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| blank2_name_sec1 = [[List of administrative units of Pakistan by Human Development Index|HDI]] (2019)
| blank2_info_sec1 = 0.527 {{increase}}<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/PAK/?levels=1%2B4&interpolation=1&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0&colour_scales=global|title=
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Education in Pakistan|Literacy rate]] (2020)
| blank4_info_sec1 = 55.1%
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| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2023 Census">{{cite web |url = https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/KP.pdf |title = Announcement of Results of 7th Population and Housing Census-2023 (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province) |date = 5 August 2023 |website = Pakistan Bureau of Statistics |access-date = 25 November 2023 |archive-date = 6 October 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231006024258/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/KP.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref>
| population_total = 40,856,097
| population_as_of = [[2023 Census of Pakistan|2023 census]]
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| demographics_type2 = GDP (PPP)
| demographics2_title1 = [[List of Pakistani administrative units by gross state product|Total (2022)]]
| demographics2_info1 = $152 billion ([[List of Pakistani administrative units by gross state product|3rd]]){{efn|name=g|KPK's contribution to national economy was 10.39%, or $152 billion (PPP) and $38 billion (nominal) in 2022.<ref name=kp>{{Cite web|url=https://kpbos.gov.pk/assets/docs/reports/NTL-PolicyBrief-Aug-1.pdf|title=GDP of Khyber Pukhtunkhwa's Districts|website=kpbos.gov.pk|access-date=15 May 2023|archive-date=21 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121002610/https://kpbos.gov.pk/assets/docs/reports/NTL-PolicyBrief-Aug-1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="imf.org">{{cite web | url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October/weo-report?c=564,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PCPIEPCH,&sy=2020&ey=2022&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 | title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects | access-date=15 May 2023 | archive-date=3 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603081010/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October/weo-report?c=564,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PCPIEPCH,&sy=2020&ey=2022&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 | url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
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| official_name = Province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
}}
'''Khyber Pakhtunkhwa''' ({{IPAc-en|,|k|aɪ|b|ər|_|p|ə|k|'|t|uː|ŋ|k|w|ə}}; {{lang-ps|خېبر پښتونخوا}}
While it is the third-largest Pakistani province in terms of both its population and [[Economy of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|its economy]], it is geographically the smallest.<ref name="T&F">{{cite book|last1=Claus|first1=Peter J.|last2=Diamond|first2=Sarah|last3=Ann Mills|first3=Margaret|title=South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka|date=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0415939195|page=447}}</ref> The province is home to 17.9 percent of [[Demographics of Pakistan|Pakistan's total population]]. The province is multiethnic, with the main ethnic groups being the [[Pashtuns]], [[Hindkowans]], [[Saraiki people|Saraikis]], and [[Kho people|Chitralis]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-06-25 |title=Ethno-linguistic provinces |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/196193/ethno-linguistic-provinces |access-date= |website=The Express Tribune |language=en |quote=Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa could gain the Pashto-speaking areas of Balochistan but would lose the Hindko-speaking parts to the Hazara Province, the Siraiki-speaking areas to the Siraiki province and the Khowar and other smaller language areas to yet another province. |archive-date=23 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923120751/https://tribune.com.pk/story/196193/ethno-linguistic-provinces |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=April 14, 2010 |first=Kalsoom Lakhani |title=A province by any other name |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2010/04/14/a-province-by-any-other-name/ |access-date= |website=Foreign Policy |date=14 April 2010 |language=en-US |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423153648/https://foreignpolicy.com/2010/04/14/a-province-by-any-other-name/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Once a [[Gandharan Buddhism|stronghold of Buddhism]], Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is the site of the ancient region of [[Gandhara]], including the ruins of the Gandharan capital of [[Pushkalavati]] (located near present day [[Charsadda]]). The region's history is characterized by frequent invasions by various empires, largely due to its geographical proximity to the historically important [[Khyber Pass]].<ref>Rafi U. Samad, [https://books.google.com/books?id=pNUwBYGYgxsC&pg=PA33 ''The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul, and Indus Valleys'']. Algora Publishing, 2011. {{ISBN|0875868592}}</ref>
Although it is colloquially known by a variety of other names, the name "Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" was brought into effect for the [[North-West Frontier Province]] in April 2010, following the passing of the [[Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|18th Constitutional Amendment]]. On 24 May 2018, the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] voted in favour of the [[Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|25th Constitutional Amendment]], which merged the [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas|FATA]] as well as the [[Provincially Administered Tribal Areas]] into Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NA approves merger of Fata, Pata with KP |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/320943-na-approves-merger-of-fata-pata-with-kp |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en |archive-date=15 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115144244/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/320943-na-approves-merger-of-fata-pata-with-kp |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] subsequently approved the bill on 28 May 2018;<ref name=":0a">{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1410351|title=KP Assembly approves landmark bill merging Fata with province|last=Hayat|first=Arif|date=27 May 2018|work=Dawn.com|access-date=28 May 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=27 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527130911/https://www.dawn.com/news/1410351|url-status=live}}</ref> it was signed into law on 31 May by erstwhile Pakistani president [[Mamnoon Hussain]], which officially completed the administrative merger process.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://nation.com.pk/01-Jun-2018/president-signs-fata-kp-merger-bill-into-law|title=President signs Fata-KP merger bill into law|date=1 June 2018|work=The Nation|access-date=15 June 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308201211/https://nation.com.pk/01-Jun-2018/president-signs-fata-kp-merger-bill-into-law|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/197519-fata-official-merged-with-kp-as-president-mamnoon-signs|title=President signs amendment bill, merging FATA with KP|work=Geo News|access-date=15 June 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=15 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615190747/https://www.geo.tv/latest/197519-fata-official-merged-with-kp-as-president-mamnoon-signs|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Etymology==
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During the times of [[Indus Valley civilisation]] (3300 BCE – 1700 BCE) the Khyber Pass through [[Hindu Kush]] provided a route to other neighbouring empires and was used by merchants on trade excursions.<ref>{{Harv|Princeton Roadmap to Regents|p=80}}</ref> From 1500 BCE, [[Indo-Iranians|Indo-Iranian peoples]] started to enter in the region from [[Central Asia]] after having passed the Khyber Pass.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mohiuddin |first=Yasmeen |title=Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2007 |isbn=9781851098019 |page=36}}</ref><ref name="humshehri.org"/>
The region of [[Gandhara]], which was primarily based in the area of modern-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa features prominently in the [[Rigveda]] ({{circa|1500|1200 BCE}}),<ref name="sacred-texts.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv01126.htm|title=Rig Veda: Rig-Veda Book 1: HYMN CXXVI. Bhāvayavya.|website=www.sacred-texts.com|access-date=16 March 2023|archive-date=16 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316221215/https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv01126.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Macdonell1997">{{cite book |author=Arthur Anthony Macdonell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8wM-dNOa7fMC&pg=PA130 |title=A History of Sanskrit Literature |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1997 |isbn=978-81-208-0095-3 |pages=130–}}</ref> as well as the Zoroastrian [[Avesta]], which mentions it as ''Vaēkərəta'', the sixth most beautiful place on earth created by [[Ahura Mazda]]. It was one of the 16 [[Mahajanapadas]] of [[Vedic era]].<ref name="auto12">{{Cite book |last1=Kulke |first1=Professor of Asian History Hermann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C&pg=PA53 |title=A History of India |last2=Kulke |first2=Hermann |last3=Rothermund |first3=Dietmar |date=2004 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-32919-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite book |last=Warikoo |first=K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NsdvkRtAtusC&pg=PA73 |title=Bamiyan: Challenge to World Heritage |date=2004 |publisher=Third Eye |isbn=978-81-86505-66-3 |language=en |access-date=20 January 2023 |archive-date=30 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130173938/https://books.google.com/books?id=NsdvkRtAtusC&pg=PA73 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto22">{{Cite book |last=Hansen |first=Mogens Herman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8qvY8pxVxcwC&pg=PA377 |title=A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures: An Investigation |date=2000 |publisher=Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab |isbn=978-87-7876-177-4 |language=en |access-date=20 January 2023 |archive-date=30 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130174052/https://books.google.com/books?id=8qvY8pxVxcwC&pg=PA377#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> It was the centre of [[Historical Vedic Religion|Vedic]] and later forms of [[Hinduism]]. Gandhara was frequently mentioned in Vedic epics, including [[Rig Veda]], [[Ramayana]] and [[Mahabharata]]. It was the home of [[Gandhari (Mahabharata)|Gandhari]], the princess of [[Gandhara Kingdom]].<ref>* Schmidt, Karl J. (1995). [https://books.google.com/books?id=BqdzCQAAQBAJ ''An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History''], p.120: "In addition to being a center of religion for Buddhists, as well as Hindus, Taxila was a thriving center for art, culture, and learning."
