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A '''grocery store''' ([[American English|AE]]), '''grocery shop''' ([[British English|BE]]) or simply '''grocery'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://culinarylore.com/food-history:origin-of-grocer/|title=Origin of the Word Grocer|website=culinarylore.com|date=19 March 2013 |access-date=May 12, 2022}}</ref> is a [[foodservice]] [[retail]] store that primarily retails a general range of food [[Product (business)|products]],<ref name=naics/> which may be [[Fresh food|fresh]] or [[Food preservation|packaged]]. In everyday U.S. usage, however, "grocery store" is a synonym for [[supermarket]],<ref name=oxford/> and is not used to refer to other types of stores that sell '''groceries'''. In the UK, shops that sell food are distinguished as grocers<ref name=oxford/> or grocery shops (though in everyday use, people usually use either the term "supermarket" or a "[[corner shop]]"
Larger types of stores that sell groceries, such as [[
==Definition==
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===United States===
In the United States,
* the ''[[Merriam-Webster Dictionary]]'' defines a grocery store as "a store that sells food and household supplies : supermarket". In other words, in common U.S. usage, "grocery store" is a synonym for supermarket.<ref>{{cite web |title=Grocery store |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/grocery%20store |website=Merriam-Webster Dictionary |access-date=July 13, 2020}}</ref> The [[Oxford English Dictionary]] notes that the term "grocery store" in American English is often used to mean
* the U.S. and Canadian governments have a wider definition of grocery stores, not limiting them to supermarkets. The category of business ([[NAICS]] code 4551) "Grocery stores" is defined as "primarily engaged in retailing a general line of food products",<ref name=naics>{{Cite web|url=https://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p3VD.pl?Function=getVD&TVD=118464&CVD=118467&CPV=4451&CST=01012012&CLV=1&MLV=5"|title="4451", North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) Canada 2012}}</ref> and the subcategory (NAICS code 455110), "Supermarkets and Other Grocery (except Convenience) Stores" is defined as "establishments generally known as supermarkets and grocery stores, primarily engaged in retailing a general line of food, such as canned and frozen foods; fresh fruits and vegetables; and fresh and prepared meats, fish, and poultry. Included in this industry are delicatessen-type establishments primarily engaged in retailing a general line of food.
===United Kingdom===
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===Early history===
[[File:Gerard Dou - The Grocer's Shop - WGA06636.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.56|Painting: 'The Grocer's Shop,' 1647]]
Beginning as early as the 14th century, a grocer (or "purveyor") was a dealer in comestible [[dry goods]] such as [[spices]], [[Bell pepper|peppers]], [[Sugarloaf|sugar]], and (later) [[Cocoa solids|cocoa]], [[tea]], and [[coffee]]. Because these items were often bought in bulk, they were named after the French word for wholesaler, or "grossier". This, in turn, is derived from the Medieval Latin term "grossarius",<ref>{{cite news|title=Grocer
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[[File:Epicerie moderne.jpg|thumb|Grocer's shop in [[Paris, France]], 1904]]
From the late 1600s until the 1850s, the word "grocery" referred to a [[
As increasing numbers of [[staple food]]-stuffs became available in [[Canning|cans]] and other less-perishable packaging, the trade expanded its province. Today, grocers deal in a wide range of staple food-stuffs including such perishables as [[dairy product]]s, [[meat]]s, and [[produce]]. Such goods are, hence, called ''groceries''. <ref>{{Cite web|title=What does grocer mean?|url=https://www.definitions.net/definition/grocer|access-date=2021-09-09|website=www.definitions.net}}</ref>
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[[File:Old grocery shop (38797097655).jpg|thumb|Grocery store in Porto, Portugal]]
Many European cities are so dense in population and buildings that large supermarkets, in the American sense, cannot replace the neighbourhood grocer's shop. However, "Metro" shops have been appearing in town and city centres in many countries, leading to the decline of independent smaller shops. Large out-of-town [[supermarket]]s and [[hypermarket]]s, such as [[Tesco]] and [[Sainsbury's]] in the [[United Kingdom]], have been steadily weakening trade from smaller shops. Many grocery chains like [[Spar (retailer)|Spar]] or [[Mace (
===The Future===
According to Deloitte Insights,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/industry/retail-distribution/future-of-grocery-retail.html|title=The future of grocery retail|website=www.deloitte.com}}Deloitte</ref> exponentially more powerful technology is one of the major forces reshaping the industry. The future of grocery stores is likely to be shaped by continued technological innovation, with trends like automated checkouts, AI-driven inventory management, and even drone deliveries. Sustainability will also be a key focus, with stores adopting more eco-friendly practices and products.
