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{{Other uses}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=OctoberMay 20222024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| image = Kaiserin Maria Theresia (HRR).jpg
| caption = Portrait by [[Martin van Meytens]], 1759
| succession = {{ubl|[[Holy Roman Empress]]| [[Grand Duchess consort of Tuscany]]}}
| reign = 13 September 1745 – {{awrap| 18 August 1765}}<!-- She was Holy Roman Empress by marriage; she did not hold the title until her death. -->
| reign-type = Tenure
| succession1 = [[List of Bohemian monarchs|Queen of Bohemia]]
| reign1reign2 = 20 October 1740 – {{awrap|19 December 1741}}
| predecessor1predecessor2 = [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles II]]
| successor1successor2 = [[Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles Albert]]
| reign-type1type2 = 1st reign
| reign2reign1 = 12 May 1743 – {{awrap|29 November 1780}}
| coronation2coronation1 = 12 May 1743
| cor-type2type1 = [[Coronation of the Bohemian monarch|Coronation]]
| predecessor2predecessor1 = Charles Albert
| successor2successor1 = [[Joseph II]]
| reign-type2type1 = 2nd reign
| succession3 = {{ubl|[[List of rulers of Austria|Archduchess of Austria]]|[[List of Hungarian monarchs|Queen of Hungary]] and [[List of rulers of Croatia|Croatia]]}}
| reign3 = 20 October 1740 – {{awrap|29 November 1780}}
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| predecessor3 = [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles III]]
| successor3 = [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]]
| succession4 = [[Grand Duchess consort of Tuscany]]
| reign4 = 12 July 1737 – {{awrap| 18 August 1765}}
| reign-type4 = Tenure
| succession5 = [[Duchess consort of Lorraine]] and [[Duchess consort of Bar|Bar]]
| reign5 = 12 February 1736 – {{awrap| 9 July 1737}}
| reign-type5 = Tenure
| birth_date = {{birth date|1717|05|13|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Vienna]], [[Archduchy of Austria]], [[Holy Roman Empire]]
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* [[Archduchess Maria Johanna Gabriela of Austria|Archduchess Maria Johanna]]
* [[Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria|Archduchess Maria Josepha]]
* [[Maria Carolina of Austria|Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples and Sicily]]
* [[Ferdinand Karl, Archduke of Austria-Este|Ferdinand, Duke of Breisgau]]
* [[Marie Antoinette|Maria Antonia, Queen of France]]
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| father = [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor]]
| mother = [[Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel]]
| religion = [[CatholicismCatholic Church]]
| signature = Signature Maria Theresa.svg
}}
 
'''Maria Theresa''' (Maria Theresia Walburga Amalia Christina; 13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was ruler of the [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg dominions]] from 1740 until her death in 1780, and the only woman to hold the position ''[[suo jure]]'' (in her own right). She was the sovereign of [[Archduchy of Austria|Austria]], [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]], [[Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)|Croatia]], [[Crown of Bohemia|Bohemia]], [[Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867)|Transylvania]], [[Duchy of Mantua|Mantua]], [[Duchy of Milan|Milan]], [[Galicia and Lodomeria]], the [[Austrian Netherlands]], and [[Duchy of Parma|Parma]]. By marriage, she was [[List of Lorrainian royal consorts#House of Vaudemont, 1473–1737|Duchess of Lorraine]], [[List of Tuscan consorts#House of Lorraine, 1737–1765|Grand Duchess of Tuscany]], and [[List of Holy Roman empresses#House of Lorraine|Holy Roman Empress]].
 
Maria Theresa started her 40-year reign when her father, Emperor [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles VI]], died on 20 October 1740. Charles VI paved the way for her accession with the [[Pragmatic Sanction of 1713]] and spent his entire reign securing it. He neglected the advice of [[Prince Eugene of Savoy]], who believed that a strong military and a rich treasury were more important than mere signatures. Eventually, Charles VI left behind a weakened and impoverished state, particularly due to the [[War of the Polish Succession]] and the [[Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)]]. Moreover, upon his death, [[Electorate of Saxony|Saxony]], [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], [[Electorate of Bavaria|Bavaria]], and [[Kingdom of France|France]] all repudiated the sanction they had recognised during his lifetime. [[Frederick II of Prussia]] (who became Maria Theresa's greatest rival for most of her reign) promptly invaded and took the affluent Habsburg province of [[Silesia]] in the eight-year conflict known as the [[War of the Austrian Succession]]. In defiance of the grave situation, she managed to secure the vital support of the Hungarians for the war effort. During the course of the war, Maria Theresa successfully defended her rule over most of the Habsburg monarchy, apart from the loss of Silesia and a few minor territories in Italy. Maria Theresa later unsuccessfully tried to recover Silesia during the [[Seven Years' War]].
 