* Srinivasan, Doris Meth (2008). "Hindu Deities in Gandharan art," in [https://books.google.com/books?id=lHBEAQAAIAAJ ''Gandhara, The Buddhist Heritage of Pakistan: Legends, Monasteries, and Paradise''], pp.130–143: "Gandhara was not cut off from the heartland of early Hinduism in the Gangetic Valley. The two regions shared cultural and political connections and trade relations and this facilitated the adoption and exchange of religious ideas. [...] It is during the Kushan Era that flowering of religious imagery occurred. [...] Gandhara often introduced its own idiosyncratic expression upon the Buddhist and Hindu imagery it had initially come in contact with."
* Blurton, T. Richard (1993). [https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ-lzU_nj_MC ''Hindu Art''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115090452/https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ-lzU_nj_MC |date=15 January 2023 }}, Harvard University Press: "The earliest figures of Shiva which show him in purely human form come from the area of ancient Gandhara" (p.84) and "Coins from Gandhara of the first century BC show Lakshmi [...] four-armed, on a lotus." (p.176)</ref>
===Alexander's conquests===
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===Shahi dynasties===
[[File:Horseman_on_Hindu_Shahi_coinage.jpg|thumb|Horseman on a coin of Spalapati, i.e. the "War-lord" of the [[Hindu Shahis]]. The headgear has been interpreted as a [[turban]].{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=187 and Pl. V B.|loc="the horseman is shown wearing a turban-like head-gear with a small globule on the top"}}]]
The [[Turk Shahis]] ruled Gandhara until 870, when they were overthrown by the [[Hindu Shahis]]. The Hindu Shahis are believed to belong to the Uḍi/Oḍi tribe, namely the people of [[Oddiyana]] (modern Swat) in Gandhara,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rahman |first=Abdul |date=2002 |title=New Light on the Khingal, Turk and the Hindu Sahis |url=http://journals.uop.edu.pk/papers/AP_v15_37to42.pdf |journal=Ancient Pakistan |volume=XV |pages=37–42 |quote=The Hindu Śāhis were therefore neither Bhattis, or Janjuas, nor Brahmans. They were simply Uḍis/Oḍis. It can now be seen that the term Hindu Śāhi is a misnomer and, based as it is merely upon religious discrimination, should be discarded and forgotten. The correct name is Uḍi or Oḍi Śāhi dynasty. |access-date=20 January 2023 |archive-date=26 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426060455/http://journals.uop.edu.pk/papers/AP_v15_37to42.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meister |first=Michael W. |date=2005 |title=The Problem of Platform Extensions at Kafirkot North |url=http://journals.uop.edu.pk/papers/AP_v16_41to48.pdf |journal=Ancient Pakistan |volume=XVI |pages=41–48 |quote=Rehman (2002: 41) makes a good case for calling the Hindu Śāhis by a more accurate name, "Uḍi Śāhis". |access-date=20 January 2023 |archive-date=1 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201184532/http://journals.uop.edu.pk/papers/AP_v16_41to48.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> although they are also variously stated to be Brāhmāns or Kshātriyas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wink |first=André |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC&pg=PA125 |title=Al-hind: The Making of the Indo-islamic World |date=1991 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-09249-5 |pages=125 |language=en |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115114345/https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC&pg=PA125 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The first king Kallar had moved the capital into Udabandhapura from Kabul, in the modern village of [[Hund (village)|Hund]] for its new capital.<ref>The Shahi Afghanistan and Punjab, 1973, pp 1, 45–46, 48, 80, Dr D. B. Pandey; The Úakas in India and Their Impact on Indian Life and Culture, 1976, p 80, Vishwa Mitra Mohan – Indo-Scythians; Country, Culture and Political life in early and medieval India, 2004, p 34, Daud Ali.</ref><ref>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1954, pp 112 ff; The Shahis of Afghanistan and Punjab, 1973, p 46, Dr D. B. Pandey; The Úakas in India and Their Impact on Indian Life and Culture, 1976, p 80, Vishwa Mitra Mohan – Indo-Scythians.</ref><ref>India, A History, 2001, p 203, John Keay.</ref><ref>Sehrai, Fidaullah (1979). Hund: ''The Forgotten City of Gandhara'', p. 2. Peshawar Museum Publications New Series, Peshawar.</ref> At its zenith, the kingdom stretched over the [[Kabul Valley]], Gandhara and western [[Punjab]] under [[Jayapala]].<ref name="Wynbrandt2009">{{Harv|Wynbrandt|2009|pp=52–54}}</ref> Jayapala saw a danger in the consolidation of the Ghaznavids and invaded their capital city of [[Ghazni]] both in the reign of [[Sebuktigin]] and in that of his son [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]], which initiated the [[Muslim]] Ghaznavid and Hindu Shahi struggles.<ref name="Lewis2">{{Citation |title=The Cambridge history of Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ccI0u5XDR0C |page=3 |year=1977 |editor=P. M. Holt |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-29137-8 |quote=... Jaypala of Waihind saw danger in the consolidation of the kingdom of Ghazna and decided to destroy it. He therefore invaded Ghazna, but was defeated ... |editor2=Ann K. S. Lambton |editor3=[[Bernard Lewis]]}}</ref> Sebuk Tigin, however, defeated him, and he was forced to pay an indemnity.<ref name="Lewis2" /> Jayapala defaulted on the payment and took to the battlefield once more.<ref name="Lewis2" /> Jayapala however, lost control of the entire region between the Kabul Valley and [[Indus River]].<ref name="Ferishta">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/ferishtashistory01firi |title=Ferishta's History of Dekkan from the first Mahummedan conquests(etc) |via=Internet Archive |publisher=Shrewsbury [Eng.] : Printed for the editor by J. and W. Eddowes |year=1794}}</ref>
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Under the reign of Babar's son, [[Humayun]], a direct Mughal rule was briefly challenged with the rise of the Pashtun Emperor, [[Sher Shah Suri]], who began construction of the famous [[Grand Trunk Road]] – which links Kabul, Afghanistan with [[Chittagong]], [[Bangladesh]] over 2000 miles to the east. Later, local rulers once again pledged loyalty to the Mughal emperor.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}
[[Yusufzai]] tribes rose against Mughals during the Yusufzai Revolt of 1667,<ref name="Richards" /> and engaged in pitched-battles with Mughal battalions in Peshawar and [[Attock]].<ref name="Richards" /> [[Afridi]] tribes resisted Aurangzeb rule during the Afridi Revolt of the 1670s.<ref name="Richards" /> The Afridis massacred a Mughal battalion in the [[Khyber Pass]] in 1672 and shut the pass to lucrative trade routes.<ref name="richards">{{citation |last=Richards |first=John F. |title=The Mughal Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrdiVPsFRYIC |volume=5 |pages=170–171 |year=1996 |series=New Cambridge history of India: The Mughals and their contemporaries |chapter=Imperial expansion under Aurangzeb 1658–1869. Testing the limits of the empire: the Northwest. |edition=illustrated, reprint |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |author-link=John F. Richards |access-date=28 March 2017 |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817155248/https://books.google.com/books?id=SrdiVPsFRYIC |url-status=live }}</ref> Following another massacre in the winter of 1673, Mughal armies led by Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] himself regained control of the entire area in 1674,<ref name="Richards" /> and enticed tribal leaders with various awards in order to end the rebellion.<ref name="Richards" />
Referred to as the "Father of Pashto Literature" and hailing from the city of [[Akora Khattak]], the warrior-poet [[Khushal Khan Khattak]] actively participated in the revolt against the Mughals and became renowned for his poems that celebrated the rebellious Pashtun warriors.<ref name="Richards" />
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===Durrani Empire===
[[File:Bala Hisar Fort.jpg|thumb|[[Bala Hissar, Peshawar|Bala Hissar fort]] in Peshawar. The fort was used as a royal residence for the [[Durrani Empire]].]]
