Ed. Eschig)
::5. ''La maison du matin'' (1911, Ed. Eschig)
* ''Deux Paysages: Paysage maritime, Paysage champêtre'', piano solo (1917, Ed. Durand)
* ''Danze'' (1917, Rouart, Lerolle et cie.)
* ''Quatre Danze: Danza morbida, Danza scherzosa, Danza tenera, Danza animata'', piano solo (1917, Ed. Salabert)
* ''Âmes d'enfants, pour 6 petites mains'', [[piano six hands]] (1917, ms.), [[piano four hands]] (1922, Senart), also orchestrated (1918, Ed. Salabert)
* ''Premier anniversaire, «
* ''First string quartet'', version for piano, 4 mains, (1921, Rouart, Lerolle et cie.)
* ''Deux impromptus'', for piano or harp, (1926, Senart)
===Organ===
* ''Chorale'' (1904, ms.)
* ''Grande marche nuptiale pour orgue'' (1904, Ed. Schola Cantorum)
===Orchestral works===
* ''Andante religieux'' (1901, ms.)
* ''Âmes d'enfants'', orchestration of work for «
* ''Journal de bord, Suite symphonique'' (1927, Ed. Salabert)
* ''Légende pour violoncelle et orchestre'' (1929, Ed. Salabert)
* ''Concerto pour piano et orchestre'' (1931, Ed. Salabert), (reduction for 2 pianos, 1932, Senart)
==References==
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* Bempéchat, Paul-André. Jean Cras, Polymath of Music and Letters. Farnham (UK): Ashgate, 2009; 610 pp.
* Bempéchat, Paul-André. "Jean Cras", ''Revised New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians''. London: MacMillan.
* Bempéchat, Paul-André. "Ravel Writes to Jean Cras", in Liber Amicorum [[Isabelle Cazeaux]]: Pendragon Press (Hillsdale, New York: 2005), pp. 365–376.
* Bempéchat, Paul-André. "Fair Winds and Following Seas: Jean
* Bempéchat, Paul-André. "The Breton Compositions of Jean Cras", in Proceedings of the 23rd Harvard Celtic Colloquium (2003).
* Bempéchat, Paul-André. "Narrating the Symbol: Jean
* Bempéchat, Paul-André. "Where Formalism Meets Folklore: Jean
* Bempéchat, Paul-André. "The Choral Works of Jean Cras", The Choral Journal, February 2001, Vol. 41, No. 7, pp. 9–16.
* Bempéchat, Paul-André. "An Admiral of Music: Jean
* Bempéchat, Paul-André. "Love's Labours Found: Jean Cras' Pieces for Violin and Piano Rediscovered (with apologies to The Bard)", American String Teacher, November 1999, Vol. 49, No. 4, pp. 64–74.
* Bempéchat, Paul-André. "Inside Jean
* Bempéchat, Paul-André. "Jean Cras and Albert Samain: Parallels and Paradoxes in the Genesis of Polyphème", The Opera Journal, March 1998, Vol. XXXI/1, pp. 3–17.
* Bempéchat, Paul-André. "Inside Jean Cras' Musical Laboratory: An African Diary in Music and Letters: The Genesis of His ‘Suite en Duo' for Flute and Harp (1928),
* Bempéchat, Paul-André. "A Rediscovered Masterpiece: Jean Cras' ‘Deux Impromptus pour harpe (1925),
* Bempéchat, Paul-André. Jean Cras, in Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart (MGG), 2001.
* Bempéchat, Paul-André. "Naval Hero—Novel Voice: The Piano Works of Jean Cras", Piano & Keyboard 206, September–October 2000, pp. 47–55.
* [[Brister, Wanda]]. "The Vocal Music of Jean Cras", Journal of Singing, March/April 2015, pp.
* Cras, M. & Surchamp, Dom Angelico. "Regard sur Jean Cras". ''Zodiaque'', Numéro 123, January 1980.
* [[René Dumesnil|Dumesnil, René]]. ''Portraits de musiciens français''. Paris: 1938. Chapter on Jean Cras.
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[[Category:1879 births]]
[[Category:1932 deaths]]
[[Category:French opera composers]]
[[Category:
[[Category:19th-century classical composers]]
[[Category:20th-century classical composers]]
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[[Category:French Navy admirals]]
[[Category:French military personnel of World War I]]
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