Although she was expected to cede power to her husband, Emperor [[Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis I]], and her eldest son, Emperor [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]], who were officially her co-rulers in Austria and Bohemia, Maria Theresa ruled as an [[Autocracy|autocratic]] sovereign with the counsel of her advisers. She promulgated institutional, financial, medical and educational reforms, with the assistance of [[Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg|Wenzel Anton of Kaunitz-Rietberg]], [[Friedrich Wilhelm von Haugwitz]], and [[Gerard van Swieten]]. She also promoted commerce and the development of agriculture, and reorganised Austria's ramshackle military, all of which strengthened Austria's international standing. SheA pious Catholic, she despised [[History of the Jews in Austria|Jews]] and [[Religion in Austria#Protestantism|Protestants]], and on certain occasions she ordered their expulsion to remote parts of the realm. She also advocated for the [[Catholic Church|state church]].
 
== Birth and early life ==
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[[File:Festmåltid vid hovet i Wien En grand couvert (Johan Lundberg) - Nationalmuseum - 15746.tif|thumb|left|Maria Theresa and Francis Stephen at their [[wedding breakfast]], by [[Martin van Meytens]]. Charles VI (in the red-plumed hat) is seated at the center of the table.]]
Francis Stephen remained at the imperial court until 1729, when he ascended the throne of Lorraine,{{sfn|Mahan|1932|p=27}} but was not formally promised Maria Theresa's hand until 31 January 1736, during the [[War of the Polish Succession]].{{sfn|Mahan|1932|p=37}} [[Louis XV]] of France demanded that Maria Theresa's fiancé surrender his ancestral [[Duchy of Lorraine]] to accommodate his father-in-law, [[Stanisław I Leszczyński|Stanisław I]], who had been deposed as King of Poland.{{efn|Maria Theresa's father compelled Francis Stephen to renounce his rights to Lorraine and told him: "''No renunciation, no archduchess."'' {{harvnb|Beales|1987|p=23}}.}} Francis Stephen was to receive the [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]] upon the death of childless Grand Duke [[Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany|Gian Gastone de' Medici]].{{sfn|Crankshaw|1970|p=25}} The couple were married on 12 February 1736 at the [[Augustinian Church, Vienna|Augustinian Church]] in [[Vienna]].{{sfn|Mahan|1932|p=38}}
 
The Duchess of Lorraine's love for her husband was strong and possessive.{{sfn|Mahan|1932|p=261}} The letters she sent to him shortly before their marriage expressed her eagerness to see him; his letters, on the other hand, were stereotyped and formal.{{sfn|Goldsmith|1936|p=55}}{{sfn|Mahan|1932|p=39}} She was very jealous of her husband and his infidelity was the greatest problem of their marriage,{{sfn|Mahan|1932|pp=261–262}} with [[Maria Wilhelmina von Neipperg|Maria Wilhelmina, Princess of Auersperg]], as his best-known mistress.{{sfn|Mahan|1932|pp=262–263}}
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===Childbearing===
 
Maria Theresa gave birth to sixteen children in nineteen years from 1737 to 1756,. thirteen of whomThirteen survived infancy, but only ten survived into adulthood. The first child, [[Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria (born 1737)|Maria Elisabeth]] (1737–1740), was born a little less than a year after the wedding. The child's sex caused great disappointment and so would the births of [[Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (born 1738)|Maria Anna]], the eldest surviving child, and [[Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria (born 1740)|Maria Carolina]] (1740–1741). While fighting to preserve her inheritance, Maria Theresa gave birth to a son, [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph]], named after [[Saint Joseph]], to whom she had repeatedly prayed for a male child during the pregnancy. Maria Theresa's favourite child, [[Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen|Maria Christina]], was born on her 25th&nbsp;birthday, four days before the defeat of the Austrian army at [[Battle of Chotusitz|Chotusitz]]. Five more children were born during the war: (the second) [[Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria (born 1743)|Maria Elisabeth]], [[Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria (born 1745)|Charles]], [[Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma|Maria Amalia]], [[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold]] and (the second) [[Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria (stillborn 1748)|Maria Carolina]] (b. & d. 1748). During this period, there was no rest for Maria Theresa during pregnancies or around the births; the war and child-bearing were carried on simultaneously. Five children were born during the peace between the [[War of the Austrian Succession]] and the [[Seven Years' War]]: [[Archduchess Maria Johanna Gabriela of Austria|Maria Johanna]], [[Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria|Maria Josepha]], (the third) [[Maria Caroline of Austria|Maria Carolina]], [[Ferdinand Karl, Archduke of Austria-Este|Ferdinand]] and [[Marie Antoinette|Maria Antonia]]. She delivered her last child, [[Archduke Maximilian Francis of Austria|Maximilian Francis]], during the Seven Years' War, aged 39.{{sfn|Mahan|1932|pp=266–271, 313}}{{sfn|Stollberg-Rilinger|2017|pp=291f}} Maria Theresa asserted that, had she not been almost always pregnant, she would have gone into battle herself.{{sfn|Holborn|1982|p=218}}
 