The area fell subsequently under the rule of [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], founder of the [[Durrani Empire]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Alikuzai |first1=Hamid Wahed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YZJcAQAAQBAJ&q=peshawar+capture+durrani+empire&pg=PA204 |title=A Concise History of Afghanistan in 25 Volumes, Volume 14 |date=October 2013 |publisher=Trafford |isbn=9781490714417 |access-date=29 December 2014 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322055639/https://books.google.com/books?id=YZJcAQAAQBAJ&q=peshawar+capture+durrani+empire&pg=PA204 |url-status=live }}</ref> following a grand nine-day long assembly of leaders, known as the ''[[loya jirga]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Siddique |first1=Abubakar |title=The Pashtun Question: The Unresolved Key to the Future of Pakistan and Afghanistan |date=2014 |publisher=Hurst |isbn=9781849044998}}</ref> In 1749, the Mughal ruler was induced to cede [[Sindh Province|Sindh]], the [[Punjab region]] and the important trans [[Indus River]] to Ahmad Shah in order to save his capital from the Durrani attack.<ref>Meredith L. Runion [https://books.google.com/books?id=aZk9XzqCFGUC&dq=ahmad+shah+durrani+1749+sindh+and+punjab&pg=PA69 ''The History of Afghanistan''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403232109/https://books.google.com/books?id=aZk9XzqCFGUC&dq=ahmad+shah+durrani+1749+sindh+and+punjab&pg=PA69 |date=3 April 2023 }} pp 69 Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007 {{ISBN|0313337985}}</ref> Ahmad Shah invaded the remnants of the Mughal Empire a third time, and then a fourth, consolidating control over the Kashmir and Punjab regions. In 1757, he captured Delhi and sacked Mathura,<ref>"Rivalries in India", C.C. Davies, ''The New Cambridge Modern History'', Vol. VII The Old Regime 1713–63, ed. J.O. Lindsay, (Cambridge University Press, 1988), 564.</ref> but permitted the Mughal dynasty to remain in nominal control of the city as long as the ruler acknowledged Ahmad Shah's suzerainty over Punjab, Sindh, and Kashmir. Leaving his second son [[Timur Shah Durrani|Timur Shah]] to safeguard his interests, Ahmad Shah left India to return to Afghanistan.
Their rule was interrupted by a brief invasion of the Hindu [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]], who ruled over the region following the [[Battle of Peshawar (1758)|1758 Battle of Peshawar]] for eleven months till early 1759 when the Durrani rule was re-established.<ref name="Schofield, Victoria 2003 page 47">Schofield, Victoria, "Afghan Frontier: Feuding and Fighting in Central Asia", London: Tauris Parke Paperbacks (2003), page 47</ref>
Under the reign of [[Timur Shah Durrani|Timur Shah]], the Mughal practice of using Kabul as a summer capital and Peshawar as a winter capital was reintroduced,<ref name="bosworth"/><ref name="Hanifi2011">{{cite book |last=Hanifi |first=Shah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kh1hpPLSpcEC |title=Connecting Histories in Afghanistan: Market Relations and State Formation on a Colonial Frontier |date=11 February 2011 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-7777-3 |quote=Timur Shah transferred the Durrani capital from Qandahar during the period of 1775 and 1776. Kabul and Peshawar then shared time as the dual capital cities of Durrani, the former during the summer and the latter during the winter season. |access-date=13 December 2012 |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310204401/https://books.google.com/books?id=kh1hpPLSpcEC |url-status=live }}</ref> Peshawar's [[Bala Hissar, Peshawar|Bala Hissar Fort]] served as the residence of Durrani kings during their winter stay in Peshawar.
[[Mahmud Shah Durrani]] became king, and quickly sought to seize Peshawar from his half-brother, [[Shah Shujah Durrani]].<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite book |last1=Dani |first1=Ahmad Hasan |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in contrast: from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century |date=2003 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=9789231038761}}</ref> Shah Shujah was then himself proclaimed king in 1803, and recaptured Peshawar while Mahmud Shah was imprisoned at Bala Hissar fort until his eventual escape.<ref name="UNESCO" /> In 1809, the British sent an emissary to the court of Shah Shujah in Peshawar, marking the first diplomatic meeting between the British and Afghans.<ref name="UNESCO" /> Mahmud Shah allied himself with the ''Barakzai'' Pashtuns, and amassed an army in 1809, and captured Peshawar from his half-brother, Shah Shujah, establishing Mahmud Shah's second reign,<ref name="UNESCO" /> which lasted under 1818.
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[[British East India Company]] defeated the Sikhs during the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] in 1849, and incorporated small parts of the region into the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Province of Punjab]]. While Peshawar was the site of a small revolt against British during the [[Mutiny of 1857]], local Pashtun tribes throughout the region generally remained neutral or supportive of the British as they detested the Sikhs,<ref name="humshehri.org">{{cite web |title=KP Historical Overview |url=http://humshehri.org/history/kpk-historical-overview/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311194150/http://humshehri.org/history/kpk-historical-overview/ |archive-date=11 March 2015 |access-date=22 April 2015 |work=Humshehri}}</ref> in contrast to other parts of [[British India]] which rose up in revolt against the British. However, British control of parts of the region was routinely challenged by [[Wazir (Pashtun tribe)|Wazir]] tribesmen in [[Waziristan]] and other Pashtun tribes, who resisted any foreign occupation until Pakistan was created. By the late 19th century, the official boundaries of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region still had not been defined as the region was still claimed by the Kingdom of Afghanistan. It was only in 1893 The British demarcated the [[Durand Line|boundary with Afghanistan]] under a treaty agreed to by the Afghan king, [[Abdur Rahman Khan]], following the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]].<ref name="LoC">{{cite web |date=August 2008 |title=Country Profile: Afghanistan |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Afghanistan.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408085103/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Afghanistan.pdf |archive-date=8 April 2014 |access-date=30 January 2014 |publisher=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]]}}</ref> Several princely states within the boundaries of the region were allowed to maintain their autonomy under the terms of maintaining friendly ties with the British. As the British war effort during [[World War One]] demanded the reallocation of resources from British India to the European war fronts, some tribesmen from Afghanistan crossed the Durand Line in 1917 to attack British posts in an attempt to gain territory and weaken the legitimacy of the border. The validity of the Durand Line, however, was re-affirmed in 1919 by the Afghan government with the signing of the [[Treaty of Rawalpindi]],<ref>Robson, ''Crisis on the Frontier'' pp. 136–7</ref> which ended the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]] – a war in which Waziri tribesmen allied themselves with the forces of Afghanistan's King [[Amanullah]] in their resistance to British rule. The Wazirs and other tribes, taking advantage of instability on the frontier, [[Waziristan campaign (1919–20)|continued to resist British occupation until 1920]] – even after Afghanistan had signed a peace treaty with the British.
