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| area_label2 = Total land area
| area_data2 = {{convert|9093507|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}}
| population_estimate_year = 2024
| population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 36,991,981<ref>{{cite web |date=February 9, 2022 |title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&DGUIDList=2021A000011124&GENDERList=1&STATISTICList=1&HEADERList=0&SearchText=Canada |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209165904/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&DGUIDList=2021A000011124&GENDERList=1&STATISTICList=1&HEADERList=0&SearchText=Canada |archive-date=February 9, 2022}}</ref>
| population_census_year = [[2021 Canadian census|2021]]
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<!---Overly detailed information such as listing examples, statistics or naming individuals should be reserved for the body of the article.--->
'''Canada'''<!--Before you edit this article to change the name of the country to "Dominion of Canada", please read the Talk Page Archive.--> is a country in [[North America]]. Its [[Provinces and territories of Canada|ten provinces and three territories]] extend from the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]] and northward into the [[Arctic Ocean]], making it the world's [[List of countries and dependencies by area|second-largest country by total area]], with the [[List of countries by length of coastline|world's longest coastline]]. [[Canada–United States border|Its border with the United States]] is the world's longest international land border. The country is characterized by a wide range of both [[Temperature in Canada|meteorologic]] and [[Geography of Canada|geological]] regions. It is [[Population of Canada|a sparsely inhabited country]] of 40{{nbsp}}million people, the vast majority residing south of the [[55th parallel north|55th parallel]] in [[List of the largest population centres in Canada|urban areas]]. Canada's capital is [[Ottawa]] and [[List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada|its three largest metropolitan areas]] are [[Toronto]], [[Montreal]], and [[Vancouver]].
[[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Indigenous peoples]] have continuously inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years. Beginning in the 16th century, [[British colonization of the Americas|British]] and [[French colonization of the Americas|French]] expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast. As a consequence of [[Military history of Canada|various armed conflicts]], France [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|ceded nearly all]] of [[New France|its colonies in North America]] in 1763. In 1867, with the union of three [[British North America]]n colonies through [[Canadian Confederation|Confederation]], Canada was formed as a [[Federalism|federal]] [[dominion]] of four provinces. This began an [[Territorial evolution of Canada|accretion of provinces and territories]] and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom, highlighted by the ''[[Statute of Westminster 1931|Statute of Westminster, 1931]]'', and culminating in the ''[[Canada Act 1982]]'', which severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]].
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Canada is a [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary democracy]] and a [[constitutional monarchy]] in the [[Westminster system|Westminster tradition]]. The country's [[head of government]] is the [[Prime Minister of Canada|prime minister]], who holds office by virtue of their ability to [[Confidence and supply|command the confidence]] of the elected [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]] and is "called upon" by the [[Governor General of Canada|governor general]], representing the [[Monarchy of Canada|monarch of Canada]], the ceremonial [[head of state]]. The country is a [[Commonwealth realm]] and is [[Official bilingualism in Canada|officially bilingual]] (English and French) in the federal jurisdiction. It is [[International rankings of Canada|very highly ranked in international measurements]] of government transparency, quality of life, economic competitiveness, innovation, education and gender equality. It is one of the world's most [[Ethnic origins of people in Canada|ethnically diverse]] and [[Multiculturalism in Canada|multicultural]] nations, the product of [[Immigration to Canada|large-scale immigration]]. Canada's long and complex [[Canada–United States relations|relationship with the United States]] has had a significant impact on [[History of Canada|its history]], [[Economy of Canada|economy]], and [[Culture of Canada|culture]].
A [[developed country]], Canada has a [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|high nominal per capita income globally]] and its advanced economy ranks among the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|largest in the world]], relying chiefly upon [[Geography of Canada#Natural resources|its abundant natural resources]] and well-developed [[List of the largest trading partners of Canada|international trade networks]]. Recognized as a [[middle power]], Canada's strong support for [[multilateralism]] and [[Internationalism (politics)|internationalism]] has been closely related to [[Foreign relations of Canada|its foreign relations policies]] of [[Canadian peacekeeping|peacekeeping]] and [[Aid|aid for developing countries]]. Canada is part of multiple [[International organisation membership of Canada|international organizations and forums]].
==Etymology==
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From the 16th to the early 18th century, "[[Canada (New France)|Canada]]" referred to the part of [[New France]] that lay along the Saint Lawrence River.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Magocsi |first=Paul R. |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofca0000unse_q5r1 |title=Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-8020-2938-6 |page=1048 |url-access=registration}}</ref> In 1791, the area became two British colonies called [[Upper Canada]] and [[Lower Canada]]. These two colonies were collectively named [[the Canadas]] until their union as the British [[Province of Canada]] in 1841.<ref>{{cite web |year=1841 |title=An Act to Re-write the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, and for the Government of Canada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BCQtAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA20 |publisher=J.C. Fisher & W. Kimble |page=20}}</ref>
Upon [[Canadian Confederation|Confederation in 1867]], ''Canada'' was adopted as the legal name for the new country at the [[London Conference of 1866|London Conference]] and the word ''[[dominion]]'' was conferred as the country's title.<ref>{{Cite book |last=O'Toole |first=Roger |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OGHgLlxfh7wC&pg=PA137 |title=Holy Nations and Global Identities: Civil Religion, Nationalism, and Globalisation |publisher=Brill |year=2009 |isbn=978-90-04-17828-1 |editor-last=Hvithamar |editor-first=Annika |page=137 |chapter=Dominion of the Gods: Religious continuity and change in a Canadian context |editor-last2=Warburg |editor-first2=Margit |editor-last3=Jacobsen |editor-first3=Brian Arly}}</ref> By the 1950s, the term ''Dominion of Canada'' was no longer used by the United Kingdom, which considered Canada a "realm of the Commonwealth".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Morra |first=Irene |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b9OLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT49 |title=The New Elizabethan Age: Culture, Society and National Identity after World War II |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-85772-867-8 |page=49}}</ref><ref name="b597">{{cite book | last=McIntyre | first=D. | title=British Decolonization, 1946–1997: When, Why and How did the British Empire Fall? | publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing | series=British History in Perspective | year=1998 | isbn=978-1-349-26922-8 | url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=h5FKEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA108 | page=108}}</ref>
The ''[[Canada Act 1982]]'', which brought the [[Constitution of Canada]] fully under Canadian control, referred only to ''Canada''. Later that year, the name of the national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to [[Canada Day]].<ref name="buckner">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KmXnLGX7FvEC&pg=PA37 |title=Canada and the British Empire |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-19-927164-1 |editor-last=Buckner |editor-first=Philip |pages=37–40, 56–59, 114, 124–125}}</ref>
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Canada is described as a "[[Democracy Index|full democracy]]",<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Democracy Index |url=https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/eiu-democracy-index-2021.pdf?mkt_tok=NzUzLVJJUS00MzgAAAGI0GGHOJ2F2YyVeWTMPBvGitE1QlEWRD5yPY_rnJ7yECNSo-bJC-UDL28b-Jbo7b3rOFkdk4UXgoR60SFZUwf1xCQFR_IZjXHkR6eeaGzObViC1Q |website=Economist Intelligence Unit |archive-date=December 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220221533/https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/eiu-democracy-index-2021.pdf?mkt_tok=NzUzLVJJUS00MzgAAAGI0GGHOJ2F2YyVeWTMPBvGitE1QlEWRD5yPY_rnJ7yECNSo-bJC-UDL28b-Jbo7b3rOFkdk4UXgoR60SFZUwf1xCQFR_IZjXHkR6eeaGzObViC1Q |url-status=live}}</ref> with a tradition of [[liberalism]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Westhues |first1=Anne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chTaAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA10 |title=Canadian Social Policy: Issues and Perspectives |last2=Wharf |first2=Brian |publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-55458-409-3 |pages=10–11}}</ref> and an [[Egalitarianism|egalitarian]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bickerton |first1=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1jd6oqRHxLYC&pg=PA56 |title=Canadian Politics |last2=Gagnon |first2=Alain |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4426-0121-5 |page=56}}</ref> [[Political moderate|moderate]] political ideology.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Johnson |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_HzDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 |title=Thinking Government: Public Administration and Politics in Canada |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4426-3521-0 |edition=4th |pages=13–23}}</ref> An emphasis on [[social justice]] has been a distinguishing element of Canada's political culture.<ref>{{cite book |last=McQuaig |first=L. |title=Holding the Bully's Coat: Canada and the U.S. Empire |publisher=Doubleday Canada |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-385-67297-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9g4Xd12rIGYC&pg=PT14 |page=14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fierlbeck |first=Katherine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0bZBHlF4V8EC&pg=PA87 |title=Political Thought in Canada: An Intellectual History |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-55111-711-9 |page=87}}</ref> [[Peace, order, and good government]], alongside an [[Implied Bill of Rights]], are founding principles of the Canadian government.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dixon |first1=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=npzDCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48 |title=Social Welfare in Developed Market Countries |last2=P. Scheurell |first2=Robert |date=March 17, 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-36677-5 |page=48}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Boughey |first=Janina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dgK-DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 |title=Human Rights and Judicial Review in Australia and Canada: The Newest Despotism? |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-5099-0788-5 |page=105}}</ref>