===Illnesses and deaths===
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== Religious views and policies ==
[[File:Maria Theresa of Austria family.jpg|thumb|right|Maria Theresa and her family celebrating [[Saint Nicholas]], by [[Archduchess Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen|Archduchess Maria Christina]], in 1762]]
Like all members of the [[House of Habsburg]], Maria Theresa was a [[Roman Catholic (term)Church|Roman Catholic]], and a devout one. She believed that religious unity was necessary for a peaceful public life and explicitly rejected the idea of [[religious toleration]]. She even advocated for a state church{{efn|In a letter to Joseph, she wrote: "What, without a dominant religion? Toleration, indifferentism, are exactly the right means to undermine everything... What other restraint exists? None. Neither the gallows nor the [[breaking wheel|wheel]]... I speak politically now, not as a Christian. Nothing is so necessary and beneficial as religion. Would you allow everyone to act according to his fantasy? If there were no fixed cult, no subjection to the Church, where should we be? The law of might would take command." {{harvnb|Crankshaw|1970|p=302}}}} and contemporary adversary travelers criticized her regime as bigoted, intolerant and superstitious.{{sfn|Beales|2005|p=69}} However, she never allowed the church to interfere with what she considered to be prerogatives of a monarch and kept Rome at arm's length. She controlled the selection of archbishops, bishops and abbots.{{sfn|Mahan|1932|p=251}} Overall, the ecclesiastical policies of Maria Theresa were enacted to ensure the primacy of state control in church-state relations.{{sfn|Kann|1980|p=187}} She was also influenced by [[Jansenism|Jansenist]] ideas. One of the most important aspects of Jansenism was the advocacy of maximum freedom of national churches from Rome. Although Austria had always stressed the rights of the state in relation to the church, Jansenism provided new theoretical justification for this.{{sfn|Holborn|1982|p=223}}
 
Maria Theresa promoted the [[Greek Catholic Church|Greek Catholics]] and emphasized their equal status with [[Latin Church]] Catholics.{{sfn|Himka|1999|p=5}} Although Maria Theresa was a very pious person, she also enacted policies that suppressed exaggerated display of piety, such as the prohibition of public [[flagellantism]]. Furthermore, she significantly reduced the number of religious holidays and monastic orders.{{sfn|Holborn|1982|p=222}}
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=== Protestants ===
In contrast to Maria Theresa's efforts to expel the Jews, she aimed to convert the [[Protestants]] (whom she regarded as heretics) to Roman Catholicism.{{sfn|Stollberg-Rilinger|2017|pp=644–647}} Commissions were formed to seek out secret Protestants and intern them in workhouses, where they would be given the chance to subscribe to approved statements of Catholic faith. If they accepted, they were to be allowed to return to their homes. However, any sign of a return to Protestant practice was treated harshly, often by exile.{{sfn|Stollberg-Rilinger|2017|pp=647–666}} Maria Theresa exiled Protestants from Austria to [[Transylvania]], including 2,600 from [[Upper Austria]] in the 1750s.{{sfn|Beller|2006|p=87}} Her son and co-ruler Joseph regarded his mother's religious policies as "unjust, impious, impossible, harmful and ridiculous".{{sfn|Beales|2005|p=14}} Despite her policies, practical, demographic and economic considerations prevented her from expelling the Protestants ''en masse''. In 1777, she abandoned the idea of expelling [[Moravian Church|Moravian Protestants]] after Joseph, who was opposed to her intentions, threatened to abdicate as emperor and co-ruler. {{sfn|Vocelka|2000|p=201}} In February 1780, after a number of Moravians publicly declared their faith, Joseph demanded a general freedom to worship. However, Maria Theresa refused to grant this upfor untilas thelong timeas of hershe deathlived. In May 1780, a group of Moravians who had assembled for a worship service on the occasion of her birthday were arrested and deported to Hungary.{{sfn|Stollberg-Rilinger|2017|p=665}} Freedom of religion was granted only in the Declaration of Tolerance issued by Joseph immediately after Maria Theresa's death.{{sfn|Stollberg-Rilinger|2017|p=666}}▼
 