British campaigns to subdue tribesmen along the Durand Line, as well as three Anglo-Afghan wars, made travel between Afghanistan and the densely populated heartlands of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa increasingly difficult. The two regions were largely isolated from one another from the start of the Second Anglo-Afghan War in 1878 until the start of [[World War II]] in 1939 when conflict along the Afghan frontier largely dissipated. Concurrently, the British continued their large public works projects in the region, and extended the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]] into the region, which connected the modern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region to the plains of India to the east. Other projects, such as the [[Attock Bridge]], [[Islamia College University]], [[Khyber train safari|Khyber Railway]], and establishment of [[cantonments]] in [[Peshawar]], [[Kohat]], [[Mardan]], and [[Nowshera Cantonment|Nowshera]] further cemented British rule in the region. In 1901, the British carved out the northwest portions of Punjab Province to create the Northwest Frontier Province (NWFP), which was renamed "Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 May 2018 |title=NWFP to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa |url=http://blog.travel-culture.com/2018/05/15/from-nwfp-to-khyber-pakhtunkhwa-an-overview/ |access-date=14 May 2018 |website=Blog.travel-culture.com |archive-date=15 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515112231/http://blog.travel-culture.com/2018/05/15/from-nwfp-to-khyber-pakhtunkhwa-an-overview/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
During this period, North-West Frontier Province was a "scene of repeated outrages on Hindus."<ref>Elst, Koenraad (2018). {{cite book |title=Why I killed the Mahatma: Uncovering Godse's defence |section=70 (b)}} New Delhi : Rupa, 2018.</ref> During the independence period there was a [[Congress party of India|Congress]]-led ministry in the province, which was led by secular [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] leaders, including Bacha Khan, who preferred joining [[India]] instead of Pakistan. The [[secular]] Pashtun leadership was also of the view that if joining India was not an option then they should espouse the cause of an independent ethnic Pashtun state rather than Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pande |first=Aparna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ceg-kSmft94C&dq=congress+party+united+india+north+west+frontier+province&pg=PA66 |title=Explaining Pakistan's Foreign Policy: Escaping India |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2011 |isbn=9781136818943 |location= |page=66 |quote=At Independence there was a Congress-led ministry in the North West Frontier...The Congress-supported government of the North West Frontier led by the secular Pashtun leaders, the Khan brothers, wanted to join India and not Pakistan. If joining India was not an option, then the secular Pashtun leaders espoused the cause of [[Pashtunistan]]: an ethnic state for Pashtuns. }}</ref> In June 1947, [[Mirzali Khan]], [[Bacha Khan]], and other [[Khudai Khidmatgars]] declared the [[Bannu Resolution]], demanding that the Pashtuns be given a choice to have an independent state of Pashtunistan composing all Pashtun majority territories of British India, instead of being made to join the new state of [[Pakistan]]. However, the [[British Raj]] refused to comply with the demand of this resolution, as their departure from the region required regions under their control to choose either to join India or Pakistan, with no third option.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ali Shah |first=Sayyid Vaqar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c05uAAAAMAAJ |title=Afghanistan and the Frontier |date=1993 |publisher=Emjay Books International |editor1-last=Marwat |editor1-first=Fazal-ur-Rahim Khan |location=[[University of Michigan]] |page=256}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=H Johnson |first1=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B9ZZAgAAQBAJ |title=Culture, Conflict, and Counterinsurgency |last2=Zellen |first2=Barry |date=2014 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=9780804789219 |page=154 |author-link1=Thomas Howard Johnson |access-date=27 January 2018 |archive-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116101845/https://books.google.com/books?id=B9ZZAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> By 1947 Pashtun nationalists were advocating for a united India, and no prominent voices advocated for a union with Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web |last=Harrison |first=Selig S. |title=Pakistan: The State of the Union |url=http://www.ciponline.org/images/uploads/publications/pakistan_the_state_of_the_union.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923203710/http://www.ciponline.org/images/uploads/publications/pakistan_the_state_of_the_union.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=24 January 2014 |publisher=Center for International Policy |pages=13–14}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Vipul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wsiXwh_tIGkC&q=north-west+frontier+province+referendum |title=The Pearson Indian History Manual for the UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination |publisher=Pearson |year=2008 |isbn=9788131717530 |page=65}}</ref>
The secular stance of Bacha Khan had driven a wedge between the [[ulama]] of the otherwise pro-[[Congress party of India|Congress]] (and pro-Indian unity) [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind|Jamiat Ulema Hind]] (JUH) and Bacha Khan's [[Khudai Khidmatgar]]s.
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=== Post-independence ===
There had been tensions between Pakistan and Afghanistan ever since Afghanistan voted against Pakistan's inclusion in the United Nations in 1948.<ref>{{Harv|Kiessling|2016|p=8}}</ref> After the creation of [[Pakistan]] in 1947, Afghanistan was the sole member of the [[United Nations]] to vote against Pakistan's accession to the UN because of Kabul's claim to the Pashtun territories on the Pakistani side of the [[Durand Line]].<ref name=pakafgh>{{cite web |title=Pakistan-Afghanistan relations in the post-9/11 era, October 2006, Frédéric Grare |url=http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/cp72_grare_final.pdf |access-date=20 November 2013 |archive-date=3 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003151837/https://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/cp72_grare_final.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Afghanistan's [[loya jirga]] of 1949 declared the Durand Line invalid. This led to border tensions with Pakistan. Afghanistan's governments have periodically refused to recognize Pakistan's inheritance of British treaties regarding the region.<ref name=pakafgh/> As had been agreed to by the Afghan governments following the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barthorp |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bRxQgAACAAJ |title=Afghan Wars and the North-West Frontier, 1839–1947 |date=2002 |publisher=Cassell |isbn=978-0-304-36294-3 |pages=85–90 |language=en |access-date=20 January 2023 |archive-date=3 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403232111/https://books.google.com/books?id=-bRxQgAACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> and after the treaty ending [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barthorp |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bRxQgAACAAJ |title=Afghan Wars and the North-West Frontier, 1839–1947 |date=2002 |publisher=Cassell |isbn=978-0-304-36294-3 |pages=157 |language=en |access-date=20 January 2023 |archive-date=3 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403232111/https://books.google.com/books?id=-bRxQgAACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> no option was available to cede the territory to the Afghans, even though Afghanistan continued to claim the entire region as it was part of the Durrani Empire prior the conquest of the region by the Sikhs in 1818.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hyman |first=Anthony |date=2002 |title=Nationalism in Afghanistan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3879829 |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=299–315 |jstor=3879829 |issn=0020-7438 |quote="Greater Afghanistan," an irredentist vision based on the extensive empire conquered by Ahmad Shah Durrani. |access-date=20 January 2023 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210205140/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3879829 |url-status=live }}</ref>
During the 1950s, Afghanistan supported the [[Pushtunistan]] Movement, a secessionist movement that failed to gain substantial support amongst the tribes of the North-West Frontier Province. Afghanistan's refusal to recognize the Durrand Line, and its subsequent support for the Pashtunistan Movement has been cited as the main cause of tensions between the two countries that have existed since Pakistan's independence.<ref>{{cite news|title='Pashtunistan' Issues Linger Behind Row|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1067048.html|newspaper=Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty|access-date=20 January 2018
After the Afghan-Soviet War, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has become one of the areas of top focus for the [[War on terror|War against Terror]]. The province has been reported to struggle with the issues of crumbling schools, non-existent healthcare, and lack of any sound infrastructure while areas such as Islamabad and Rawalpindi receive priority funding.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Underhill|first1=Natasha|title=Countering Global Terrorism and Insurgency: Calculating the Risk of State Failure in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iraq|date=2014|publisher=Macmillan Publishers|isbn=978-1-349-48064-7|pages=195–121}}</ref>
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== Geography ==
[[File:River Swat Pakistan 3.jpg|thumb|Northern parts of the province feature forests and dramatic mountain scenery, as in [[Swat District]].]]
