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{{Short description|Chinese privatecommercial space launch company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox company
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}}
 
'''LandSpace Technology Corporation''' ([[doing business as]] '''LandSpace''')<ref>{{cite web|date=30 September 2017|script-title=zh:北京ぺきん蓝箭空そら间科技わざ有限ゆうげん公司こうし(landspace)|trans-title=Beijing Blue Arrow Space Technology Co., Ltd. (landspace)|url=https://www.chinaspaceflight.com/rocket/Landspace/landspacetech.html|website=China Spaceflight|language=zh|access-date=2 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006110848/https://www.chinaspaceflight.com/rocket/Landspace/landspacetech.html|archive-date=6 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kenhmann|first=Henri|date=8 October 2016|title=LandSpace: le futur SpaceX chinois|trans-title=LandSpace: the future Chinese SpaceX|url=http://www.eastpendulum.com/landspace-futur-spacex-chinois|website=East Pendulum|language=fr|access-date=2 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013022052/http://www.eastpendulum.com/landspace-futur-spacex-chinois|archive-date=13 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> is a Chinese privatecommercial [[space launch]] provider based in [[Beijing]].<ref name="Lin&Singer">{{cite magazine|last1=Lin|first1=Jeffrey|last2=Singer|first2=P. W. |author-link2=P. W. Singer|date=23 January 2017|title=A private Chinese space company just scored a foreign contract for the first time|url=http://www.popsci.com/chinese-private-space-company-scores-first-foreign-contract|magazine=[[Popular Science]]|access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref> It was founded in 2015 by Zhang Changwu.<ref name="Lin&Singer" /><ref>{{cite news|last=Dillow|first=Clay|date=28 March 2017|title=China's secret plan to crush SpaceX and the US space program|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/03/28/chinas-secret-plan-to-crush-spacex-and-the-us-space-program.html|publisher=[[CNBC]]|access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref>
 
As of July 2023, the company's Zhuque-2 rocket became the first methane-fueled orbital launch vehicle in the world after reaching orbit on its second flight.<ref name="Jones2023" /><ref name="Beil" /> LandSpace plans to conduct three Zhuque-2 launches in 2024 and six in 2025.<ref name="sn-20231209" />
Since its founding, the company has established several aerospace infrastructure sites in [[Zhejiang]], including a $1.5 billion medium and large-scale liquid rocket assembly and test plant in [[Jiaxing]] and an intelligent manufacturing base in [[Huzhou]].<ref name="Jones2023" />▼
 
== History ==
▲Landspace Technology Corporation was established in 2015, after a Chinese government policy change in 2014 that allowed private capital into the space industry.<ref name="spacenewsaug23" /> Since its founding, the company has established several aerospace infrastructure sites in [[Zhejiang]], including a $1.5 billion medium and large-scale liquid rocket assembly and test plant in [[Jiaxing]] and an intelligent manufacturing base in [[Huzhou]].<ref name="Jones2023" />
 
