Dies irae: Difference between revisions

"'''{{lang|la|Dies irae|italic=no}}'''" ({{IPA-|la-x-church|ˈdi.es ˈi.re|churchlang|link=yes}}; "the Day of Wrath") is a Latin [[Sequence (musical form)|sequence]] attributed to either [[Thomas of Celano]] of the [[Franciscans]] (1200–1265)<ref name="CathEncy">{{CathEncy |wstitle=Dies Iræ}}</ref> or to [[Latino Malabranca Orsini]] (d. 1294), lector at the [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] {{lang|la|studium}} at [[Santa Sabina]], the forerunner of the [[Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas]] (the {{lang|la|Angelicum}}) in Rome.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crociani |first=G. |url=https://archive.org/embed/scrittivaridifi00crocgoog |title=Scritti vari di Filologia |date=1901 |publisher=Forzani &c. |location=[[Rome]] |page=488 |lccn=03027597 |oclc=10827264 |ol=23467162M |access-date=2022-03-15 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |lang=la}}</ref> The sequence dates from the 13th century at the latest, though it is possible that it is much older, with some sources ascribing its origin to [[Pope Gregory I|St. Gregory the Great]] (d. 604), [[Bernard of Clairvaux]] (1090–1153), or [[Bonaventure]] (1221–1274).<ref name=CathEncy />

It is best known from its use in the [[Roman Rite]] [[Requiem]]
[[Catholic]] ([[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] for the Dead or Funeral Mass). An English version is found in various [[Anglican Communion]] service books.

"{{Lang|la|Dies irae|italic=no}}", slightly edited, remains in use ''[[ad libitum]]'' as a hymn in the [[Liturgy of the Hours]] on [[All Souls' Day]] and during the last week before [[Advent]], for which it is divided into three parts for the [[Liturgy of the Hours#Major hours|Office of Readings]], [[Lauds]] and [[Vespers]], with the insertion of a [[doxology]] after each part.<ref name="LHIV">{{Cite book |url={{GBurl|id=HzzPzgEACAAJ}} |title=Liturgia Horarum |publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana |year=2000 |isbn=9788820928124 |volume=IV |location=[[Vatican City]] |page=489 |oclc=44683882 |ol=20815631M |access-date=2022-03-15 |lang=la}}</ref>

The Latin text below is taken from the Requiem Mass in the 1962 [[Roman Missal]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://media.musicasacra.com/pdf/missale62.pdf |title=Missale Romanum |date=1962 |publisher=Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis |edition=3rd |location=[[Vatican City]] |page=706 |oclc=61411326 |access-date=2022-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216004904/https://media.musicasacra.com/pdf/missale62.pdf |archive-date=2022-02-16 |url-status=live |lang=la}}</ref> The first English version below, translated by [[William Josiah Irons]] in 1849,<ref>{{wikisource-inline|Dies Irae (Irons, 1912)|single=true}}</ref> albeit from a slightly different Latin text, replicates the rhyme and metre of the original.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://hymnary.org/hymn/HPEC1940/468 |title=The Hymnal of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America |date=1940 |publisher=Church Pension Fund |location=[[New York City]] |page=468 |access-date=2022-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806040118/https://hymnary.org/hymn/HPEC1940/468 |archive-date=2016-08-06 |url-status=live |via=[[Hymnary.org]] |lang=en}}</ref> This translation, edited for more conformance to the official Latin, is approved by the Catholic Church for use as the funeral Mass sequence in the liturgy of the [[Personal ordinariate|AnglicanCatholic ordinariate ordinariates for former Anglicans]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Order for Funerals for use by the Ordinariates erected under the auspices of the Apostolic Constitution Anglicanorum cœtibus |url=https://ordinariate.net/documents/resources/AC_Order_for_Funerals.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214112446/https://ordinariate.net/documents/resources/AC_Order_for_Funerals.pdf |archive-date=2021-02-14 |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=[[Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter]] |language=en,la}}</ref> The second English version is a more [[Dynamic and formal equivalence|formal equivalence]] translation.

Quando Iudexjudex est venturus,

The earliest surviving polyphonic setting of the Requiem by [[Johannes Ockeghem]] does not include "{{Lang|la|Dies iræ}}". The first polyphonic settings to include the "{{Lang|la|Dies iræ}}" are by [[Engarandus Juvenis]] (1490) and [[Antoine Brumel]] (1516) to be followed by many composers of the renaissance. Later, many notable choral and orchestral settings of the Requiem including the sequence were made by composers such as [[Marc-Antoine Charpentier|Charpentier]], [[Michel Richard Delalande|Delalande]], [[Requiem (Mozart)|Mozart]], [[Requiem (Berlioz)|Berlioz]], [[Requiem (Verdi)|Verdi]], [[War Requiem|Britten]] and [[Requiem Canticles|Stravinsky]]. [[Giovanni Battista Martini]] ended his set of (mostly humorous) 303 canons with a set of 20 on extracts of the sequence poem.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Martini |first=Giovanni |url=https://purl.stanford.edu/bh700pn2251 |title=Canoni |publisher=manuscript |pages=134–148 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004183815/https://purl.stanford.edu/bh700pn2251 |access-date=2022-10-04 |archive-date=2022-10-04 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellis |first=Gabriel |date=April 5, 2018 |title=Breaking the canon: Padre Martini's vision for the canonic genre |url=https://library.stanford.edu/blogs/stanford-libraries-blog/2018/04/breaking-canon-padre-martinis-vision-canonic-genre |website=Stanford Libraries Blog}}</ref>