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa sits primarily on the [[Iranian plateau]] and comprises the junction where the slopes of the [[Hindu Kush]] mountains on the [[Eurasian plate]] give way to the Indus-watered hills approaching [[South Asia]]. This situation has led to seismic activity in the past.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/419493/Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa/249136/Geography |title=Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (province, Pakistan) :: Geography
[[File:ISS053-E-173835 - View of Earth.jpg|thumb|View from the [[International Space Station]] of the [[Bajaur District]] at night; the [[Hindu Kush]] at left and lit-up cities on the right.]]
Geographically the province could be divided into two zones: the northern zone extending from the ranges of the [[Hindu Kush]] to the borders of the Peshawar basin and the southern zone extending from Peshawar to the Derajat basin.
Line 274 ⟶ 273:
The northern zone is cold and snowy in winters with heavy rainfall and pleasant summers with the exception of the Peshawar basin, which is hot in summer and cold in winter. It has moderate rainfall.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}
The southern zone is arid with hot summers and relatively cold winters and scanty rainfall.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dawn.com/2012/11/29/its-wintertime-in-khyber-pakhtunkhwa/ |title=It's wintertime in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | Newspaper |publisher=Dawn.Com |date=29 November 2012 |access-date=24 May 2013 |archive-date=12 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212191514/http://dawn.com/2012/11/29/its-wintertime-in-khyber-pakhtunkhwa/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Sheikh Badin Hills, a spur of clay and [[sandstone]] hills that stretch east from the Sulaiman Mountains to the [[Indus River]], separates [[Dera Ismail Khan District]] from the ''Marwat'' plains of the [[Lakki Marwat District|Lakki Marwat]]. The highest peak in the range is the limestone Sheikh Badin Mountain, which is protected by the [[Sheikh Badin National Park]]. Near the Indus River, the terminus of the Sheikh Badin Hills is a spur of [[limestone]] hills known as the ''Kafir Kot'' hills, where the ancient Hindu complex of [[Kafir Kot]] is located.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tolbort|first1=T|title=The District of Dera Ismail Khan, Trans-Indus|date=1871|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RVQOAAAAQAAJ&q=dera+ismail+khan|access-date=12 December 2017}}</ref>
The major rivers that criss-cross the province are Kabul, Swat, Chitral, Kunar, Siran, Panjkora, Bara, Kurram, Dor, Haroo, Gomal, and Zhob.
Line 281 ⟶ 280:
===Climate===
The [[climate]] of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa varies immensely for a region of its size, encompassing most of the many climate types found in Pakistan. The province stretching southwards from the [[Baroghil Pass]] in the [[Hindu Kush]] covers almost six degrees of latitude; it is mainly a mountainous region. [[Dera Ismail Khan]] is one of the hottest places in South Asia while in the mountains to the north the weather is mild in the summer and intensely cold in the winter. The air is generally very dry; consequently, the daily and annual range of temperature is quite large.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V19_153.gif |title=North-West Frontier Province – Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 19, p. 147 |publisher=Dsal.uchicago.edu |access-date=25 May 2010 |archive-date=24 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524160041/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V19_153.gif |url-status=live }}</ref>
Rainfall also varies widely. Although large parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are typically dry, the province also contains the wettest parts of Pakistan in its eastern fringe especially in [[monsoon]] season from mid-June to mid-September.
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==Demographics==
{{historical population
|
|1881|1,955,515
|1891|1,857,519
|1901|2,125,480
Line 415:
|1998|20,919,976
|2017|35,501,964
| source = <ref name="2017census">{{cite web|title=Table 1: Area, Population by Sex, Sex ratio, Population density, Urban Proportion, Household Size and Annual Growth Rate|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/National.pdf|publisher=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|access-date=30 August 2017|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927171509/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/National.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="NWFP1941">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215543 |jstor=saoa.crl.28215543 |access-date=23 September 2021 |title=Census of India, 1941. Vol. 10, North-West Frontier Province |year=1941 |archive-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129064219/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215543 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NWFP1931">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25793233 |jstor=saoa.crl.25793233 |access-date=7 February 2023 |title=Census of India, 1931, vol. XV. North-west frontier province. Part I-Report. Part II-Tables |last1=Mallam |first1=G. L. |last2=Dundas |first2=A. D. F. |year=1933 |publisher=Peshawar, Printed by the manager, Government stationery and printing, 1933. |archive-date=8 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208000202/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25793233 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NWFP1921">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25430163 |jstor=saoa.crl.25430163 |access-date=2 February 2023 |title=Census of India 1921. Vol. 14, North-west Frontier Province : part I, Report; part II, Tables. |year=1921 |archive-date=12 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212084456/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25430163 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NWFP1911">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25394102 |jstor=saoa.crl.25394102 |access-date=23 September 2021 |title=Census of India 1911. Vol. 13, North-west Frontier Province : part I, Report; part II, Tables. |year=1911}}</ref><ref name="NWFP1901">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25363739 |jstor=saoa.crl.25363739 |access-date=25 February 2024 |title=Census of India 1901. [Vol. 17A]. Imperial tables, I-VIII, X-XV, XVII and XVIII for the Punjab, with the native states under the political control of the Punjab Government, and for the North-west Frontier Province. |year=1901 |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128154853/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25363739 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NWFP1881">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057657 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057657 |access-date=16 June 2024 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. II. |year=1881 }}</ref>
}}
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=== Ethnicity ===
The largest ethnic group are the [[Pashtuns]], who historically have been living in the areas for centuries.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://kp.gov.pk/page/races_and_tribes| title = Races and Tribes – Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa| website = Kp.gov.pk| access-date = 20 June 2021| archive-date = 9 June 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210609173454/http://kp.gov.pk/page/races_and_tribes| url-status = live}}</ref> It has been estimated that nearly a third of the province's population is non-Pashtun, mainly made up of [[Gurjar|Gujjar]] and [[Awan (tribe)|Awan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2018 |title=Pashtuns in Pakistan |url=https://minorityrights.org/communities/pashtuns-2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203172501/https://minorityrights.org/communities/pashtuns-2/ |archive-date=3 February 2024 |website=[[Minority Rights Group]]}}</ref>