At the federal level, Canada has been dominated by two relatively [[Centrism|centrist]] parties practising "brokerage politics":{{efn| name=politics|"Brokerage politics: A Canadian term for successful [[Big tent|big tent parties]] that embody a [[Pluralism (political philosophy)|pluralistic]] catch-all approach to appeal to the median Canadian voter ... adopting [[Centrism|centrist policies]] and [[Electoral alliance|electoral coalitions]] to satisfy the short-term preferences of a majority of electors who are not located on the ideological fringe."<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Marland |first1=Alex |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GSeSaYPa2A4C&pg=PA257 |title=Political Marketing in Canada |last2=Giasson |first2=Thierry |last3=Lees-Marshment |first3=Jennifer |publisher=UBC Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-7748-2231-2 |page=257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Courtney |first1=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5KomEXgxvMcC&pg=PA195 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Canadian Politics |last2=Smith |first2=David |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-533535-4 |page=195}}</ref> "The traditional ''brokerage'' model of Canadian politics leaves little room for ideology."<ref>{{cite journal |first=Christopher |last=Cochrane |year=2010 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40983510 |title=Left/Right Ideology and Canadian Politics |journal=Canadian Journal of Political Science / Revue Canadienne de Science Politique |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=583–605 |doi=10.1017/S0008423910000624 |jstor=40983510 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Stephen |last=Brooks |title=Canadian Democracy: An Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DeQnPIXV5CEC |year=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-541806-4 |page=265 |quote=Two historically dominant political parties have avoided ideological appeals in favour of a flexible centrist style of politics that is often labelled brokerage politics}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Miriam |last=Smith |title=Group Politics and Social Movements in Canada: Second Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iG4rAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 |year=2014 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4426-0695-1 |page=17 |quote=Canada's party system has long been described as a "brokerage system" in which the leading parties (Liberal and Conservative) follow strategies that appeal across major [[Cleavage (politics)|social cleavages]] in an effort to defuse potential tensions.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=David |last=Johnson |title=Thinking Government: Public Administration and Politics in Canada
Canada has a [[parliamentary system]] within the context of a [[constitutional monarchy]]—the [[monarchy of Canada]] being the foundation of the executive, [[legislative]], and [[judicial]] branches.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dowding |first1=Keith |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AClHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT395 |title=The Selection of Ministers around the World |last2=Dumont |first2=Patrick |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-317-63444-7 |page=395}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=March 29, 1867 |title=Constitution Act, 1867: Preamble |url=http://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/ca_1867.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203024121/http://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/ca_1867.html |archive-date=February 3, 2010 |publisher=[[Queen's Printer]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=David E |date=June 10, 2010 |title=The Crown and the Constitution: Sustaining Democracy? |page=6 |work=The Crown in Canada: Present Realities and Future Options |publisher=[[Queen's University at Kingston|Queen's University]] |url=http://www.queensu.ca/iigr/conf/ConferenceOnTheCrown/CrownConferencePapers/The_Crown_and_the_Constitutio1.pdf |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5qXvz463C?url=http://www.queensu.ca/iigr/conf/ConferenceOnTheCrown/CrownConferencePapers/The_Crown_and_the_Constitutio1.pdf |archive-date=June 17, 2010}}</ref><ref name="MacLeod16">{{Cite book |last=MacLeod |first=Kevin S |url=http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/DAMAssetPub/DAM-CRN-jblDmt-dmdJbl/STAGING/texte-text/crnMpls_1336157759317_eng.pdf?WT.contentAuthority=4.4.4 |title=A Crown of Maples |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-662-46012-1 |edition=2nd |page=16 |author-link=Kevin S. MacLeod |access-date=March 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105160848/http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/DAMAssetPub/DAM-CRN-jblDmt-dmdJbl/STAGING/texte-text/crnMpls_1336157759317_eng.pdf?WT.contentAuthority=4.4.4 |archive-date=January 5, 2016}}</ref> The [[reign]]ing monarch is also monarch of [[Commonwealth realm|14 other sovereign Commonwealth countries]]
{{multiple image
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The monarchy is the source of [[Canadian sovereignty|sovereignty]] and authority in Canada.<ref name="MacLeod16" /><ref name="Forseyp1">{{Cite book |last=Forsey |first=Eugene |url=http://www2.parl.gc.ca/sites/lop/aboutparliament/forsey/PDFs/How_Canadians_Govern_Themselves-6ed.pdf |title=How Canadians Govern Themselves |publisher=Queen's Printer |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-662-39689-5 |edition=6th |pages=1, 16, 26 |author-link=Eugene Forsey |access-date=May 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229155255/http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/AboutParliament/Forsey/PDFs/How_Canadians_Govern_Themselves-6ed.pdf |archive-date=December 29, 2009}}</ref><ref name="Montpetit">{{cite web |last1=Marleau |first1=Robert |last2=Montpetit |first2=Camille |title=House of Commons Procedure and Practice: Parliamentary Institutions |url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/MarleauMontpetit/DocumentViewer.aspx?DocId=1001&Lang=E&Print=2&Sec=Ch01&Seq=5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828112251/http://www.parl.gc.ca/MarleauMontpetit/DocumentViewer.aspx?DocId=1001&Lang=E&Print=2&Sec=Ch01&Seq=5 |archive-date=August 28, 2011 |access-date=May 23, 2011 |publisher=Queen's Printer}}</ref> However, while the governor general or monarch may exercise their power without ministerial [[Advice (constitutional law)|advice]] in
[[File:West Block Temp House of Commons, 2022.jpg|thumb|The [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]] in its temporary location, the [[West Block]]<ref name="Services Canada 2023 u321">{{cite web |publisher=Public Services and Procurement Canada |title=Restoring and modernizing the West Block |date=August 15, 2023 |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-services-procurement/services/infrastructure-buildings/parliamentary-precinct/projects-in-parliamentary-precinct/west-block-project.html |archive-date=October 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022035846/https://www.canada.ca/en/public-services-procurement/services/infrastructure-buildings/parliamentary-precinct/projects-in-parliamentary-precinct/west-block-project.html | url-status=live}}</ref>|alt=The House of Commons chamber]]
The [[Parliament of Canada]] passes all federal statute laws
Each of the 338 [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|members of Parliament]] in the House of Commons is elected by simple plurality in an [[Electoral district (Canada)|electoral district]] or riding. The ''[[Constitution Act, 1982]]'', requires that no more than five years pass between elections, although the ''[[Canada Elections Act]]'' limits this to four years with a "fixed" election date in October; [[Elections in Canada|general elections]] still must be called by the governor general and can be triggered by either the advice of the prime minister or a lost [[confidence vote]] in the House.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Elections and Ridings |url=http://www.lop.parl.gc.ca/parlinfo/Compilations/ElectionsAndRidings.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224103929/http://www.lop.parl.gc.ca/parlinfo/Compilations/ElectionsAndRidings.aspx |archive-date=December 24, 2016 |access-date=September 3, 2016 |publisher=Library of Parliament}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=O'Neal |first1=Brian |last2=Bédard |first2=Michel |last3=Spano |first3=Sebastian |date=April 11, 2011 |title=Government and Canada's 41st Parliament: Questions and Answers |url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/ResearchPublications/2011-37-e.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522071714/http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/ResearchPublications/2011-37-e.htm |archive-date=May 22, 2011 |publisher=[[Library of Parliament]]}}</ref> The 105 members of the Senate, whose seats are apportioned on a regional basis, serve until age 75.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Griffiths |first1=Ann L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GytLtJacxY8C&pg=PA116 |title=Handbook of Federal Countries |last2=Nerenberg |first2=Karl |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7735-7047-4 |page=116}}</ref>
[[Canadian federalism]] divides government responsibilities between the federal government and the 10 provinces. [[Legislative assemblies of Canadian provinces and territories|Provincial legislatures]] are [[unicameral]] and operate in parliamentary fashion similar to the House of Commons.<ref name="Montpetit" /> Canada's three territories also have legislatures
===Law===
{{Main|Law of Canada}}