▲In contrast to Maria Theresa's efforts to expel the Jews, she aimed to convert the [[Protestants]] (whom she regarded as heretics) to Roman Catholicism.{{sfn|Stollberg-Rilinger|2017|pp=644–647}} Commissions were formed to seek out secret Protestants and intern them in workhouses, where they would be given the chance to subscribe to approved statements of Catholic faith. If they accepted, they were to be allowed to return to their homes. However, any sign of a return to Protestant practice was treated harshly, often by exile.{{sfn|Stollberg-Rilinger|2017|pp=647–666}} Maria Theresa exiled Protestants from Austria to [[Transylvania]], including 2,600 from [[Upper Austria]] in the 1750s.{{sfn|Beller|2006|p=87}} Her son and co-ruler Joseph regarded his mother's religious policies as "unjust, impious, impossible, harmful and ridiculous".{{sfn|Beales|2005|p=14}} Despite her policies, practical, demographic and economic considerations prevented her from expelling the Protestants ''en masse''. In 1777, she abandoned the idea of expelling [[Moravian Church|Moravian Protestants]] after Joseph, who was opposed to her intentions, threatened to abdicate as emperor and co-ruler. {{sfn|Vocelka|2000|p=201}} In February 1780, after a number of Moravians publicly declared their faith, Joseph demanded a general freedom to worship. However, Maria Theresa refused to grant this up until the time of her death. In May 1780, a group of Moravians who had assembled for a worship service on the occasion of her birthday were arrested and deported to Hungary.{{sfn|Stollberg-Rilinger|2017|p=665}} Freedom of religion was granted only in the Declaration of Tolerance issued by Joseph immediately after Maria Theresa's death.{{sfn|Stollberg-Rilinger|2017|p=666}}
 
=== Eastern Orthodox Christians ===
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== Legacy ==
Maria Theresa understood the importance of her public ''persona'' and was able to simultaneously evoke both esteem and affection in her subjects; a notable example was how she projected dignity and simplicity to awe the people in Pressburg before she was crowned as Queen (Regnant) of Hungary.{{sfn|Browning|1994|p=67}} Her 40-year reign was considered to be very successful when compared to other Habsburg rulers. Her reforms had transformed the empire into a modern state with a significant international standing.{{sfn|Yonan|2011|p=3}} She centralised and modernised its institutions, and her reign was considered as the beginning of the era of "[[enlightened absolutism]]" in Austria, with a brand new approach toward governing: the measures undertaken by rulers became more modern and rational, and thoughts were given to the welfare of the state and the people.{{sfn|Vocelka|2009|pp=154–155}} Many of her policies were not in line with the ideals of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] (such as her support of [[torture]]), and she was still very much influenced by Catholicism from the previous era.{{sfn|Vocelka|2009|p=156}} Vocelka even stated that "taken as a whole the reforms of Maria Theresa appear more absolutist and centralist than enlightened, even if one must admit that the influence of enlightened ideas is visible to a certain degree."{{sfn|Vocelka|2000|p=202}} Despite being among the most successful HapsburgHabsburg monarchs and remarkable leaders of the 18th century, Maria Theresa has not captured the interest of contemporary historians or media, perhaps due her hardened nature.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/review-a-habsburg-to-be-reckoned-with-two-books-on-maria-theresa-austria-shadow-empress-11643385756|title=A Habsburg to Be Reckoned With: Two Books on Maria Theresa|first=A. Wess|last=Mitchell|date=28 January 2022|access-date=3 February 2022|website=Wsj.com}}</ref>
 
=== Memorials and honours ===
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A number of streets and squares were named after her throughout the empire as well as statues and monuments built. In Vienna a large bronze monument was built in her honour at [[Maria-Theresien-Platz]] in 1888. The [[Maria Theresia Garden Square (Uzhhorod)]] was constructed in her memory as recently as 2013.
 