Around 1.5 million [[Afghans in Pakistan|Afghan refugees]] also remain in the province,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/news/NEWS/481856844.html |title=Pakistani TV delves into lives of Afghan refugees |publisher=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |date=30 April 2008 |access-date=25 May 2010 |archive-date=20 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520002658/http://www.unhcr.org/news/NEWS/481856844.html |url-status=live }}</ref> the majority of whom are Pashtuns followed by [[Tajiks]], [[Hazaras]], [[Gurjar|Gujjar]], and other smaller groups. Despite having lived in the province for over two decades, they are registered as [[demographics of Afghanistan|citizens of Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/page?page=49e487016 |title=UNHCR country operations profile – Pakistan |publisher=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |access-date=12 December 2012 |archive-date=24 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724052251/https://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/page?page=49e487016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The Pashtuns of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa observe tribal code of conduct called [[Pashtunwali]] which has four high value components called ''nang'' (honour), ''badal'' (revenge), ''melmastiya'' (hospitality) and ''nanawata'' (rights to refuge).<ref name="T&F"/>
Line 438:
[[Urdu]], being the national and official language, serves as a [[lingua franca]] for inter-ethnic communications, and sometimes [[Pashto]] and Urdu are the second and third languages among communities that speak other ethnic languages.<ref name="T&F"/>
The most widely spoken language is [[Pashto]], native to 78.89% of the population and spoken throughout the province.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1410447|access-date=1 September 2020|title=CCI defers approval of census results until elections|archive-date=20 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620161758/https://www.dawn.com/news/1410447/cci-defers-approval-of-census-results-until-elections|url-status=live}} The figure is for the combined territory of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and FATA.</ref> Other languages with significant numbers of speakers include [[Hindko]] (11.48%) and [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] (3.72%).<ref name="langs">{{cite web|date=2017|title=Census Final Results – Mother Tongue|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/census_2017_tables/pakistan/Table11n.pdf|website=pbs.gov.pk|publisher=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|access-date=11 February 2022|archive-date=9 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409115251/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/census_2017_tables/pakistan/Table11n.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hindko is spoken in the southern part of Hazara division in the northeast, and Hindko was once the predominant language of Peshawar before Pashtun settlement in the city. Saraiki-speakers are found in Dera Ismail Khan district in the far south of the province. Languages that the census recorded as 'Other' were 5.99% of the population, overwhelmingly [[Dardic languages]] spoken in the mountainous northeast of the province including [[Chitral]], [[Kohistan District, Pakistan|Kohistan]] and the upper parts of [[Mansehra|Manshera]], Dir and Swat valleys. The most prominent of these are [[Khowar language|Khowar]], spoken in Chitral, and [[Indus Kohistani|Kohistani]], spoken in the Kohistan region. In 2011 the provincial government approved in principle the introduction of Pashto, Saraiki, Hindko, Khowar and Kohistani as compulsory subjects for schools in the areas where they are spoken.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bashir |first=Elena L. |author-link=Elena Bashir|date=2016 |chapter=Language endangerment and documentation. Pakistan and Afghanistan|editor1-last=Hock|editor1-first=Hans Henrich|editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock|editor2-last=Bashir|editor2-first=Elena|editor2-link=Elena Bashir|title=The languages and linguistics of South Asia: a comprehensive guide |series=World of Linguistics |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-11-042715-8<!-- |pages=638–45--> |page=639}}</ref>
===Religion===
Line 447:
|+ Religion in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (1881–1931){{efn|name="population"|Pre-partition populations for religious data is for [[North-West Frontier Province]] only and excludes the [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]] (both administrative divisions later merged to form Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018), as religious data was not collected in the latter region at the time.<br>1951, 1998, and 2017 populations for religious data combine the [[North-West Frontier Province]] and [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]], both administrative divisions which later merged to form Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018.}}
! rowspan="2" |[[Religion in Pakistan|Religious]]<br>group
! colspan="2" |1881<ref name="
! colspan="2" |1891<ref name="NWFP1911"/>{{rp|95}}
! colspan="2" |1901<ref name="NWFP1901"/>{{rp|34-36}}
Line 468:
|-
| [[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
| 1,
|{{Percentage |
| 1,714,490
|{{Percentage | 1714490 | 1857519 | 2 }}
Line 482:
|-
| [[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]
|
|{{Percentage |
| 118,881
|{{Percentage | 118881 | 1857519 | 2 }}
Line 496:
|-
| [[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
|
|{{Percentage |
| 18,575
|{{Percentage | 18575 | 1857519 | 2 }}
Line 510:
|-
| [[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
| 4,
|{{Percentage |
| 5,573
|{{Percentage | 5573 | 1857519 | 2 }}
Line 524:
|-
| [[Jainism]] [[File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg|15px]]
|
| {{N/a}}▼
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 37
|
| 4
|
| 3
|
| 0
|
|-
| [[Zoroastrianism]] [[File:Faravahar.svg|15px]]
|
| {{N/a}}▼
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 46
|
| 49
|
| 20
|
| 60
|
|-▼
| [[Buddhism]] [[File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg|15px]]▼
| 0▼
▲| {{N/a}}
▲| {{N/a}}
| 0▼
| 0▼
|{{Percentage | 0 | 2196933 | 3 }}
|{{Percentage | 0 | 2251340 | 3 }}
| 2
|{{Percentage | 2 | 2425076 | 3 }}
|-
| [[Judaism]] [[File:Star_of_David.svg|15px]]
Line 557 ⟶ 571:
| {{N/a}}
| 4
|
| 14
|
| 0
|
| 11
|
▲|-
▲| [[Buddhism]] [[File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg|15px]]
▲| 0
▲| {{Percentage | 0 | 2050724 | 3 }}
▲| 0
▲| {{Percentage | 0 | 2196933 | 3 }}
▲| 0
▲| {{Percentage | 0 | 2251340 | 3 }}
▲| 2
▲| {{Percentage | 2 | 2425076 | 3 }}
|-
| Others
|
|{{Percentage | 5 | 1955515 | 3 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 0
|
| 0
|{{Percentage | 0 | 2196933 | 2 }}
Line 594:
|-
! Total Responses{{efn|name="population"}}
! 1,
! {{Percentage |
! 1,857,519
! {{Percentage | 1857519 | 1857519 | 2 }}
Line 608:
|-
! Total Population{{efn|name="population"}}
! 1,
! {{Percentage |
! 1,857,519
! {{Percentage | 1857519 | 1857519 | 2 }}
Line 625:
! rowspan="2" |Religious<br>group
! colspan="2" |1941<ref name="NWFP1941"/>{{rp|22}}
! colspan="2" |1951<ref name="KPK1951">{{cite web|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/7452/1/1422_1951_POP.pdf|title=CENSUS OF PAKISTAN, 1951 POPULATION ACCORDING TO RELIGION TABLE 6|access-date=24 January 2023|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032054/http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/7452/1/1422_1951_POP.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|12–21}}
! colspan="2" |1998<ref name="KPK1998">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/other/yearbooks//yearbook2014/16-16.pdf|title=Population Distribution by Religion, 1998 Census|access-date=23 January 2023|archive-date=23 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123235906/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/other/yearbooks//yearbook2014/16-16.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2017<ref name="KPK2017">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2017/tables/pakistan/Table09n.pdf|title=TABLE 9 - POPULATION BY SEX, RELIGION AND RURAL/URBAN|access-date=23 January 2023|archive-date=9 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809195627/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2017/tables/pakistan/Table09n.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
Line 774:
After the nationwide [[2002 Pakistani general election|general elections]] held in 2002, a [[plurality voting]] [[Swing (politics)|swing]] in the province elected one of Pakistan's only religiously based provincial governments led by the [[Conservative Islam|ultra-conservative]] [[Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal]] (MMA) during the administration of President [[Pervez Musharraf]]. The [[United States invasion of Afghanistan|American involvement]] in neighbouring [[Afghanistan]] contributed towards the electoral victory of the Islamic coalition led by [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan]] (JeI) whose social policies made the province a ground-swell of [[Anti-American sentiment in Pakistan|anti-Americanism]].<ref name="Time"/> The electoral victory of MMA was also in context of [[guided democracy]] in the Musharraff administration that barred the mainstream political parties, the leftist [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] and the [[centre-right]] [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]] (PML(N)), whose chairmen and presidents having been barred from participation in the elections.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ali|first1=Kamran Asdar|title=Pakistani Islamists Gamble on the General|url=http://www.merip.org/mer/mer231/pakistani-islamists-gamble-general|access-date=6 April 2017|publisher=Middle East Research and Information Project|date=Summer 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407233410/http://www.merip.org/mer/mer231/pakistani-islamists-gamble-general|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Policy enforcement of a range of social restrictions, though the implementation of strict [[Shariah]] was introduced by the Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal government the law was never fully enacted due to objections of the [[Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] backed by the [[President Pervez Musharaff|Musharraff administration]].<ref name="Time"/> Restrictions on public musical performances were introduced, as well as a ban prohibiting music to be played in public places as part of the "Prohibition of Dancing and Music Bill, 2005" – which led to the creation of a thriving underground music scene in Peshawar.<ref>{{cite news|title=Peshawar underground: It's difficult to be a rock star in the land the epitomises conservatism, yet something shocking is happening. There is a rock scene waiting to burst out of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Rahim Shah was just the beginning, Sajid and Zeeshan were proof that originality can spring out of unlikely places and there are others who are making their riffs and ragas heard... slowly, but surely. |url=http://jang.com.pk/thenews/jun2007-weekly/nos-24-06-2007/instep/mainissue.htm |access-date=13 December 2012 |newspaper=The News on Sunday Instep |date=24 June 2007 |first=Maria |last=Tirmizi |author2=Rizwan-ul-Haq |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825024510/http://jang.com.pk/thenews/jun2007-weekly/nos-24-06-2007/instep/mainissue.htm |archive-date=25 August 2012}}</ref> The Islamist government also attempted to enforce compulsory ''[[hijab]]'' on women,<ref name="Clarke">{{cite book|last1=Clarke|first1=Michael E.|last2=Misra|first2=Ashutosh|title=Pakistan's Stability Paradox: Domestic, Regional and International Dimensions|date=1 March 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136639340|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fpSpAgAAQBAJ&q=virtue+vice+pakistan+2002&pg=PA21|access-date=6 April 2017}}</ref> and wished to enforce gender segregation in the province's educational institutions.<ref name="Clarke"/> The coalition further tried to prohibit male doctors from performing ultrasounds on women,<ref name="Clarke"/> and tried to close the province's cinemas.<ref name="Clarke"/> In 2005, the coalition successfully passed the "Prohibition of Use of Women in Photograph Bill, 2005," leading to the removal of all public advertisements that featured women.<ref>{{cite news|title=PESHAWAR: Advertisers forced to deface billboards|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/190452/peshawar-advertisers-forced-to-deface-billboards|access-date=6 April 2017|agency=Dawn|date=3 May 2006|archive-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407144320/https://www.dawn.com/news/190452/peshawar-advertisers-forced-to-deface-billboards|url-status=live}}</ref>
At the height of [[Taliban insurgency in Pakistan]], the religious coalition lost its grip in the [[2008 Pakistani general election|general elections held in 2008]], and the religious coalition was swept out of power by the leftist [[Awami National Party]] which also witnessed the resignation of President Musharraf in 2008.<ref name="Time">{{cite news|last1=Robinson|first1=Simon|title=Religion's Defeat in Pakistan's Election|url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1718614,00.html|access-date=6 April 2017|agency=Time|date=
In non-Pashtun areas, such as [[Abbottabad District|Abbottabad]], and [[Hazara Division]], the [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML(N)]], the [[centre-right]] party, enjoys considerable public support over economical and public policy issues and has a substantial vote bank.<ref name="rugpundits, Yasir"/>
Line 783:
{{Main|Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}
The [[Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|executive branch]] of the Kyber Pakhtunkhwa is led by the [[Chief Minister of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Chief Minister]] elected by popular vote in the [[Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Provincial assembly]]<ref>[http://pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part4.ch3.html Article 130(4)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420072714/http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part4.ch3.html |date=20 April 2018 }} in Chapter 3: The Provincial Governments, in Part IV: Provinces, of the [[Constitution of Pakistan]]</ref> while the Governor, a ceremonial figure representing the [[Government of Pakistan|federal government]] in Islamabad, is appointed from the necessary advice of the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] by the [[President of Pakistan]].<ref>[http://pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part4.ch1.html Article 101(1)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704073401/http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part4.ch1.html |date=4 July 2014 }} in Chapter 1: The Governors, in Part IV: Provinces, of the [[Constitution of Pakistan]]</ref>
The provincial cabinet is then appointed by the Chief Minister who takes the [[Oath of office]] from the Governor.<ref>[http://pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part4.ch3.html Article 132(2)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420072714/http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part4.ch3.html |date=20 April 2018 }} in Chapter 3: The Provincial Governments, in Part IV: Provinces, of the [[Constitution of Pakistan]]</ref> In matters of civil administration, the [[Chief Secretary (Pakistan)|Chief Secretary]] assists the Chief Minister on executing its right to ensure the writ of the government and the constitution.<ref name="A Brief History of Pakistan" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Government of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa functions|url=http://kp.gov.pk/page/government|website=kp.gov.pk|access-date=3 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510092950/http://kp.gov.pk/page/government|archive-date=10 May 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Judicial branch===
Line 846:
{{main|Economy of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}
[[File:Forestry by Province.jpg|thumb|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's dominance: forestry]]
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has the [[List of Pakistani provinces by GDP|third largest]] provincial economy in Pakistan. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's share of Pakistan's GDP has historically comprised 10.5%, although the province accounts for 11.9% of Pakistan's total population. The part of the economy that Khyber Pakhtunkhwa dominates is forestry, where its share has historically ranged from a low of 34.9% to a high of 81%, giving an average of 61.56%.<ref>[http://www.spdc.org.pk/pubs/nps/nps5.pdf] {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Currently, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa accounts for 10% of Pakistan's GDP,<ref>{{cite web |last=Roman |first=David |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124237648756523343?mod=googlenews_wsj |title=Pakistan's Taliban Fight Threatens Key Economic Zone - WSJ.com |publisher=Online.wsj.com |date=15 May 2009 |access-date=25 May 2010 |archive-date=13 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913111750/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124237648756523343?mod=googlenews_wsj |url-status=live }}</ref> 20% of Pakistan's mining output<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601091&sid=a4Jvjhis1L70 |archive-url=http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20100313071909/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601091&sid=a4Jvjhis1L70 |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 March 2010 |title=Pakistan May Need Extra Bailouts as War Hits Economy (Update2) |publisher=Bloomberg |date=15 June 2009 |access-date=25 May 2010}}</ref> and, since 1972, it has seen its economy grow in size by 3.6 times.<ref>{{cite web
Agriculture remains important and the main cash crops include wheat, maize, tobacco (in Swabi), rice, sugar beets, as well as fruits are grown in the province.