The [[Constitution of Canada]] is the supreme law of the country and consists of written text and unwritten conventions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dodek |first=Adam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=86s7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT13 |title=The Canadian Constitution |publisher=Dundurn – University of Ottawa Faculty of Law |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4597-3505-7 |page=13}}</ref> The ''Constitution Act, 1867'' (known as the [[British North America Acts|British North America Act, 1867]] prior to 1982), affirmed governance based on parliamentary precedent and divided powers between the federal and provincial governments.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Olive |first=Andrea |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bvw_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41 |title=The Canadian Environment in Political Context |date=2015 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4426-0871-9 |pages=41–42}}</ref> The ''Statute of Westminster, 1931'', granted full autonomy, and the ''Constitution Act, 1982'', ended all legislative ties to Britain, as well as adding a constitutional amending formula and the ''Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bhagwan |first1=Vishnoo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YatgyeA5R4sC&pg=PA550 |title=World Constitutions |last2=Vidya |first2=Bhushan |publisher=Sterling Publishers |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-207-1937-8 |pages=549–550}}</ref> The ''Charter'' guarantees basic rights and freedoms that usually cannot be
[[File:Supreme court of Canada in summer.jpg|thumb|alt=Supreme Court of Canada building|The [[Supreme Court of Canada]] in Ottawa, west of Parliament Hill]]
[[Court system of Canada|Canada's judiciary]]
[[Common law]] prevails everywhere
[[Canadian Aboriginal law]] provides certain [[Aboriginal land title in Canada|constitutionally recognized rights to land]] and traditional practices for Indigenous groups in Canada.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Reynolds |first=Jim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dKpaDwAAQBAJ |title=Aboriginal Peoples and the Law: A Critical Introduction |publisher=UBC Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-7748-8023-7}}</ref> Various treaties and case laws were established to mediate relations between Europeans and many Indigenous peoples.<ref name="FN">{{Cite report |url=http://publications.gc.ca/collections/Collection-R/LoPBdP/PRB-e/PRB0604-e.pdf |title=Aboriginal roundtable on Kelowna Accord: Aboriginal policy negotiations 2004–2006 |last=Patterson |first=Lisa Lynne |publisher=Parliamentary Information and Research Service, Library of Parliament |page=3 |access-date=October 23, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126203243/http://publications.gc.ca/collections/Collection-R/LoPBdP/PRB-e/PRB0604-e.pdf |series=1 |year=2004 |url-status=live |archive-date=November 26, 2014}}</ref> The role of Aboriginal law and the rights they support were reaffirmed by [[section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982]].<ref name="FN" /> These rights may include provision of services, such as healthcare through the [[Indian Health Transfer Policy]], and exemption from taxation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Madison |first=Gary Brent |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3AgrpoLkscMC&pg=PA128 |title=Is There a Canadian Philosophy?: Reflections on the Canadian Identity |publisher=[[University of Ottawa Press]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7766-0514-2 |page=128}}</ref>
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[[File:Political map of Canada.svg|upright=1.3|thumb|alt=Labelled map of Canada detailing its provinces and territories|Political map of Canada showing its [[Provinces and territories of Canada|10 provinces and 3 territories<ref name="Anon. y967">{{cite web |title=Canada Political Divisions |url=https://ftp.maps.canada.ca/pub/nrcan_rncan/Geographical-maps_Carte-geographique/SmallScaleReferenceMaps/english_canada/colour/Canada.pdf |publisher=Natural Resources Canada |access-date=October 16, 2023 |archive-date=April 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415114431/https://ftp.maps.canada.ca/pub/nrcan_rncan/Geographical-maps_Carte-geographique/SmallScaleReferenceMaps/english_canada/colour/Canada.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>]]|link=Provinces and territories of Canada]]
Canada is a federation composed of 10 [[federated states]], called provinces, and three [[federal territories]].
The major difference between a Canadian province and a territory is that provinces receive their sovereignty from the Crown<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=Michael D. |title=The Canadian Monarchy in Saskatchewan |publisher=Queen's Printer for Saskatchewan |year=1990 |page=14 |edition=2nd}}</ref> and power and authority from the ''Constitution Act, 1867'', whereas territorial governments have powers delegated to them by the [[Parliament of Canada]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Oliver |first1=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ulsvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA498 |title=The Oxford Handbook of the Canadian Constitution |last2=Macklem |first2=Patrick |last3=Des Rosiers |first3=Nathalie |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-19-066482-4 |pages=498–499}}</ref> and the commissioners represent the [[King-in-Council|King in his federal Council]],<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.commissioner.gov.nt.ca/en/role-commissioner |author=Commissioner of the Northwest Territories |title=Role of the Commissioner |publisher=Government of Northwest Territories |access-date=March 8, 2023 |archive-date=March 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308194120/https://www.commissioner.gov.nt.ca/en/role-commissioner |url-status=live}}</ref> rather than the monarch directly. The powers flowing from the ''Constitution Act, 1867'', are divided between the federal government and the provincial governments to exercise exclusively<ref>{{Cite book |last=Meligrana |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uL9hLqPSdi0C&pg=PA75 |title=Redrawing Local Government Boundaries: An International Study of Politics, Procedures, and Decisions |publisher=UBC Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7748-0934-4 |page=75}}</ref> and any changes to that arrangement require a [[Amendments to the Constitution of Canada|constitutional amendment]], while changes to the roles and powers of the territories may be performed unilaterally by the Parliament of Canada.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nicholson |first=Norman L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ek7cloNk3E8C&pg=PA174 |title=The boundaries of the Canadian Confederation |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-7705-1742-7 |pages=174–175}}</ref>
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{{legend|#b4b4b4|Countries that do not host Canadian diplomatic missions}}
{{legend|#22b14c|Canada}}}}]]
Canada is recognized as a [[middle power]] for its role in global affairs with a tendency to pursue [[Multilateralism|multilateral]] and [[Internationalism (politics)|international]] solutions.<ref name="Chapnick2011a">{{Cite book |last=Chapnick |first=Adam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S2DPElbLK5sC&pg=PA2 |title=The Middle Power Project: Canada and the Founding of the United Nations |publisher=UBC Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7748-4049-1 |pages=2–5}}</ref><ref name="Gabryś Soroka 2017 p. 39">{{cite book |last1=Gabryś |first1=M. |last2=Soroka |first2=T. |title=Canada as a selective power: Canada's Role and International Position after 1989 |publisher=Neriton, Wydawnictwo |series=Societas |year=2017 |isbn=978-83-7638-792-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FTpyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA39 |page=39}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sens |first1=Allen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LLc8BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6 |title=Global Politics |last2=Stoett |first2=Peter |publisher=Nelson Education |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-17-648249-7 |edition=5th |page=6}}</ref><ref name="c733">{{cite book | last=McKercher | first=B.J.C. | title=Routledge Handbook of Diplomacy and Statecraft | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=Routledge handbooks | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-136-66437-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dGypAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA131 | access-date=June 17, 2024 | page=131}}</ref> Canada is known for its
[[Canada–United States relations|Canada and the United States]] have a long
Canada is a [[International organisation membership of Canada|member of various international organizations and forums]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2013 |title=International Organizations and Forums |url=http://www.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/organisations.aspx?lang=eng |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227153935/http://www.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/organisations.aspx?lang=eng |archive-date=February 27, 2014 |access-date=March 3, 2014 |publisher=Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada}}</ref> [[Canada and the United Nations|Canada was a founding member of the United Nations]] in 1945 and formed the [[North American Aerospace Defense Command]] together with the United States in 1958.<ref name="Wilson 2012 p. 10">{{cite book |last=Wilson |first=G.A.A. |title=NORAD and the Soviet Nuclear Threat: Canada's Secret Electronic Air War |publisher=Dundurn Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4597-0412-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S-nvkPFdUREC&pg=PT10 |page=10}}</ref> The country has membership in the [[World Trade Organization]], the [[Five Eyes]], the [[G7]] and the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD).<ref name="Chapnick2011a" /> The country was a founding member the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] forum (APEC) in 1989 and joined the [[Organization of American States]] (OAS) in 1990
===Military and peacekeeping===
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{{further|Military history of Canada}}
[[File:CAFDay-27 (cropped).jpg|thumb|alt=A fighter jet taking off from a runway|A Canadian [[McDonnell Douglas CF-18 Hornet]] in "special markings" used by the 2014 [[CF-18 Demonstration Team]]<ref name="Skies Mag 2014 p953">{{cite web |title=RCAF 2014 Demo Jet revealed |website=Skies Mag |date=March 27, 2014 |url=https://skiesmag.com/press-releases/rcaf2014demojetrevealed/ |archive-date=October 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010180249/https://skiesmag.com/press-releases/rcaf2014demojetrevealed/ | url-status=live}}</ref>]]
Alongside many [[List of Canadian military operations#Domestic|domestic obligations]], more than 3,000 [[Canadian Armed Forces]] (CAF) personnel are