City of [[Subotica]] was renamed in her honor in 1779, as MariMaria-Theresiapolis, sometimes spelled as Maria-Theresiopel or Theresiopel.<ref>{{cite web | title = The History of Subotica | website = subotica.rs | url = https://www.subotica.rs/index/page/id/42/lg/en/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231004235446/https://www.subotica.rs/index/page/id/42/lg/en/ | archive-date = 4 October 2023-10-04 | url-status = live }}</ref>
 
A number of her descendants were named in her honour. These include:
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* Asteroid [[295 Theresia]] was named in her honour in 1890.
* The garrison town of [[Terezin]] (''Theresienstadt'') in Bohemia was constructed in 1780 and named after her.
* A crystal [[chandelier]] with Bohemian crystal glass was named in her honour and is known as the ''Marie Therese'' chandelier.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.glowlighting.com/what-are-maria-theresa-chandeliers/|title = What are Maria Theresa Chandeliers?|website=Glowlighting.com|date = 27 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artglass.cz/en/company/history/|title = History |website= Artglass.cz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lightingcompany.co.uk/blog/300th-anniversary-of-maria-theresas-birth/|title=300th Anniversary of Maria Theresa's Birth|website=Lightingcompany.co.uk|date=11 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.classicalchandeliers.co.uk/blog/tag/maria-theresa-chandeliers/|title = Blog : Maria Theresa Chandeliers |website=Classicalchandeliers.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nonsololuce.com/en/history-and-styles-of-chandeliers/|title = History and Styles of Chandeliers |website=Nonsololuce.com|date = 26 April 2021 }}</ref>
* The Maria Theresa Room (''Maria-Theresien-Zimmer'') in the Leopoldine Wing of the [[Hofburg]] palace is named in her honour and a large state portrait of her by [[Martin van Meytens]]'s school from 1741 depicting her in the Hungarian coronation dress hangs in the centre. All [[oath of allegiance]] ceremonies of a newly elected [[government of Austria]] are conducted in this room with the signing taking place underneath her portrait.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bundespraesident.at/aktuelles/detail/maria-theresien-zimmer|title = Maria Theresia: Eine Frau, die alles im Blick hat|website=Bundespraesident.at}}</ref>
* 22nd Volunteer Cavalry Division 'Maria Theresa' (1943–1945)
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{|class="wikitable"
|-
!№No.!!Name!!Birth!!Death!! style="width:600px;"| Notes
|-
|1|| [[Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria (1737–1740)|Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria]] || 5 February 1737 || 7 June 1740 || died in childhood, no issue
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* {{cite book|last=Beller|first=Steven|title=A Concise History of Austria|url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00stev|date=2006|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=[[Cambridge, Cambridgeshire|Cambridge]]|isbn=978-0521473057}}
* {{cite book|last=Berenger|first=Jean|author-link=Jean Bérenger|title=A History of the Habsburg Empire 1700–1918|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7A-PBAAAQBAJ&q=A+History+of+the+Habsburg+Empire+1700%E2%80%931918.+C.+Simpson&pg=PA312|year=2014|orig-year=1997|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=978-0582090071|translator-last1=Simpson|translator-first1=CA}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Bocşan|first=Nicolae|author-link=Nicolae Bocșan|title=Illyrian privileges and the Romanians from the Banat|journal=Banatica|year=2015|volume=25|pages=243–258|url=http://banatica.ro/media/b25/243-258.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102143201/http://banatica.ro/media/b25/243-258.pdf |archive-date=2 January 2019-01-02 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book|last=Bronza|first=Boro|chapter=The Habsburg Monarchy and the Projects for Division of the Ottoman Balkans, 1771–1788|title=Empires and Peninsulas: Southeastern Europe between Karlowitz and the Peace of Adrianople, 1699–1829|year=2010|location=Berlin|publisher=LIT Verlag|pages=51–62|isbn=978-3643106117|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cz7pbGvCqhwC}}
* {{cite book|last=Brandstätter|first=Christian|title=Stadt Chronik Wien: 2000 Jahre in Daten, Dokumenten und Bildern|date=1986|publisher=Kremayr und Scheriau}}
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[[Category:1780 deaths]]
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[[Category:18th-century Austrian writers]]
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[[Category:18th-century dukes of Parma]]
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[[Category:Austrian princesses]]
[[Category:Austrian Roman Catholics]]
▲[[Category:18th-century queens regnant]]
[[Category:Grand Duchesses of Tuscany]]
[[Category:Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary]]
[[Category:Knights of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary]]
▲[[Category:18th-century women from the Holy Roman Empire]]
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[[Category:Monarchs of Galicia and Lodomeria]]
[[Category:Women who experienced pregnancy loss]]
[[Category:Mothers of Holy Roman Emperors]]
[[Category:Mothers of German monarchs]]
[[Category:Mothers of Italian monarchs]]
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