LandSpace developed its first launch vehicle Zhuque-1, powered by [[Solid-propellant rocket|solid-propellant motors]]. Zhuque-1 was launched on 27 October 2018, however the payload failed to reach orbit due to an issue with the third stage.<ref name="Barbosa" /><ref name="Jones2018">{{cite magazine|last=Jones|first=Andrew|date=27 October 2018|title=Landspace fails to reach orbit with milestone private Chinese launch|url=https://spacenews.com/landspace-fails-to-reach-orbit-with-milestone-private-chinese-launch/|magazine=[[SpaceNews]]|access-date=28 October 2018}}</ref> The company also developed the liquid-fueled [[Zhuque-2]], which became the first methalox rocket in the world to reach orbit after a successful second flight on 12 July 2023.<ref>{{cite news|last=Zhao|first=Lei|date=12 July 2023|title=China launches first globally successful orbital mission for methane-fueled rocket|url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202307/12/WS64adfd51a31035260b815eaf.html|newspaper=[[China Daily]]|access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref>
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=== Zhuque-1 ===
[[File:Zhuque-1.png|thumb|upright=1.2|right|Zhuque-1]]
'''Zhuque-1''' ('''ZQ-1''', {{lang-zh|朱雀すざく一いち号ごう|links=no}} or 朱雀すざく·南みなみ太たい湖こ号ごう), also calledknown as '''LandSpace-1''' or '''LS-1''' (the name LandSpace-1 or LS-1 was originally reserved for a different rocket that did not in the end materialise;<ref name="Jones2018" /> after cancellation of the rocket, the name LandSpace-1 was then affiliated to LandSpace's rocket-to-be-developed at the time, the Zhuque-1), is a {{convert|19|m|adj=on}} tall, three-stage solid-propellant rocket. All stages havewith a diameter of 1.35&nbsp; m. It is likely based on the [[DF-26]] missile's rocket motor.<ref name="Gunter">{{cite web|title=ZhuQue-1 (ZQ-1, LandSpace-1, LS-1)|url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/zhuque-1.htm|website=Gunter's Space Page|access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref> Zhuque-1 has a takeoff mass of {{cvt|27|tonnet}} and, a thrust of {{cvt|45|tf|lbf}}, and is able tocan carry {{cvt|300|kg}} of payload into a {{cvt|300|km}} [[low Earth orbit]] (LEO).<ref name="Barbosa" />▼
 
The maiden flight of Zhuque-1 wastook place on 27 October 2018, from a mobile platform at the [[Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center]], carrying [[the Weilai-1]] satellite for [[China Central Television]]. After aDespite successful first- and second- stage firing,firings and [[Separation event|fairing separation]], the payload failed to reach orbit due to an issue with thea third-stage stageissue.<ref name="Barbosa">{{cite web|last=Barbosa|first=Rui C.|date=27 October 2018|title=Chinese commercial provider LandSpace launches Weilai-1 on a Zhuque-1 rockets – fails to make orbit|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/10/chinese-landspace-launches-weilai-1-zhuque-1-rocket/|website=[[NASASpaceFlight.com]]|access-date=27 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="Jones2018" /> Zhuque-1 was the first Chinese private orbital rocket to attempt an orbital launch.<ref>{{cite web|last=Clark|first=Stephen|date=28 October 2018|title=LandSpace falls short of orbit in private Chinese launch attempt|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2018/10/28/landspace-falls-short-of-orbit-in-private-chinese-launch-attempt/|website=Spaceflight Now|access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref>▼
▲'''Zhuque-1''' ('''ZQ-1''', {{lang-zh|朱雀すざく一いち号ごう|links=no}} or 朱雀すざく·南みなみ太たい湖こ号ごう), also called '''LandSpace-1''' or '''LS-1''' (the name LandSpace-1 or LS-1 was originally reserved for a different rocket that did not in the end materialise;<ref name="Jones2018" /> after cancellation of the rocket, the name LandSpace-1 was then affiliated to LandSpace's rocket-to-be-developed at the time, the Zhuque-1), is a {{convert|19|m|adj=on}} tall, three-stage solid-propellant rocket. All stages have a diameter of 1.35&nbsp;m. It is likely based on the [[DF-26]] missile's rocket motor.<ref name="Gunter">{{cite web|title=ZhuQue-1 (ZQ-1, LandSpace-1, LS-1)|url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/zhuque-1.htm|website=Gunter's Space Page|access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref> Zhuque-1 has a takeoff mass of {{cvt|27|tonne}} and a thrust of {{cvt|45|tf|lbf}}, and is able to carry {{cvt|300|kg}} of payload into a {{cvt|300|km}} [[low Earth orbit]] (LEO).<ref name="Barbosa" />
 