[[Canadian peacekeeping|Canada's role in developing ''peacekeeping'' and its participation in major peacekeeping initiatives]] during the 20th century has played a major role in its positive global image.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sorenson |first1=David S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2OZ6NRiL5MkC&pg=PA158 |title=The Politics of Peacekeeping in the Post-cold War Era |last2=Wood |first2=Pia Christina |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-8488-8 |page=158}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sobel |first1=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RsY3pK_993EC&pg=PA21 |title=International Public Opinion and the Bosnia Crisis |last2=Shiraev |first2=Eric |last3=Shapiro |first3=Robert |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7391-0480-4 |page=21}}</ref>
==Economy==
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{{Main|Science and technology in Canada}}
In 2020, Canada spent approximately $41.9 billion on domestic [[research and development]], with supplementary estimates for 2022 at $43.2 billion.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/230127/dq230127b-eng.htm |title=Gross domestic expenditures on research and development, 2020 (final), 2021 (preliminary) and 2022 (intentions) |publisher=Statistics Canada |date=January 27, 2023}}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, the country has produced 15 [[List of Nobel laureates by country|Nobel laureates]] in [[Nobel Prize in Physics|physics]], [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|chemistry]], and [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|medicine]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Canadian Nobel Prize in Science Laureates |url=http://www.science.ca/scientists/nobellaureates.php |access-date=December 19, 2020 |publisher=Science.ca}}</ref> The country [[List of countries by number of scientific and technical journal articles|ranks seventh]] in the worldwide share of articles published in [[scientific journals]], according to the [[Nature Index]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 tables: Countries/territories {{!}} 2022 tables {{!}} Countries/territories |work= Nature Index|url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/annual-tables/2022/country/all/all |access-date=June 10, 2023}}</ref> and is home to the headquarters of a number of global technology firms.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Technology Companies in Canada |website=World Top 25,000 Companies by market cap as on Dec 2022 |date=January 1, 2020 |url=https://www.value.today/top-companies/top-technology-companies-canada}}</ref> Canada [[List of countries by number of Internet users|has one of the highest levels of Internet access in the world]], with over 33 million users, equivalent to around 94 percent of its total population.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/210531/dq210531d-eng.htm |title=Access to the Internet in Canada, 2020 |publisher=Statistics Canada |date=May 31, 2021}}</ref>
[[File:STS-116 - P5 Truss hand-off to ISS (NASA S116-E-05765).jpg|thumb|right|The Canadian-built [[Space Shuttle]] robotic arm (left), referred to as [[Canadarm]], transferred the [[Integrated Truss Structure|P5 truss segment]] over to the Canadian-built [[space station]] robotic arm, referred to as [[Canadarm2]].<ref name="Canadian Space Agency 2002 a865">{{cite web |title=Canadarm, Canadarm2, and Canadarm3 – A comparative table |website=Canadian Space Agency |date=December 31, 2002 |url=https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/iss/canadarm2/canadarm-canadarm2-canadarm3-comparative-table.asp |access-date=September 7, 2023}}</ref>]]
[[List of Canadian inventions, innovations, and discoveries|Canada's developments in science and technology]] include the creation of the modern [[alkaline battery]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Lew Urry |url=http://www.science.ca/scientists/scientistprofile.php?pID=277 |website=Science.ca}}</ref> the [[Insulin#Discovery|discovery of insulin]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Proteins, Enzymes, Genes: The Interplay of Chemistry and Biology |last=Fruton |first=Joseph |publisher=Yale University Press |pages=95–96 |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-300-15359-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X6skaZlZNdsC&pg=PA95}}</ref> the development of the [[polio vaccine]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Leone N. Farrell |url=http://www.science.ca/scientists/scientistprofile.php?pID=438 |website=Science.ca}}</ref> and discoveries about the interior structure of the [[atomic nucleus]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Leon Katz |url=http://www.science.ca/scientists/scientistprofile.php?pID=404 |website=Science.ca}}</ref> Other major Canadian scientific contributions include the [[artificial cardiac pacemaker]], mapping the [[visual cortex]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Strauss |first=Evelyn |year=2005 |title=2005 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award |publisher=[[Lasker Award|Lasker Foundation]] |url=http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/2005_b_description.htm |url-status=live |access-date=November 23, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716192333/http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/2005_b_description.htm |archive-date=July 16, 2010}}</ref><ref name="topten">{{cite web |year=2015 |title=Top ten Canadian scientific achievements |url=http://www.science.ca/askascientist/topachievements.php |website=GCS Research Society}}</ref> the development of the [[electron microscope]],<ref>{{cite web |title=James Hillier |url=http://web.mit.edu/Invent/iow/hillier.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808192011/http://web.mit.edu/Invent/iow/hillier.html |archive-date=August 8, 2013 |access-date=November 20, 2008 |website=Inventor of the Week |publisher=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pearce |first=Jeremy |date=January 22, 2007 |title=James Hillier, 91, Dies; Co-Developed Electron Microscope |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/22/science/22hillier.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325113042/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/22/science/22hillier.html |archive-date=March 25, 2014}}</ref> [[plate tectonics]], [[deep learning]], [[multi-touch]] technology, and the identification of the first [[black hole]], [[Cygnus X-1]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bolton |first=C. T. |year=1972 |title=Identification of Cygnus X-1 with HDE 226868 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=235 |issue=2 |pages=271–273 |doi=10.1038/235271b0 |bibcode=1972Natur.235..271B }}</ref> Canada has a long history of discovery in genetics, which include [[stem cell]]s, [[site-directed mutagenesis]], [[T-cell receptor]], and the identification of the genes that cause [[Fanconi anemia]], [[cystic fibrosis]], and [[early-onset Alzheimer's disease]], among numerous other diseases.<ref name="topten" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Strathdee |first1=C.A. |first2=H. |last2=Gavish |first3=W. |last3=Shannon |last4=Buchwald, M. |year=1992 |title=Cloning of cDNAs for Fanconi's anemia by functional complementation |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=356 |issue=6372 |pages=763–767 |bibcode=1992Natur.356..763S |doi=10.1038/356763a0 |pmid=1574115}}</ref>
The [[Canadian Space Agency]] operates a highly active space program, conducting deep-space, planetary, and aviation research and developing rockets and satellites.<ref>{{cite web |year=2016 |title=Canadian Space Milestones |url=http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/about/milestones.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008060654/http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/about/milestones.asp |archive-date=October 8, 2009 |publisher=Canadian Space Agency}}</ref> Canada was the third country to design and construct a satellite when in 1962 [[Alouette 1]] was launched.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Angelo |first=Joseph A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VUWno1sOwnUC&pg=PA22 |title=Encyclopedia of Space and Astronomy |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4381-1018-9 |page=22}}</ref> Canada is a participant in the [[International Space Station]] (ISS), and is a pioneer in space robotics, having constructed the [[Canadarm]], [[Canadarm2]], [[Canadarm3]] and [[Dextre]] robotic manipulators for the ISS and NASA's [[Space Shuttle]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bidaud |first1=Philippe |title=Field Robotics: Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Climbing and Walking Robots and the Support Technologies for Mobile Machines |last2=Dupuis |first2=Erick |publisher=[[World Scientific]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-981-4374-27-9 |pages=35–37 |chapter=An overview of Canadian space robotics activities |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TSlqDQAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA35}}</ref> Since the 1960s, Canada's aerospace industry has designed and built numerous marques of satellite, including [[Radarsat-1]] and [[Radarsat-2|2]], [[ISIS (satellite)|ISIS]], and [[MOST (spacecraft)|MOST]].<ref>{{cite web |date=March 11, 2010 |title=The Canadian Aerospace Industry praises the federal government for recognizing Space as a strategic capability for Canada |url=http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/March2010/11/c9200.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609224813/http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/March2010/11/c9200.html |archive-date=June 9, 2011 |publisher=Newswire}}</ref> Canada has also produced one of the world's most successful and widely used [[sounding rocket]]s, the [[Black Brant (rocket)|Black Brant]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Godefroy |first=Andrew B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JVLJDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA41 |title=The Canadian Space Program: From Black Brant to the International Space Station |publisher=Springer |year=2017 |isbn=978-3-319-40105-8 |page=41}}</ref>
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[[File:Population density statistics canada.gif|thumb|[[Population of Canada|Canada population]] density map (2014)<ref name="Statistics Canada 2015 l621">{{cite web |title=Section 4: Maps |website=Statistics Canada |date=February 11, 2015 |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/91-214-x/2015000/section04-eng.htm |access-date=July 23, 2023}}</ref>|upright=1.3]]
The [[2021 Canadian census]] enumerated a [[Population of Canada by year|total population]] of 36,991,981, an increase of around 5.2 percent over the 2016 figure.<ref name="2021cen">{{cite web |last=Zimonjic |first=Peter |date=February 9, 2022 |title=Despite pandemic, Canada's population grows at fastest rate in G7: census |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/census-2021-release-population-cities-1.6344179 |work=CBC News}}</ref> It is estimated that Canada's population surpassed 40,000,000 in 2023.<ref name="Statistics Canada 2023 e538">{{cite web |title=Canada's population reaches 40{{nbsp}}million | website=Statistics Canada | date=June 16, 2023 | url=https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/subjects-start/population_and_demography/40-million |access-date=September 7, 2023}}</ref> The main drivers of population growth are [[Immigration to Canada|immigration]] and, to a lesser extent, natural growth.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Edmonston |first1=Barry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VVYOgvFPvBEC&pg=PA181 |title=The Changing Canadian Population |last2=Fong |first2=Eric |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7735-3793-4 |page=181}}</ref> Canada has one of the highest per-capita immigration rates in the world,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zimmerman |first=Karla |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kv4nlSWLT8UC&pg=PA51 |title=Canada |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-74104-571-0 |edition=10th |page=51}}</ref> driven mainly by [[Economic impact of immigration to Canada|economic policy]] and