* [[Luigi Dallapiccola]] -– ''[[Canti di prigionia]]''

* [[Ern%C5%91 Dohn%C3%A1nyi]] -– no. 4 (E-flat minor) of "Four Rhapsodies" for Piano, op. 11

* [[CharlesBenjamin GounodGodard]] – ''[[Faust (opera)|Faust]]Dante'' opera, act 4, No. 35 Suite du Finale "Partons !" (18591890)

* [[Teofil Klonowski]] -– ''Preludes on Polish Church Hymns: Dies Irae'' <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Quotes – Musical Quotations of the Dies Irae plainchant melody |url=https://diquotes.victoryvinny.com/quotes/ |access-date=2022-06-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>(1867)

* [[Jules Massenet]] -– [[Ève (Massenet)|Eve]]<ref name=":0" /> (1874)

* [[Edvard Mirzoyan]] -– Introduction and Perpetuum Mobile (1957)

* [[Nikolai Myaskovsky]] – [[Symphony No. 4 (Myaskovsky)|Symphony No. 4]] (first movement), [[Symphony No. 6 (Myaskovsky)|Symphony No. 6]], Op. 23 (1921–23); Piano Sonata No.2, Op.13

* [[Sergei Rachmaninoff]] – [[Piano Concerto No. 1 (Rachmaninoff)|Piano Concerto No. 1]], Op. 1 (1891); [[Symphony No. 1 (Rachmaninoff)|Symphony No. 1]], Op. 13 (1895); [[Six moments musicaux (Rachmaninoff)|Six moments musicaux]], Op. 16 No. 3 (1896); [[Suite No. 2 (Rachmaninoff)|Suite No. 2]], Op. 17 (1901); [[Symphony No. 2 (Rachmaninoff)|Symphony No. 2]], Op. 27 (1906–07); [[Piano Sonata No. 1 (Rachmaninoff)|Piano sonata No. 1]] (1908); ''[[Isle of the Dead (Rachmaninoff)|Isle of the Dead]]'', Op. 29 (1908); ''[[The Bells (symphony)|The Bells]]'' choral symphony, Op. 35 (1913); {{lang|fr|[[Études-Tableaux, Op. 39|Études-Tableaux]]}}, Op. 39 No. 2, 5, 7 (1916); [[Piano Concerto No. 4 (Rachmaninoff)|Piano Concerto No. 4]], Op. 40 (1926); ''[[Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini]]'', Op. 43 (1934); [[Symphony No. 3 (Rachmaninoff)|Symphony No. 3]], Op. 44 (1935–36); ''[[Symphonic Dances (Rachmaninoff)|Symphonic Dances]]'', Op. 45 (1940)

* [[Bernard Herrmann]] quoted in the main theme for ''[[Citizen Kane]]''{{cn|date=August 2022}} (1941)

* [[The Melvins]] -– on their album "[[Nude with Boots]]" (2008)

* [[Lionel Newman]] -– ''[[Compulsion (1959 film)|Compulsion]]''

* [[Leonard Rosenman]] – the main theme of ''[[The Car (1977 film)|The Car]]'' (1977)

* [[John Williams]] – "Old Man Marley" [[leitmotif]] from his [[Home Alone (soundtrack)|score]] for ''[[Home Alone]]''<ref>{{Citation |last=Hoyt |first=Alia |title=Why Sountracks love the Day of Wrath Theme |date=2018-03-22 |url=https://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/why-soundtracks-love-day-wrath.htm |type=analysis}}</ref> (1990) and quoted in ''[[Close Encounters of the Third Kind (soundtrack)|Close Encounters of the Third Kind]]'' (1977) and ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars: Episode IV - A New Hope]]'' (1977) when Luke discovers that Imperial Stormtroopers have killed his uncle and aunt.

* [[Hans Zimmer]] – "The Rightful King" from [[The Lion King (1994 soundtrack)|''The Lion King'' soundtrack]], "Rock House Jail" from ''[[The Rock (film)|The Rock]]'' soundtrack, and "House Atreides" from [[Dune (2021 film)|the 2021 Dune adaptation]].

* [[Guy Gross]] -– "Salve me Lacrimosa" from the CanadianAmerican-Australian television series ''[[Farscape]]''

* [[Cristobal Tapia de Veer]] – ''[[The White Lotus]]'' opening credits

[[Category:Latin-language Christian hymns in Latin]]