AccordingFollowing tothe newslaunch, reports, theemerged manufacturer ofthat the solid rocket motorsmotor hasmanufacturer had ended its contract with LandSpace., Thiscasting raiseddoubt doubtson asthe to whether there will be a second flightfuture of Zhuque-1.<ref name="Gunter" /> Following the launchSubsequently, LandSpace announced it would advanceshift its focus fromto Zhuque-1's simple solid-propellant towardsdeveloping the development of a methane-fuelledfueled Zhuque-2.<ref name="Jones2023">{{cite magazine|last=Jones|first=Andrew|date=12 July 2023|title=China's Landspace reaches orbit with methane-powered Zhuque-2 rocket|url=https://spacenews.com/chinas-landspace-reaches-orbit-with-methane-powered-zhuque-2-rocket/|magazine=[[SpaceNews]]|access-date=12 July 2023}}</ref>▼
▲The maiden flight of Zhuque-1 was on 27 October 2018 from a mobile platform at the [[Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center]], carrying [[Weilai-1]] satellite for [[China Central Television]]. After a successful first- and second-stage firing, and [[Separation event|fairing separation]], the payload failed to reach orbit due to an issue with the third stage.<ref name="Barbosa">{{cite web|last=Barbosa|first=Rui C.|date=27 October 2018|title=Chinese commercial provider LandSpace launches Weilai-1 on a Zhuque-1 rockets – fails to make orbit|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/10/chinese-landspace-launches-weilai-1-zhuque-1-rocket/|website=[[NASASpaceFlight.com]]|access-date=27 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="Jones2018" /> Zhuque-1 was the first Chinese private orbital rocket to attempt an orbital launch.<ref>{{cite web|last=Clark|first=Stephen|date=28 October 2018|title=LandSpace falls short of orbit in private Chinese launch attempt|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2018/10/28/landspace-falls-short-of-orbit-in-private-chinese-launch-attempt/|website=Spaceflight Now|access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref>
 
▲According to news reports, the manufacturer of the solid rocket motors has ended its contract with LandSpace. This raised doubts as to whether there will be a second flight of Zhuque-1.<ref name="Gunter" /> Following the launch, LandSpace announced it would advance its focus from Zhuque-1's simple solid-propellant towards the development of a methane-fuelled Zhuque-2.<ref name="Jones2023">{{cite magazine|last=Jones|first=Andrew|date=12 July 2023|title=China's Landspace reaches orbit with methane-powered Zhuque-2 rocket|url=https://spacenews.com/chinas-landspace-reaches-orbit-with-methane-powered-zhuque-2-rocket/|magazine=[[SpaceNews]]|access-date=12 July 2023}}</ref>
 
=== Zhuque-2 ===
{{Main|Zhuque-2}}
'''Zhuque-2''' ('''ZQ-2''') is a medium-sized [[liquid-fuelled rocket]] powered by [[liquid oxygen]] and [[methane]] capable of lifting {{cvt|6,000|kg}} of payload into a {{cvt|200|km}} LEO, or {{cvt|4,000|kg}} of payload into a {{cvt|500|km}} [[Sunsun-synchronous orbit]] (SSO).<ref name="Lin&Singer" /><ref name="Beil">{{cite web|last=Beil|first=Adrian|date=11 July 2023|title=LandSpace claims win in the methane race to orbit via second ZhuQue-2 launch|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/07/zhuque-2-launch2/|website=[[NASASpaceFlight.com]]|access-date=12 July 2023}}</ref> The rocket was initially planned to be launched in 2020,<ref>{{cite web|title=Landspace - ZQ-2 / Suzaku No. 2|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/space/world/china/zq-2.htm|website=[[GlobalSecurity.org]]|access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref> however by 2019 this had slipped to 2021,<ref name="spacenewsaug23">{{cite magazine|last=Jones|first=Andrew|date=10 December 2019|title=Chinese space launch firm Landspace raises $71 million|url=https://spacenews.com/chinese-space-launch-firm-landspace-raises-71-million/|magazine=[[SpaceNews]]|access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref> and later to December 2022.{{Citation On 12 July 2023, Zhuque-2 became the first [[methaloxneeded|methane-fueled]] launch vehicle to reach orbit after a successful second flight.<ref namedate="Beil"April /><ref name="Jones2023" />2024}}
 