Canada's population density, at {{convert|4.2|PD/km2}}, is among the lowest in the world.<ref name="2021cen" /> Canada spans latitudinally from the 83rd parallel north to the 41st parallel north and approximately 95 percent of the population is found south of the 55th parallel north.<ref name="OECD2014" /> About 80 percent of the population lives within {{convert|150|km|mi}} of the border with the contiguous United States.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Custred |first=Glynn |url=https://archive.org/details/immigrationpolic0000unse/page/96 |title=Immigration policy and the terrorist threat in Canada and the United States |publisher=Fraser Institute |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-88975-235-1 |editor-last=Moens |editor-first=Alexander |page=[https://archive.org/details/immigrationpolic0000unse/page/96 96] |chapter=Security Threats on America's Borders |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmiqBgnkAXYC&pg=PA96}}</ref> Canada is highly urbanized, with over 80 percent of the population living in urban centres.<ref name="World Bank Open Data s787">{{cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |website=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS?locations=CA&name_desc=true |language=la |access-date=August 15, 2023}}</ref> The most densely populated part of the country, accounting for nearly 50 percent, is the [[Quebec City–Windsor Corridor]] in Southern Quebec and Southern Ontario along the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River.<ref name="McMurryShepherd2004">{{Cite book |last1=McMurry |first1=Peter H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1giH-mvhhw8C&pg=PA391 |title=Particulate Matter Science for Policy Makers: A NARSTO Assessment |last2=Shepherd |first2=Marjorie F. |last3=Vickery |first3=James S. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-521-84287-7 |page=391}}</ref><ref name="OECD2014">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_mjWAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA142 |title=OECD Environmental Performance Reviews OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Canada 2004 |publisher=OECD |year=2014 |isbn=978-92-64-10778-6 |pages=142–}}</ref>
The majority of Canadians (81.1 percent) live in family households, 12.1 percent report living alone, and
{{Largest metropolitan areas of Canada}}
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{{main| Ethnic origins of people in Canada}}
[[File:Canadian ethnocultural diversity.png|thumb|upright=1.3|The top 168 [[Ethnic origins of people in Canada|ethnic or cultural origins self-reported by Canadians]] in the 2021 census<ref name="Statistics Canada u055">{{cite web |title=''Canadian'' tops the more than 450 ethnic or cultural origins reported by the population of Canada |website=Statistics Canada |date=October 26, 2022 |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/221026/g-b001-eng.htm |access-date=July 8, 2023}}</ref>]]
The country's ten largest self-reported specific ethnic or cultural origins in 2021 were [[Canadian ethnicity|Canadian]]{{efn| name=Canadian|1=All citizens of Canada are classified as "Canadians" as defined by [[Canadian nationality law|Canada's nationality laws]]. "Canadian" as an ethnic group has since 1996 been added to census questionnaires for possible ancestral origin or descent. "Canadian" was included as an example on the English questionnaire and "Canadien" as an example on the French questionnaire.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Patrick |last1=Simon |first2=Victor |last2=Piché |title=Accounting for Ethnic and Racial Diversity: The Challenge of Enumeration |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6t7p-xxFhnwC&pg=PT48 |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-98108-4 |pages=48–49}}</ref> "The majority of respondents to this selection are from the eastern part of the country that was first settled. Respondents generally are visibly European (Anglophones and Francophones) and no longer self-identify with their ethnic ancestral origins. This response is attributed to a multitude or generational distance from ancestral lineage."<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bezanson |first1=Kate |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oWO_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA455 |title=Rethinking Society in the 21st Century |last2=Webber |first2=Michelle |publisher=Canadian Scholars' Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-55130-936-1 |edition=4th |pages=455–456}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Edmonston |first1=Barry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VVYOgvFPvBEC&pg=PA294 |title=The Changing Canadian Population |last2=Fong |first2=Eric |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7735-3793-4 |pages=294–296}}</ref>}} (accounting for 15.6 percent of the population), followed by [[English Canadians|English]] (14.7 percent), [[Irish Canadians|Irish]] (12.1 percent), [[Scottish Canadians|Scottish]] (12.1 percent), [[French Canadians|French]] (11.0 percent), [[German Canadians|German]] (8.1 percent), [[Chinese Canadians|Chinese]] (4.7 percent), [[Italian Canadians|Italian]] (4.3 percent), [[Indo-Canadians|Indian]] (3.7 percent), and [[Ukrainian Canadians|Ukrainian]] (3.5 percent).<ref name="ethnicpopulationordered2021">{{Cite web |publisher=Statistics Canada |date=October 26, 2022 |title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Canada [Country] Total – Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households – 25% sample data |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A000011124&HEADERlist=31&SearchText=Canada}}</ref>
Of the 36.3{{nbsp}}million people enumerated in 2021, approximately 25.4{{nbsp}}million reported being "[[White people|White]]", representing 69.8 percent of the population.<ref name="Statistics Canada 2022a">{{cite web |title=The Daily — Indigenous population continues to grow and is much younger than the non-Indigenous population, although the pace of growth has slowed |publisher=Statistics Canada |date=September 21, 2022 |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/220921/dq220921a-eng.htm}}</ref> The Indigenous population representing 5 percent or 1.8{{nbsp}}million individuals, grew by 9.4 percent compared to the non-Indigenous population, which grew by 5.3 percent from 2016 to 2021.<ref name="Statistics Canada 2022a" /> One out of every four Canadians or 26.5 percent of the population belonged to a non-White and non-Indigenous [[visible minority]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Visible Minority |encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia |date=October 27, 2022 |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/minorite-visible#:~:text=In%20the%202021%20census%2C%20around,as%20defined%20by%20Canadian%20law.}}</ref>{{efn|Indigenous peoples are not considered a visible minority in Statistics Canada calculations. Visible minorities are defined by Statistics Canada as "persons, other than aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour".<ref>{{cite web |date=July 25, 2008 |title=Classification of visible minority |url=https://www.statcan.gc.ca/concepts/definitions/minority01-minorite01a-eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714060402/https://www.statcan.gc.ca/concepts/definitions/minority01-minorite01a-eng.htm |archive-date=July 14, 2011 |publisher=Statistics Canada}}</ref>}} the largest of which in 2021 were [[South Asian Canadians|South Asian]] (2.6{{nbsp}}million people; 7.1 percent), Chinese (1.7{{nbsp}}million; 4.7 percent), and [[Black Canadians|Black]] (1.5{{nbsp}}million; 4.3 percent).<ref name="Statistics Canada 2022">{{cite web |title=The Daily — The Canadian census: A rich portrait of the country's religious and ethnocultural diversity |publisher=Statistics Canada |date=October 26, 2022 |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/221026/dq221026b-eng.htm}}</ref>
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Other provinces have no official languages as such, but French is used as a language of instruction, in courts, and for other government services, in addition to English. Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec allow for both English and French to be spoken in the provincial legislatures and laws are enacted in both languages. In Ontario, French has some legal status, but is not fully co-official.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Heller |first=Monica |title=Crosswords: Language, Education and Ethnicity in French Ontario |publisher=[[Mouton de Gruyter]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-3-11-017687-2 |pages=72, 74}}</ref> There are 11 [[Languages of Canada|Indigenous language groups]], composed of more than 65 distinct languages and dialects.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aboriginal languages |url=https://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-589-x/4067801-eng.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429005405/https://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-589-x/4067801-eng.htm |archive-date=April 29, 2011 |access-date=October 5, 2009 |publisher=Statistics Canada}}</ref> Several Indigenous languages have official status in the Northwest Territories.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fettes |first1=Mark |title=Aboriginal education: fulfilling the promise |last2=Norton |first2=Ruth |publisher=UBC Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-7748-0783-8 |editor-last=Castellano |editor-first=Marlene Brant |page=39 |chapter=Voices of Winter: Aboriginal Languages and Public Policy in Canada |editor-last2=Davis |editor-first2=Lynne |editor-last3=Lahache |editor-first3=Louise}}</ref> [[Inuktitut]] is the majority language in Nunavut and is one of three official languages in the territory.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Russell |first=Peter H |title=Unfinished constitutional business?: rethinking indigenous self-determination |publisher=[[Aboriginal Studies Press]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-85575-466-2 |editor-last=Hocking |editor-first=Barbara |page=180 |chapter=Indigenous Self-Determination: Is Canada as Good as it Gets? |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mxreMX_cf4EC&pg=PA180}}</ref>
===Religion===
{{Main|Religion in Canada}}