==Types==
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|-
|Traditional [[supermarket]]
|Stores offering a full line of groceries, meat, and produce with at least US$2 million USD in annual sales and up to 15% of their sales in general merchandise (GM) and health & beauty care (HBC). These stores typically carry anywhere from 15,000 to 60,000 SKUs (depending on the size of the store) and may offer a service deli, a service bakery, and/or a pharmacy e.g., [[Albertsons]], [[Safeway]], [[Kroger]], and [[Prime Supermarket]].
|-
|Fresh format
|Different from traditional supermarkets and traditional natural food stores, fresh stores emphasize perishables and offer center-store assortments that differ from those of traditional retailers—especially in the areas of ethnic, natural, and organic, e.g., [[Whole Foods Market|Whole Foods]], [[The Fresh Market]], and some independents.
|-
|Limited-assortment store
|A low-priced grocery store that offers a limited assortment of center-store and perishable items (fewer than 2,000), e.g., [[Aldi]], [[Lidl]], [[Trader Joe's]], and [[Save-A-Lot
|-
|[[Warehouse store|Super warehouse]]
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|-
|Other (Small Grocery)
|The small corner grocery store that carries a limited selection of staples and other convenience goods. These stores generate approximately $1 million in business annually.
|-
|colspan="2"|'''Non-traditional grocery'''
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|-
|[[Warehouse club|Wholesale club]]
|A membership retail/wholesale hybrid with a varied selection and limited variety of products presented in a warehouse-type environment. These approximately 120,000 square-foot stores have 60% to 70% GM/HBC and a grocery line dedicated to large sizes and bulk sales. Memberships include both business accounts and consumer groups, e.g., [[Sam's Club]], [[Costco]], and [[BJ's Wholesale Club|BJ's]].
|-
|[[Big-box store|Supercenter]]
|A hybrid of a large traditional supermarket and a mass merchandiser. Supercenters offer a wide variety of food, as well as non-food merchandise. These stores average more than 170,000 square feet and typically devote as much as 40% of the space to grocery items, e.g., [[Walmart]] Supercenter, Super [[Target Corporation|Target]], [[Meijer]], and [[Kroger]] Marketplace.
|-
|[[Variety store|Dollar store]]
|A small store format that traditionally sold staples and knickknacks, but now sales of food and consumable items at aggressive price points that account for at least 20%, and up to 66%, of their volume, e.g., [[Dollar General]], [[Dollar Tree]], [[Action (store)|Action]], [[Pep&Co]], [[Poundland]], and [[Family Dollar]].
|-
|[[Pharmacy (shop)|Drug store]]
|A prescription-based drug store that generates 20% or more of its total sales from consumables, general merchandise, and seasonal items. This channel includes major chain drug stores such as [[Walgreens]], [[dm-drogerie markt|DM]], [[A.S. Watson Group|AS Watson]], and [[CVS Pharmacy|CVS]].
|-
|[[Discount store|Mass merchandiser]]
|A large store selling primarily hardlines, clothing, electronics, and sporting goods but also carries grocery and non-edible grocery items. This channel includes traditional [[Walmart]], [[Kmart]], and [[Target Corporation|Target]]
|-
|Military ([[Defense Commissary Agency|commissaries]])
|A format that looks like a conventional grocery store carrying groceries and consumables but is restricted to use by active or retired military personnel. Civilians may not shop at these stores (referred to as commissaries).