The first flight of Zhuque-2 occurred on 14 December 2022, but the launch vehicle failed to place its payload into orbit due to the failure of its second-stage vernier engines after the second-stage main engine shutdown. Nevertheless, with this maiden launch, Zhuque-2 became the first methane-fueled rocket to reach space. On 12 July 2023, the second flight was successful, making it the first [[methalox|methane-fueled]] launch vehicle in the world to reach orbit; this flight did not carry an active payload.<ref name="Beil" /><ref name="Jones2023" /> On 8 December 2023, the third Zhuque-2 mission successfully placed three satellites into a 433 by 461 kilometers sun-synchronous orbit. LandSpace plans to launch three Zhuque-2 rockets in 2024 and six in 2025.<ref name="sn-20231209" />
 
=== Zhuque-3 ===
'''Zhuque-3''' ('''ZQ-3''') is an under-development, two-stage, medium-to-heavy launch vehicle made of stainless steel and powered by liquid methane fuel. The reusable first stage of the rocket, equipped with nine [[Tianque-12|Tianque-12B]] engines, is planneddesigned to be recoverable and reusable for up to twenty timeslaunches. ItThe rocket will have a length ofbe 76.6 meters and a diameter oflong, 4.5 meters; itsin diameter, and have a liftoff weight willof be aboutapproximately 660 tonnes. The rocket'sIts planned carryingpayload capacity to low Earth orbit is about 21 tonnes when used in an expendable mode, 18.3 tonnes when the first stage is recovered down range (likely on a floating platform)downrange, and 12.5 tonnes when the first stage returns to the launch pointsite. The firstmaiden flight of the rocket is planned for 2025.,<ref name="sn-20231209">{{Cite web|last=Jones|first=Andrew|title=Landspace launches third methane Zhuque-2, targets 2025 launch of new stainless steel rocket |url=https://spacenews.com/landspace-launches-third-methane-zhuque-2-targets-2025-launch-of-new-stainless-steel-rocket/ |access-date=2023-12-09|website=spacenews.com |date=9 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref> aiming to achieve the milestone of first-stage recovery within the same year, and progressing towards reusability by 2026.
 
On 19 January 2024, Landspace conducted a successful vertical takeoff and vertical landing (VTVL) test using the Zhuque-3 VTVL-1 test vehicle at [[Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center|Jiuquan]]. The test stage, powered by a single Tianque-12 engine, flew for approximately 60 seconds and reached a height of about 350 meters. Landspace reported a landing accuracy of about 2.4 meters and a touchdown speed of approximately 0.75 meters per second.<ref name="sn-20240119">{{Cite web|last=Jones|first=Andrew|title=China's Landspace conducts first VTVL test for reusable stainless steel rocket |url=https://spacenews.com/chinas-landspace-conducts-first-vtvl-test-for-reusable-stainless-steel-rocket/ |access-date=20 January 2024|website=spacenews.com |date=19 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Additionally, the company had previously announced plans to develop a 200-tonne class full-flow staged combustion engine [[BF-20]], which is expected to be ready by 2028 for a future version of Zhuque-3.<ref name="sn-20231209" />
 
On 11 September 2024, the Zhuque-3 VTVL-1 test stage completed another successful vertical-takeoff-vertical-landing test at its Jinquan launch complex. The test flight lasted about 200 seconds and achieved a maximum height in excess of 10 kilometres. The flight also featured a mid-air engine cutoff test at about 113 seconds after liftoff and an engine reignition test about 40 seconds later when the test stage was at a height of about 4,640 metres; this engine cutoff and reignition sequence during a VTVL attempt represented a first for any Chinese rocket manufacturing entities. During the period when its engine was not in active operation, the test stage employed a cold gas attitude control reaction system in addition to four grid fins to control its gliding descent. The test stage completed its landing sequence at a concrete pad located about 3.2 kilometres away from its launch point; the precise landing spot was 1.7 metres away from the nominal center of the landing pad.<ref name="sn-20240911">{{Cite web|last=Jones|first=Andrew|title=Landspace completes 10-kilometer reusable rocket test, eyes 2025 orbital launch |url=https://spacenews.com/landspace-completes-10-kilometer-reusable-rocket-test-eyes-2025-orbital-launch/ |access-date=11 September 2024|website=spacenews.com |date=11 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
 