[[File:Freedom of Religion (38007857792).jpg|thumb|[[Freedom of religion in Canada|Freedom of religion]] sculpture by Marlene Hilton Moore at the McMurtry Gardens of Justice in [[Toronto]]<ref name="McMurtry Gardens of Justice">{{cite web |title=Freedom of Religion - by Marlene Hilton Moore |website=McMurtry Gardens of Justice |url=https://mcmurtrygardensofjustice.com/content/freedom-religion-marlene-hilton-moore |access-date=June 12, 2023}}</ref>]]
Canada is religiously diverse, encompassing a wide range of beliefs and customs.<ref name="Cornelissen 2021" /> The [[Constitution of Canada]] refers to God and the [[Monarchy of Canada|monarch]] carries the [[Style and title of the Canadian sovereign|title]] of ''[[Fidei defensor|Defender of the Faith]]''; however, Canada has no official church and the government is officially committed to [[religious pluralism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Moon |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ah66SQsk4hAC&pg=PA1 |title=Law and Religious Pluralism in Canada |publisher=UBC Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7748-1497-3 |pages=1–4}}</ref> [[Freedom of religion in Canada]] is a constitutionally protected right
Rates of religious adherence have steadily decreased since the 1970s.<ref name="Cornelissen 2021">{{cite web |last=Cornelissen |first=Louis |title=Religiosity in Canada and its evolution from 1985 to 2019 |publisher=Statistics Canada |date=October 28, 2021 |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/75-006-x/2021001/article/00010-eng.htm}}</ref> With Christianity in decline after having once been central and integral to Canadian culture and daily life,<ref name="Roberts2005w">{{cite book |first=Lance W. |last=Roberts |title=Recent Social Trends in Canada, 1960–2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qnPOqwsR5UsC&pg=PA359 |year=2005 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press |isbn=978-0-7735-2955-7 |page=359}}</ref> Canada has become a [[Postchristianity|post-Christian]], [[secular]] state.<ref name="BramadatSeljak2009">{{cite book |first1=Paul |last1=Bramadat |first2=David |last2=Seljak |title=Religion and Ethnicity in Canada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VymssyK1Hs0C&pg=PA3 |year=2009 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4426-1018-7 |page=3}}</ref><ref name="Bowen2004">{{cite book |first=Kurt |last=Bowen |title=Christians in a Secular World: The Canadian Experience |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=__38sGZLrvYC&pg=PA174 |year=2004 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press |isbn=978-0-7735-7194-5 |page=174}}</ref><ref name="GregoryJohnston2009">{{cite book |first1=Derek |last1=Gregory |first2=Ron |last2=Johnston |first3=Geraldine |last3=Pratt |first4=Michael |last4=Watts |first5=Sarah |last5=Whatmore |title=The Dictionary of Human Geography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5liCbG4J9LYC&pg=PT672 |year=2009 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4443-1056-6 |page=672}}</ref> Although the majority of Canadians consider [[Importance of religion by country|religion to be unimportant]] in their daily lives,<ref name="Punnett2015">{{cite book |first=Betty Jane |last=Punnett |title=International Perspectives on Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tG2mBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA116 |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-46745-8 |page=116}}</ref> they still believe in God.<ref name="Haskell2009">{{cite book |first=David M. |last=Haskell (Wilfrid Laurier University) |title=Through a Lens Darkly: How the News Media Perceive and Portray Evangelicals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TzJMfNOR5O0C&pg=PA50 |year=2009 |publisher=Clements Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-894667-92-0 |page=50}}</ref> The practice of religion is generally considered a private matter
According to the 2021 census, [[Christianity in Canada|Christianity]] is the largest religion in Canada, with [[Roman Catholic]]s representing 29.9 percent of the population having the most adherents. [[Christians]] overall representing 53.3 percent of the population,{{efn| name=religion|[[Roman Catholicism in Canada|Catholic Church]] (29.9%), [[United Church of Canada|United Church]] (3.3%), [[Anglican Church of Canada|Anglican Church]] (3.1%), [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] (1.7%), [[Baptists in Canada|Baptistism]] (1.2%), [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostalism and other Charismatic]] (1.1%) [[Anabaptism|Anabaptist]] (0.4%), [[Jehovah's Witnesses|Jehovah's Witness]] (0.4%), [[Latter Day Saint movement|Latter Day Saints]] (0.2%), [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] (0.9%), [[Methodism|Methodist]] and [[Wesleyan Church|Wesleyan]] (Holiness) (0.3%), [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] (0.8%), and [[Reformed Episcopal Church|Reformed]] (0.2%).<ref name="religion2021">{{Cite web |date=October 26, 2022 |title=Religion by visible minority and generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810034201 |publisher=Statistics Canada}}</ref> 7.6{{nbsp}}percent simply identified as "Christians".<ref name="The Canadian Encyclopedia 2022 z483">{{cite web |title=Christianity |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |date=October 27, 2022 |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/christianity |access-date=August 31, 2023}}</ref>}} are followed by people reporting [[Irreligion in Canada|irreligion or having no religion]] at 34.6 percent.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/130508/dq130508b-eng.htm?HPA |title=Religions in Canada—Census 2011 |date=May 8, 2013 |publisher=Statistics Canada}}</ref> Other faiths include [[Islam in Canada|Islam]] (4.9 percent), [[Hinduism in Canada|Hinduism]] (2.3 percent), [[Sikhism in Canada|Sikhism]] (2.1 percent), [[Buddhism in Canada|Buddhism]] (1.0 percent), [[Judaism in Canada|Judaism]] (0.9 percent), and [[Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous spirituality]] (0.2 percent).<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=Statistics Canada |date=October 26, 2022 |title=Religion by visible minority and generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810034201}}</ref> Canada has the [[Sikhism by country|second-largest national Sikh population]], behind [[Sikhism in India|India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/AnnualStatutes/2019_5/FullText.html |title=Sikh Heritage Month Act |website=laws.justice.gc.ca |date=January 14, 2020}}</ref>
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[[File:Statue outside Union Station.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Monument to Multiculturalism]]'' by Francesco Pirelli, in Toronto<ref name="Kuitenbrouwer 2010 g035">{{cite web |last=Kuitenbrouwer |first=Peter |title=Where is the Monument to Multiculturalism? |website=National Post |date=August 19, 2010 |url=https://nationalpost.com/posted-toronto/where-is-the-monument-to-multiculturalism |access-date=January 11, 2024}}</ref>]]
Canada's culture draws influences from its broad range of constituent nationalities, and policies that promote a "[[just society]]" are constitutionally protected.<ref>{{Cite book |last=LaSelva |first=Samuel Victor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rcqMl9MK_x0C&pg=PA86 |title=The Moral Foundations of Canadian Federalism: Paradoxes, Achievements, and Tragedies of Nationhood |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-7735-1422-5 |page=86}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dyck |first=Rand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BUOoN8e5Ps0C&pg=PA88 |title=Canadian Politics |publisher=[[Cengage Learning]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-17-650343-7 |page=88}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Newman |first=Stephen L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ELWjuzADl7UC&pg=PA203 |title=Constitutional Politics in Canada and the United States |date=2012 |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |isbn=978-0-7914-8584-2 |page=203}}</ref> Since the 1960s, Canada has emphasized equality and inclusiveness for all its people.<ref name="Conway-2018">{{cite journal |last=Conway |first=Shannon |title=From Britishness to Multiculturalism: Official Canadian Identity in the 1960s |journal=Études canadiennes / Canadian Studies |issue=84 |date=June 2018 |doi=10.4000/eccs.1118 |pages=9–30 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Linda |last=McQuaig |date=June 4, 2010 |title=Holding the Bully's Coat: Canada and the U.S. Empire |publisher=Doubleday Canada |page=14 |isbn=978-0-385-67297-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9g4Xd12rIGYC&pg=PT14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Guo |first1=Shibao |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HW8iCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA317 |title=Revisiting Multiculturalism in Canada: Theories, Policies and Debates |last2=Wong |first2=Lloyd |publisher=University of Calgary |year=2015 |isbn=978-94-6300-208-0 |page=317}}</ref> [[Multiculturalism in Canada|The official state policy of multiculturalism]] is often cited as one of Canada's significant accomplishments<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sikka |first=Sonia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e4NLBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA237 |title=Multiculturalism and Religious Identity: Canada and India |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-7735-9220-9 |page=237}}</ref> and a key distinguishing element of Canadian identity.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Azeezat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib2rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT148 |title=The Fire Now: Anti-Racist Scholarship in Times of Explicit Racial Violence |last2=Joseph-Salisbury |first2=Remi |last3=Kamunge |first3=Beth |date=2018 |publisher=Zed Books |isbn=978-1-78699-382-3 |page=148}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Caplow |first=Theodore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRunB0w4G-EC&pg=PA146 |title=Leviathan Transformed: Seven National States in the New Century |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-7735-2304-3 |page=146}}</ref> In Quebec, cultural identity is strong and there is a [[Culture of Quebec|French Canadian culture]] that is distinct from English Canadian culture.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Franklin |first1=Daniel P |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NtvKidOH9pgC&pg=PA61 |title=Political Culture and Constitutionalism: A Comparative Approach |last2=Baun |first2=Michael J |publisher=Sharpe |year=1995 |isbn=978-1-56324-416-2 |page=61}}</ref> As a whole, Canada is in theory a [[cultural mosaic]] of regional ethnic subcultures.<ref name="Meister b610">{{cite web |last=Meister |first=Daniel R. |title=Racial Mosaic, The |website=McGill-Queen's University Press |url=https://www.mqup.ca/racial-mosaic--the-products-9780228008712.php |page=234}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Garcea |first1=Joseph |last2=Kirova |first2=Anna |last3=Wong |first3=Lloyd |date=January 2009 |title=Multiculturalism Discourses in Canada |journal=Canadian Ethnic Studies |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1353/ces.0.0069}}</ref><ref name="Ministère de la Justice 2003 d004">{{cite web |title=Cultural Diversity in Canada: The Social Construction of Racial Difference |website=Ministère de la Justice |date=February 24, 2003 |url=https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/csj-sjc/jsp-sjp/rp02_8-dr02_8/p2.html |access-date=December 17, 2023}}</ref>