|-
|[[E-commerce]] (food and consumables)
|Food and consumable products ordered using the internet via any devices, regardless of the method of payment or fulfillment. This channel includes [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] and [[Peapod]] as well as the E-Commerce business generated by traditional brick & mortar retailers, e.g., Coborns (Coborns Delivers) and [[ShopRite (United States)|ShopRite]] (ShopRite Order, Pickup, Deliver and ShopRite Delivers). The other non-traditional retail segments above include their E-Commerce business.
|}
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====Neighborhood grocery====
[[File:Ashrafiya, Amman, Jordan.jpg|thumb|Corner stores in [[Amman]], Jordan]]
In developing countries, often a significant portion of grocery shopping is done at so-called "mom-and-pop" (i.e., family-run), small grocery stores. 90% of the 810-billion-dollar Indian food and grocery market sales are at the 12 million small grocery stores, called ''kirana''.<ref name="india">{{cite web|title=Cucumbers and gherkins|url=http://apeda.gov.in/apedawebsite/SubHead_Products/Cucumber_and_Gherkins.htm|publisher=Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority, Government of India|access-date=13 November 2017|date=2015}}</ref> Similarly, in Mexico, ''tiendas de la esquina'' (literally "corner stores") are still common places for people to buy groceries and sundries, even though they become less and less of the market over time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mexiconewsdaily.com/news/future-not-bright-for-the-mom-and-pop-stores/|title=Future is not bright for mom and pop corner grocery stores|date=December 21, 2017}}</ref>
====Convenience store====
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Some grocers specialize in the foods of certain countries or regions, such as [[Hispanic]]/[[Latin American culture|Latin American]],<ref name=abasto>{{cite web | url=https://abasto.com/en/news/great-success-ethnic-supermarkets/ | title=The Great Success of Ethnic Supermarkets in the United States | date=15 May 2017 }}</ref> [[Chinese culture|Chinese]], [[Italian culture|Italian]], [[Middle East]]ern, [[Indian food|Indian]], [[Russian food|Russian]], or [[Polish culture|Polish]]. These stores are known in the U.S. as ''ethnic markets'',<ref name="Carter">{{cite book |last=Carter |first=F |title=Exploring Honolulu's Chinatown |publisher=Bess Press, Honolulu |year=1987}}</ref> ''ethnic food markets, ethnic grocers'', or ''ethnic grocery stores''.
Types include [[Asian supermarket
A
IBISWorld estimates U.S. ethnic grocery stores will make up ca. $51 billion<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ibisworld.com/industry-statistics/market-size/ethnic-supermarkets-united-states/ | title=IBISWorld - Industry Market Research, Reports, and Statistics }}</ref> in sales, 6% of the total ca. $819 billion in 2023 U.S. supermarket sales.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ibisworld.com/industry-statistics/market-size/supermarkets-grocery-stores-united-states/ | title=IBISWorld - Industry Market Research, Reports, and Statistics }}</ref> The largest such chains in 2016 were Hispanic supermarkets Superior Grocers, with an estimated $ 1.6 billion in sales and El Súper-Bodega Latina, a division of Mexico's [[Chedraui]] Group, with estimated sales of $1.2 billion.