== Launches ==
<!-- Zhuque-1 table -->
 
=== Zhuque-1 launches ===
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+
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! Outcome
! Notes
|-▼
 
▲|-
| Zhuque-1<ref name="Barbosa" /><ref name="Jones2018" />
|▼
| Y1
| 27 October 2018,<br />08:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]
| Weilai-1 ('Future-1') satellite
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| [[Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center|Jiuquan]]
| {{Failure}}
| 3 solid-fuel stages; 3rd stage anomaly.<ref name="Jones2018" />
|-▼
 
▲|}
 
<!-- Zhuque-2 table -->
 
=== Zhuque-2 launches ===
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! Rocket & serial
! Flight number
! Date
! Payload
! Orbit
! Launch site
! Outcome
! Notes
 
▲|-
|Zhuque-2<ref name="Fernholz">{{cite news |last=Fernholz |first=Tim |date=27 September 2016 |title=The SpaceX of China aims to commercialize a mysterious rocket on the world stage |work=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] |url=https://qz.com/791879/landspace-the-spacex-of-china-plans-to-commercially-launch-a-rocket-based-on-the-long-march-11 |access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref>
|Y1
Line 123 ⟶ 152:
|[[Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center|Jiuquan]], Site 96
| {{Failure}}
|Failed to reach orbit due to failure of vernier thrusters on second stage. Nevertheless, it's the first methane fueled rocket to reach space.<ref name="aj-20221214">{{cite news |last=Jones |first=Andrew |date=14 December 2022 |title=Historic first launch of Chinese private methane-fueled rocket ends in failure|work=[[SpaceNews]] |url=https://spacenews.com/historic-first-launch-of-chinese-private-methane-fueled-rocket-ends-in-failure/ |access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref>
|First methane launch vehicle to reach space.
|-▼
 
▲|-
|Zhuque-2<ref name="Beil" />
|Zhuque-2
|Y2
|12 July 2023,<br />01:00 UTC
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|[[Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center|Jiuquan]], Site 96
| {{Success}}
|First methane fueled launch vehicle to reach orbit.<ref name="Beil" />
|-▼
 
▲|-
|Zhuque-2<ref name="sn-20231209" />
|Zhuque-2
|Y3
|8 December 2023,<br />23:39 UTC
Line 143 ⟶ 172:
|[[Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center|Jiuquan]], Site 96
| {{Success}}
|First methane fueled launch vehicle to launch payloads into orbit.<ref name="sn-20231209" />
|}
 
<!-- Zhuque-3 table -->
 
=== Zhuque-3 launches ===
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! Rocket & serial
! Flight number
! Date
! Payload
! Orbit
! Launch site
! Outcome
! Notes
 
|-
| Zhuque-3
| Demo flight
| data-sort-value="June 2025" | {{abbr|NET|No earlier than}} June 2025<ref>{{cite web |last=Xin |first=Ling |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3249190/chinas-landspace-tests-prototype-zhuque-3-reusable-stainless-steel-rocket |title=China’s LandSpace tests prototype of Zhuque-3 reusable stainless steel rocket |work=[[SCMP]] |date=20 January 2024 |access-date=1 July 2024}}</ref>
|
|
| [[Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center|Jiuquan]]
| TBD
| First flight of Zhuque-3
 
|}
 
== Marketplace ==
LandSpace is in competition with several other Chinese space rocket startups, being [[LinkSpace]], [[Galactic Energy]], [[ExPace]], [[i-Space (Chinese company)|i-Space]], [[OneSpace]] and [[Deep Blue Aerospace]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Messier|first=Doug|date=20 December 2017|title=EXPACE Raises $182 Million for Small Satellite Launchers|url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2017/12/20/expace-raises-182-million-small-satellite-launchers/|website=Parabolic Arc|access-date=2 August 2023|archive-date=4 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204225826/http://www.parabolicarc.com/2017/12/20/expace-raises-182-million-small-satellite-launchers/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
== References ==
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LandSpace"