Canada's approach to governance emphasizing multiculturalism, which is based on selective [[Economic migrant|immigration]], [[social integration]], and [[Dissent|suppression]] of far-right politics, has wide public support.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ambrosea |first1=Emma |last2=Muddea |first2=Cas |year=2015 |title=Canadian Multiculturalism and the Absence of the Far Right – Nationalism and Ethnic Politics |journal=Nationalism and Ethnic Politics |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=213–236 |doi=10.1080/13537113.2015.1032033}}</ref> Government policies such as publicly funded health care, [[Income taxes in Canada|higher taxation]] to redistribute wealth, the [[Capital punishment in Canada|outlawing of capital punishment]], strong efforts to [[Poverty in Canada|eliminate poverty]], [[Gun politics in Canada|strict gun control]], a [[social liberal]] attitude toward [[Feminism in Canada|women's rights]] (like [[Abortion in Canada|pregnancy termination]]) and [[LGBT rights in Canada|LGBT rights]], and legalized [[Euthanasia in Canada|euthanasia]] and [[Cannabis in Canada|cannabis use]] are indicators of Canada's political and [[Canadian values|cultural values]].<ref name="HollifieldMartin2014b">{{Cite book |last1=Hollifield |first1=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oec_BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA103 |title=Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective |last2=Martin |first2=Philip L. |last3=Orrenius |first3=Pia |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-8047-8735-2 |edition=3rd |page=103}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bricker |first1=Darrell |title=What Canadians Think About Almost Everything |last2=Wright |first2=John |publisher=Doubleday Canada |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-385-65985-7 |pages=8–28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=October 2016 |title=Exploring Canadian values |url=http://www.nanosresearch.com/sites/default/files/POLNAT-S15-T705.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405113447/http://nanosresearch.com/sites/default/files/POLNAT-S15-T705.pdf |archive-date=April 5, 2017 |access-date=February 1, 2017 |publisher=Nanos Research}}</ref> Canadians also identify with the country's foreign aid policies, peacekeeping roles, the [[National Parks of Canada|national park system]], and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.<ref>{{cite web |year=2011 |title=A literature review of Public Opinion Research on Canadian attitudes towards multiculturalism and immigration, 2006–2009 |url=http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/research/por-multi-imm/sec02-1.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222133226/http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/research/por-multi-imm/sec02-1.asp |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |access-date=December 18, 2015 |publisher=Government of Canada}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |year=2010 |title=Focus Canada (Final Report) |url=http://www.queensu.ca/cora/_files/fc2010report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204231952/http://www.queensu.ca/cora/_files/fc2010report.pdf |archive-date=February 4, 2016 |access-date=December 12, 2015 |publisher=Queen's University |page=4 (PDF page 8) |department=The Environics Institute}}</ref>
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[[File:Beaver sculpture, Centre Block.jpg|upright=0.9|thumb|alt=''The mother beaver'' sculpture outside the House of Commons|''The mother beaver'' on the Canadian parliament's [[Peace Tower]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Monaghan |first=David |year=2013 |title=The mother beaver |url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/about/house/collections/collection_profiles/CP_mother_beaver-e.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222075619/http://www.parl.gc.ca/about/house/collections/collection_profiles/CP_mother_beaver-e.htm |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |access-date=December 12, 2015 |publisher=The House of Commons Heritage}}</ref> The five flowers on the shield each represent an ethnicity—[[Tudor rose]]: [[English people|English]]; [[Fleur de lis]]: [[French people|French]]; [[thistle]]: [[Scottish people|Scottish]]; [[shamrock]]: [[Irish people|Irish]]; and [[leek]]: [[Welsh people|Welsh]].]]
Themes of nature, pioneers, trappers, and traders played an important part in the early development of Canadian symbolism.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canadiana.org/citm/themes/pioneers/pioneers7_e.html |title=Canada in the Making: Pioneers and Immigrants |publisher=The History Channel |date=August 25, 2005}}</ref> Modern symbols emphasize the country's geography, cold climate, lifestyles, and the Canadianization of traditional European and Indigenous symbols.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cormier |first=Jeffrey |year=2004 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303410887 |title=The Canadianization Movement: Emergence, Survival, and Success |doi=10.3138/9781442680616 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=9781442680616}}</ref> The use of the [[maple leaf]] as a Canadian symbol dates to the early 18th century. The maple leaf is depicted on Canada's [[Flag of Canada|current]] and [[Canadian Red Ensign|previous flags]] and on the [[Arms of Canada]].<ref name="symbol1" /> Canada's official tartan, known as the "[[Regional tartans of Canada|maple leaf tartan]]",
Other prominent symbols include the national motto, "{{lang|la|[[A mari usque ad mare]]|italics=on}}" ("From Sea to Sea"),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nischik |first=Reingard M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VYgTaGwa4nsC&pg=PA113 |title=History of Literature in Canada: English-Canadian and French-Canadian |publisher=Camden House |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-57113-359-5 |pages=113–114}}</ref> the sports of [[ice hockey]] and [[lacrosse]], the [[beaver]], [[Canada goose]], [[common loon]], [[Canadian horse]], the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the Canadian Rockies,<ref name="symbol1">{{Cite book |url=http://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.693005/publication.html |title=Symbols of Canada |publisher=Canadian Government Publishing |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-660-18615-3}}</ref> and, more recently, the [[totem pole]] and [[Inuksuk]].<ref name="Nels">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0hwCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT92 |title=Sociology in Action |publisher=Nelson Education-McGraw-Hill Education |isbn=978-0-17-672841-0 |edition=2nd Canadian |page=92}}</ref> [[Canadian beer]], [[maple syrup]], [[tuque]]s, [[canoes]], [[nanaimo bar]]s, [[butter tart]]s, and [[poutine]] are defined as uniquely Canadian.<ref name="Nels" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hutchins |first1=Donna |title=The Maple Leaf Forever: A Celebration of Canadian Symbols |last2=Hutchins |first2=Nigel |publisher=The Boston Mills Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-55046-474-0 |page=iix}}</ref> Canadian coins feature many of these symbols: the loon on the [[Loonie|$1 coin]], the Arms of Canada on the [[50-cent piece (Canadian coin)|50¢ piece]], and the beaver on the [[Nickel (Canadian coin)|nickel]].<ref name="Berman2008">{{Cite book |last=Berman |first=Allen G |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LRFWcmAr68YC&pg=PA137 |title=Warman's Coins And Paper Money: Identification and Price Guide |publisher=Krause Publications |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4402-1915-3 |page=137}}</ref> An image of the
===Literature===
{{main|Canadian literature}}
Canadian literature is often divided into French- and English-language literatures, which are rooted in the literary traditions of France and Britain, respectively.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Keith |first=W. J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rGawhTGpGK0C&pg=PA19 |title=Canadian Literature in English |publisher=[[The Porcupine's Quill]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-88984-283-0 |page=19}}</ref> The earliest Canadian narratives were of travel and exploration.<ref>{{cite book |editor=R.G. Moyles |date=September 28, 1994 |title=Improved by Cultivation: English-Canadian Prose to 1914 |publisher=Broadview Press |page=15 |isbn=978-1-55111-049-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wvJgb1-zQJkC&pg=PA15}}</ref> This progressed into three major themes
Numerous [[List of Canadian writers|Canadian authors]] have accumulated international literary awards,<ref>{{Cite book |last=New |first=William H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mkh2vJ_9GpEC&pg=PA55 |title=Encyclopedia of Literature in Canada |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-8020-0761-2 |page=55}}</ref> including novelist, poet, and literary critic [[Margaret Atwood]], who received two [[Booker Prize]]s;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nischik |first=Reingard M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s_xIap0GDbwC&pg=PA46 |title=Margaret Atwood: Works and Impact |publisher=Camden House |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-57113-139-3 |page=46}}</ref> [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel laureate]] [[Alice Munro]], who has been called the best living writer of short stories in English;<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hJI_vgWiJiMC&pg=PA1459 |title=Broadview Anthology of British Literature |publisher=Broadview Press |year=2006 |edition=Concise |volume=B |page=1459 |id=GGKEY:1TFFGS4YFLT}}</ref> and Booker Prize recipient [[Michael Ondaatje]], who wrote the novel ''[[The English Patient]]'', which was adapted as a [[The English Patient (film)|film of the same name]] that won the [[Academy Award for Best Picture]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Giddings |first1=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZGUDrLW2yYC&pg=PA197 |title=From Page To Screen: Adaptations of the Classic Novel |last2=Sheen |first2=Erica |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7190-5231-6 |page=197}}</ref> [[L. M. Montgomery]] produced a series of children's novels beginning in 1908 with ''[[Anne of Green Gables]]''.<ref>{{cite book |first1=L. M. |last1=Montgomery |first2=August |last2=Nemo |year=2021 |title=Essential Novelists – L. M. Montgomery: Anne of Green Gables |publisher=Tacet Books |isbn=978-3-9855100-5-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ttUpEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT2}}</ref>