Line 852:
Some manufacturing and high-tech investments in Peshawar have helped improve job prospects for many locals, while trade in the province involves nearly every product. The bazaars in the province are renowned throughout Pakistan. Unemployment has been reduced due to the establishment of industrial zones.
Workshops throughout the province support the manufacture of small arms and weapons. The province accounts for at least 78% of the [[marble]] production in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/2006/05/23/000012009_20060523095241/Rendered/PDF/354991PK0rev0pdf.pdf
==Infrastructure==
The Sharmai Hydropower Project is a proposed power generation project located in the Upper Dir District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa on the [[Panjkora River]] with an installed capacity of 150MW.<ref>{{cite web | last=Malik | first=Arshad Aziz | title=KP govt to face Rs 48.5 bn annual loss due to flawed energy policy | website=thenews.com.pk | date=19 July 2016 | url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/136011-KP-govt-to-face-Rs-485-bn-annual-loss-due-to-flawed-energy-policy | access-date=28 January 2017 | archive-date=27 January 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127160729/https://www.thenews.com.pk//print/136011-KP-govt-to-face-Rs-485-bn-annual-loss-due-to-flawed-energy-policy | url-status=live }}</ref>
==Social issues==
Line 862:
In 2010 the announcement that the province would have a new name led to a wave of protests in the Hazara region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=99951&Itemid=2 |title=Protest in Hazara continues over renaming of NWFP to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa |publisher=App.com.pk |access-date=25 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209001219/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=99951&Itemid=2 |archive-date=9 December 2011}}</ref> On 15 April 2010 [[Senate of Pakistan|Pakistan's senate]] officially named the province "Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" with 80 senators in favour and 12 opposed.<ref name="rename">{{cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/07-senate-begins-voting-on-18th-amendment-ha-02 |title=NWFP officially renamed as Pakhtun HAZARA |date=15 April 2010 |newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn.com]] |access-date=15 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418050112/http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/07-senate-begins-voting-on-18th-amendment-ha-02 |archive-date=18 April 2010}}</ref> The MMA, who until the elections of 2008 had a majority in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa government, had proposed "Afghania" as a compromise name.<ref>{{cite web|title=MMA govt proposes new name for Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (then NWFP) |publisher=Dawn |url=http://www.dawn.com/2007/08/01/top11.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113205924/http://www.dawn.com/2007/08/01/top11.htm |archive-date=13 November 2007}}</ref>
After the [[2008 Pakistani general election|2008 general election]], the Awami National Party formed a coalition provincial government with the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]].<ref>Abbas, Hassan. "Peace in FATA: ANP Can Be Counted On." Statesman (Pakistan) (4 February 2007).</ref> The Awami National Party has its strongholds in the Pashtun areas of Pakistan, particularly in the Peshawar valley, while [[Karachi]] in [[Sindh]] has one of the largest Pashtun populations in the world—around 7 million by some estimates.<ref>[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] [[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|Frontline]]: [https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/rough/2009/07/karachis_invisi.html Pakistan: Karachi's Invisible Enemy City potent refuge for Taliban fighters] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824071128/http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/rough/2009/07/karachis_invisi.html |date=24 August 2011 }}. 17 July 2009.</ref> In the 2008 election, the ANP won two Sindh assembly seats in Karachi. The Awami National Party has been instrumental in fighting the Taliban. In [[2013 Pakistani general election|the 2013 general election]] Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf won a majority in the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly|provincial assembly]] and has now formed their government in coalition with [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0505/p06s01-wosc.htm |title=Pakistan's 'Gandhi' party takes on Taliban, Al Qaeda |website=CSMonitor.com |date=5 May 2008 |access-date=25 May 2010}}</ref>
===Non-government organisations===
The following is a list of some of the major NGOs working in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ngos.org.pk/cities/kpk-ngos.htm|title=List of NGOs in KPK- Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (NWFP)|website=Ngos.org.pk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911143620/http://www.ngos.org.pk/cities/kpk-ngos.htm|archive-date=11 September 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=7 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/847933/light-in-dark-times-the-abc-of-empowering-women/|title=Light in dark times: The ABC of empowering women|website=Tribune.com.pk|date=4 March 2015|language=en-US|access-date=7 September 2016|archive-date=16 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916113710/http://tribune.com.pk/story/847933/light-in-dark-times-the-abc-of-empowering-women/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Al-Khidmat Foundation]]
* [[Aurat Foundation]]
Line 896:
|2020||55.1%
|}
Sources:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001459/145959e.pdf |title=Pakistan: where and who are the world's illiterates?; Background paper for the Education for all global monitoring report 2006: literacy for life; 2005 |access-date=25 May 2010 |archive-date=23 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091223003430/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001459/145959e.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="literacy">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/census_2017_tables/pakistan/Table13n.pdf|title=2017 census Final Results – TABLE- 13 POPULATION (10 YEARS AND ABOVE) BY LITERACY, SEX AND RURAL/URBAN|website=pbs.gov.pk|publisher=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|access-date=11 February 2022|archive-date=18 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118104420/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/census_2017_tables/pakistan/Table13n.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="startuppakistan.com.pk">{{cite web | url=https://startuppakistan.com.pk/kpk-achieves-highest-literacy-growth-rate-among-all-provinces/ | title=KPK Achieves Highest Literacy Growth Rate Among All Provinces | date=9 June 2022 | access-date=3 August 2022 | archive-date=27 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627131357/https://startuppakistan.com.pk/kpk-achieves-highest-literacy-growth-rate-among-all-provinces/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="propakistani.pk">{{cite news | url=https://propakistani.pk/2022/06/09/kp-achieves-highest-literacy-rate-among-all-provinces/ | title=KP Achieves Highest Literacy Rate Growth Among All Provinces | newspaper=Propakistani | date=9 June 2022 | access-date=3 August 2022 | archive-date=4 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404002315/https://propakistani.pk/2022/06/09/kp-achieves-highest-literacy-rate-among-all-provinces/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has traditionally had a very low literacy rate, although this is changing in recent times. As of the 2017 census, the literacy rate for Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (including FATA) is 51.66%. In rural areas, the literacy rate is 48.44% of the population while in urban areas it is 66.86%. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has a huge gap in literacy rate between sexes – for men it is 66.67% while the female literacy rate is 34.58%, just over half the male literacy rate. This gap is particularly prominent in the overwhelmingly-Pashto rural areas, where traditional gender norms have generally limited education of women. As of 2021, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) has the highest literacy growth rate in the whole country ([[Pakistan]]).<ref name="startuppakistan.com.pk"/><ref name="propakistani.pk"/>
Line 1,008:
===Works cited===
* {{cite book |last1=Docherty |first1=Patty |title=The Khyber Pass: A History of Empire and Invasion |date=2007 |publisher=Faber and Faber |isbn=978-1-4027-5696-2 |ref=CITEREFFaber_and_Faber}}
* {{cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V19_154.gif |title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 19– Imperial Gazetteer of India |publisher=Digital South Asia Library |access-date=22 April 2015 |ref=CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205202857/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V19_154.gif |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last1=Kiessling |first1=Hein |title=Faith, Unity, Discipline |date=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1849045179}}
* {{Cite thesis |title=The Last Two Dynasties of the Sahis: An analysis of their history, archaeology, coinage and palaeography |url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/11229 |publisher=Australian National University |date=January 1976 |language=en |first=Abdur |last=Rehman |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=22 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122191649/https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/11229 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |title=Roadmap to the Regents: Global History and Geography |publisher=Princeton |isbn=9780375763120 |year=2003 |ref=CITEREFPrinceton_Roadmap_to_Regents}}
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