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The economic trends affecting grocery stores include:
* In every decade since the 1960s, Americans have spent an increasing share of their money on eating at restaurants, which reduces their need to buy groceries.<ref name=":0" />
* Groceries are sold by many other stores, such as [[convenience store]]s, [[drug stores]], and [[dollar stores]].<ref name=":0" /> The result of [[retail channel blurring]] is that even when people are buying groceries, only about half of them are buying groceries from a grocery store.<ref name=":0" />
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==Food waste==
{{main|Food waste}}
[[File:Food waste in a blue waste container.jpg|thumb|Food waste in container]]As of 2011, 1.3 billion tons of food, about one third of the global food production, are lost or wasted annually. The [[USDA]] estimates that 27% of food is lost annually.<ref>
[[Food packaging|Packaging]] protects food from damage during its transportation from farms and factories via warehouses to retailing, as well as preserving its freshness upon arrival.<ref name="defrapack" /> Although it avoids considerable food waste,<ref name="defrapack">{{cite web|title=Making the most of packaging, A strategy for a low-carbon economy |url=http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/waste/producer/packaging/documents/excec-summary-pack-strategy.pdf |publisher=[[Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs|Defra]] |year=2009 |access-date=2009-09-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108015433/http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/waste/producer/packaging/documents/excec-summary-pack-strategy.pdf |archive-date=2010-01-08 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book
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Food waste contributes significantly to agriculture's impact on climate change, responsible for 3.3 billion tons of CO<sub>2</sub>e emissions annually,<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|title=FAO - News Article: Food wastage: Key facts and figures|url=http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/196402/icode/|access-date=2021-06-07|website=www.fao.org|archive-date=2021-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607154047/http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/196402/icode/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-09-11 |title=A third of food is wasted, making it third-biggest carbon emitter, U.N. says |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-food-wastage-idUKBRE98A0E920130911 |url-status=live |access-date=2021-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607154048/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-food-wastage-idUKBRE98A0E920130911 |archive-date=2021-06-07}}</ref> along with other environmental concerns like land use, water consumption, and biodiversity loss. Preventing food waste is a top priority, followed by surplus food reuse through methods like donations. Strategies then include animal feed, nutrient recycling, and energy recovery, with landfill being the least preferred due to methane emissions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=OLEM |date=2015-08-12 |title=Food Recovery Hierarchy |url=https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/food-recovery-hierarchy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523060937/https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/food-recovery-hierarchy |archive-date=2019-05-23 |access-date=2022-05-15 |website=www.epa.gov}}</ref>
The UN's Sustainable Development Goal Target 12.3 aims to cut global per capita food waste by 50% at retail, consumer levels, and throughout production and supply chains, including post-harvest losses, by [[2030]].<ref name=":17">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [[:File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development]] ([https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313 A/RES/71/313] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023121826/https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313 |date=2020-10-23 }})</ref> [[Climate change mitigation]] efforts emphasize reducing food waste,<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2020-02-12|title=Reduced Food Waste|url=https://drawdown.org/solutions/reduced-food-waste/technical-summary|access-date=2020-09-19|website=Project Drawdown|archive-date=2020-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924152831/https://www.drawdown.org/solutions/reduced-food-waste/technical-summary|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="guardian">{{cite web |author=Juliette Jowit |date=28 October 2007 |title=Call to use leftovers and cut food waste |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/oct/28/food.foodanddrink |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117133103/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/oct/28/food.foodanddrink |archive-date=2015-11-17 |access-date=2015-09-22 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> as demonstrated by the 2022 UN Biodiversity Conference's agreement among nations to achieve a 50% reduction in food waste by [[2030]].<ref name="CBD">{{cite web |title=COP15: NATIONS ADOPT FOUR GOALS, 23 TARGETS FOR 2030 IN LANDMARK UN BIODIVERSITY AGREEMENT |url=https://www.cbd.int/article/cop15-cbd-press-release-final-19dec2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220055316/https://www.cbd.int/article/cop15-cbd-press-release-final-19dec2022 |archive-date=2022-12-20 |access-date=9 January 2023 |website=Convention on Biological Diversity |publisher=United Nations}}</ref><ref name="independent">{{cite web |title=Britain's colossal food waste is stoking climate change |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/britains-colossal-food-waste-is-stoking-climate-change-398664.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025215750/http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/britains-colossal-food-waste-is-stoking-climate-change-398664.html |archive-date=2012-10-25 |access-date=2015-09-22 |work=The Independent}}</ref>
==See also==
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* Nebraska Jewish Historical Society. ''Mom and Pop Grocery Stores'' (2011)
* {{cite journal|last=Raijas|first=Anu|title=The consumer benefits and problems in the electronic grocery store|journal=Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services|date=March 2002|volume=9|issue=2|pages=107–113|doi=10.1016/S0969-6989(01)00024-8|issn=0969-6989}}
* Spellman, Susan V. ''Cornering the market: Independent grocers and innovation in American small business,
==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Grocery stores}}
* {{Wiktionary-inline|grocery|grocer|grocery|purveyor}}
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