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Art in Canada is marked by thousands of years of habitation by its Indigenous peoples,<ref>{{cite book |first=Carol A. |last=Mullen |date=2020 |title=Canadian Indigenous Literature and Art: Decolonizing Education, Culture, and Society |publisher=Brill Sense |chapter=Introduction |isbn=978-90-04-41426-6}}</ref> and, in later times, artists have combined British, French, Indigenous, and American artistic traditions, at times embracing European styles while working to promote nationalism.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cook |first=Ramsay |title=Landscape Painting and National Sentiment in Canada |journal=Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques |volume=1 |issue=2 |year=1974 |jstor=41298655 |pages=263–283}}</ref> The nature of Canadian art reflects these diverse origins, as artists have taken their traditions and adapted these influences to reflect the reality of their lives in Canada.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Mark J. |last1=Kasoff |first2=Patrick |last2=James |year=2013 |title=Canadian Studies in the New Millennium |edition=2 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |pages=198–204 |isbn=978-1-4426-6538-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gYqBAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT198}}</ref>
The Canadian government has played a role in the development of Canadian culture through the department of [[Canadian Heritage]], by giving grants to art galleries,<ref>as, for instance, in the following example of a show funded by the Government of Canada at the Peel Art Gallery Museum + Archives, Brampton:{{cite web |title=Putting a spotlight on Canada's Artistic Heritage |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/news/2020/01/putting-a-spotlight-on-canadas-artistic-heritage.html |date=January 14, 2020 |publisher=Government of Canada}}</ref> as well as establishing and funding art schools
Canadian visual art has been dominated by figures, such as painter [[Tom Thomson]] and the [[Group of Seven (artists)|Group of Seven]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=McKay |first=Marylin J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BZWhNZwppdIC&pg=PA229 |title=Picturing the Land: Narrating Territories in Canadian Landscape Art, 1500–1950 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7735-3817-7 |page=229}}</ref> The latter were painters with a nationalistic and idealistic focus, who first exhibited their distinctive works in May 1920. Though referred to as having seven members, five artists—[[Lawren Harris]], [[A. Y. Jackson]], [[Arthur Lismer]], [[J. E. H. MacDonald]], and [[Frederick Varley]]—were responsible for articulating the group's ideas. They were joined briefly by [[Frank Johnston (artist)|Frank Johnston]] and commercial artist [[Franklin Carmichael]]. [[A. J. Casson]] became part of the group in 1926.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hill |first=Charles C |title=The Group of Seven – Art for a Nation |publisher=National Gallery of Canada |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-7710-6716-7 |pages=15–21, 195}}</ref> Associated with the group was another prominent Canadian artist, [[Emily Carr]], known for her landscapes and portrayals of the [[Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Newlands |first=Anne |title=Emily Carr |publisher=Firefly Books |year=1996 |isbn=978-1-55209-046-6 |pages=8–9}}</ref>
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Canadian music reflects a [[Music of Canadian cultures|variety of regional scenes]].<ref>{{cite book |editor-first=Shane |editor-last=Homan |date=January 13, 2022 |title=The Bloomsbury Handbook of Popular Music Policy |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |page=179 |isbn=978-1-5013-4534-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HCdVEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA179}}</ref> Canada has developed a vast music infrastructure that includes [[church hall]]s, [[Chamber music|chamber halls]], [[Music school|conservatories]], [[academies]], [[performing arts center|performing arts centres]], [[record company|record companies]], [[radio stations]], and television [[music video]] channels.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/timeline/CCFTimeline.html |title=The history of broadcasting in Canada |publisher=The Canadian Communications Foundation |access-date=October 28, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309132436/http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/timeline/CCFTimeline.html |archive-date=March 9, 2012}}</ref> Government support programs, such as the Canada Music Fund, assist a wide range of musicians and entrepreneurs who create, produce and market original and diverse Canadian music.<ref>{{cite book |editor-first1=Shane |editor-last1=Homan |editor-first2=Martin |editor-last2=Cloonan |editor-first3=Jen |editor-last3=Cattermole |year=2017 |title=Popular Music and Cultural Policy |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-65952-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GUg4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT161}}</ref> As a result of its cultural importance, as well as government initiatives and regulations, the Canadian music industry is one of the largest in the world,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ifpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Global_Music_Report_2023_State_of_the_Industry.pdf |title=IFPI Global Music Report 2023 |page=10 |access-date=April 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325055720/https://www.ifpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Global_Music_Report_2023_State_of_the_Industry.pdf |archive-date=March 25, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> producing internationally renowned [[List of Canadian composers|composers]], [[List of Canadian musicians|musicians]], and [[List of bands from Canada|ensembles]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hull |first1=Geoffrey P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BWUil8OuXS8C&pg=PA304 |title=The Music Business and Recording Industry: Delivering Music in the 21st Century |last2=Hutchison |first2=Thomas William |last3=Strasser |first3=Richard |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-415-87560-8 |page=304}}</ref> Music broadcasting in the country is regulated by the CRTC.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Acheson |first1=Archibald Lloyd Keith |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5gCzOUo6YhkC&pg=PA181 |title=Much Ado about Culture: North American Trade Disputes |last2=Maule |first2=Christopher John |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-472-02241-0 |page=181}}</ref> The [[Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences]] presents Canada's music industry awards, the [[Juno Award]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Edwardson |first=Ryan |url=https://archive.org/details/canadiancontentc0000edwa |title=Canadian Content: Culture and the Quest for Nationhood |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8020-9759-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/canadiancontentc0000edwa/page/127 127] |url-access=registration}}</ref> The [[Canadian Music Hall of Fame]] honours Canadian musicians for their lifetime achievements.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoffmann |first=Frank |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-FOSAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA324 |title=Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-135-94950-1 |page=324}}</ref>
[[Anthems and nationalistic songs of Canada|Patriotic music in Canada]] dates back over 200 years. The earliest work of patriotic music in Canada, "[[The Bold Canadian]]", was written in 1812.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jortner |first=Adam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l6whyXqA7BUC&pg=PA217 |title=The Gods of Prophetstown: The Battle of Tippecanoe and the Holy War for the American Frontier |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-976529-4 |page=217}}</ref> "[[The Maple Leaf Forever]]", written in 1866, was a popular patriotic song throughout [[English Canada]] and, for many years, served as an unofficial national anthem.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.utoronto.ca/icm/0101b.html |title=Maple Cottage, Leslieville, Toronto |work=Institute for Canadian Music |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331095214/http://www.utoronto.ca/icm/0101b.html |archive-date=March 31, 2009}}</ref> "[[O Canada]]" also served as an unofficial national anthem for much of the 20th century and was adopted as the country's official anthem in 1980.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kallmann |first1=Helmut |author-link=Helmut Kallmann |last2=Potvin |first2=Gilles |date=February 7, 2018 |title=O Canada |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/o-canada |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203021353/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/o-canada/ |archive-date=December 3, 2013 |website=Encyclopedia of Music in Canada
===Sports===
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[[File:Canada2010WinterOlympicsOTcelebration.jpg|thumb|The [[Canadian men's national ice hockey team]] celebrates shortly after winning the gold medal final at the [[2010 Winter Olympics]].<ref name="Olympics.com 2020 i548">{{cite web |title=Vancouver 2010 ends in wild celebrations after Canadian ice hockey victory |website=Olympics.com |date=February 28, 2020 |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/vancouver-2010-ends-in-wild-celebrations-after-canadian-ice-hockey-victory |access-date=January 11, 2024}}</ref>]]
Canada shares several [[Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada|major professional sports leagues]] with the United States.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Butenko |first1=Sergiy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lh7tPTtYelUC&pg=PA42 |title=Optimal Strategies in Sports Economics and Management |last2=Gil-Lafuente |first2=Jaime |last3=Pardalos |first3=Panos M. |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2010 |isbn=978-3-642-13205-6 |pages=42–44}}</ref> Canadian teams in these leagues include seven franchises in the [[National Hockey League]], as well as three [[Soccer in Canada#Major League Soccer|Major League Soccer]] teams and one team in each of [[Major League Baseball]] and the [[National Basketball Association]]. Other popular professional competitions include the [[Canadian Football League]], [[National Lacrosse League]], the [[Canadian Premier League]], and the various curling tournaments sanctioned and organized by [[Curling Canada]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Morrow |first1=Don |title=Sport in Canada: A History |last2=Wamsley |first2=Kevin B. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-19-902157-4 |pages=xxi – intro}}</ref>
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