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{{Short description|Hebrew lamentations}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2018}}
'''Kinnot''' ({{langx|he|קינות}}; also '''kinnos''', '''kinoth''', '''qinot''', '''qinoth'''; singular '''kinah''', '''qinah''' or '''kinnah''') are Hebrew [[dirge]]s (sad poems) or [[elegies]]. The term is used to refer both to dirges in the [[Hebrew Bible]], and also to later poems which are traditionally recited by Jews on [[Tisha B'Av]].
 
==In the Bible==
'''Kinnot''' ({{lang-he|קינות}}; also '''kinnos''', '''kinoth''', '''qinot''', '''qinoth'''; singular '''kinah''' or '''kinnah''') are [[dirge]]s (sad poems) or [[elegies]] traditionally recited by [[Jew]]s on [[Tisha B'Av]] to mourn the destruction of both the [[First Temple|First]] and [[Second Temple]] in Jerusalem and other tragedies in [[Jewish history]], including the [[Crusades]] and the [[Holocaust]]. The kinnot are recited on the night of Tisha B'Av after reciting the [[Book of Lamentations]], which was also called "Kinnot" in the Talmudic era (see, e.g., Bava Batra 14b) before it assumed its more familiar name of "Eichah." The term is also used for a dirge or [[lament]] especially as sung by Jewish professional mourning women.▼
{{See also|Kinah}}
In the [[Hebrew Bible]], the term ''kinah'' or ''qinah'' refers to a dirge or [[lament]], especially as sung by Jewish professional mourning women.
 
The [[Jerusalem Bible]] refers to [[Isaiah 47]] as a ''qinah'' or "lament for [[Babylon]]",<ref>[[Jerusalem Bible]] (1966), sub-title to Isaiah 47</ref> and to [[Ezekiel 19]] as a ''qinah'' or lamentation over the rulers of Israel.<ref>Jerusalem Bible (1966), sub-title to Ezekiel 19 and footnote ''a''</ref> A. W. Streane suggests that {{bibleref2|Jeremiah|22:6-7|NKJV}}, on the [[Prophecy#Judaism|prophesied]] downfall of [[Jerusalem]], is written "in Ḳinah metre".<ref>Streane, A. W. (1911), [https://biblehub.com/commentaries/cambridge/jeremiah/22.htm Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges] om Jeremiah 22, accessed 10 February 2019</ref>
==Development of the Ashkenazic kinnot==▼
 
==Tisha BeAv recitation==
The oldest kinnot were composed by Rabbi [[Eleazar Kalir|Elazar Hakalir]], who lived in [[Kirjath-sepher|Kiryath-Sepher]] in the [[Land of Israel]] (See {{Cite book|title=[[Asher ben Jehiel|Rosh]]|at=''[[Berakhot (Talmud)|Brochos]]'', ch. 5, ''siman'' 21|postscript=}}<ref name=Rosh>{{cite book|title=Rosh|at=''Brochos'', ch. 5, ''siman'' 21, with ''Ma'adanei Yom Tov''|url=http://hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=14308&st=&pgnum=179|accessdate=25 September 2013|language=Hebrew}}</ref>).
▲'''Kinnot'''On ({{lang-he|קינות}}; also[[Tisha B'''kinnos'''Av]], '''kinoth''',[[Jews]] '''qinot''',traditionally '''qinoth''';recite singulara '''kinah'''series orof elegiac poems, known as ''kinnot'kinnah'''), areafter [[dirge]]sthe (sadevening poems)and ormorning [[elegies]]prayers. traditionallyThese recited by [[Jew]]s on [[Tisha B'Av]] topoems mourn the destruction of both the [[FirstSolomon's Temple|First]] and [[Second Temple]] in Jerusalem and other tragedies in [[Jewish history]], including the [[Crusades]], the [[Expulsion of Jews from Spain]] and the [[the Holocaust]]. The kinnot are generally recited on the night of Tisha B'Av after reciting the [[Book of Lamentations]], which was also called "''Kinnot"'' in the Talmudic era (see<ref>See, e.g., Bava Batra 14b)</ref> before it assumed its more familiar name of{{lang|he|אֵיכָה}} "Eichah."''ʾĒkhāh'' (although Thesome termcommunities isrecite alsosome usedKinnot forbefore abeginning dirgethe orevening [[lament]] especially as sung by Jewish professional mourning womenservice).
 
▲===Development of the Ashkenazic kinnot===
His time has been set at different dates, from the second century, to the tenth or eleventh century<ref name=jewishvirtuallibrary>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0011_0_10643.html KALLIR, ELEAZAR] in the [[Jewish Virtual Library]].</ref> of the common era. Based on [[Saadia Gaon|Saadiah's]] ''Sefer ha-galuy'', some place him in the 6th century.<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911|url=https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediabri15chisrich#page/642/mode/1up|title=Kalir (Qalir), Eleazer |accessdate=29 September 2013}}</ref> Older authorities consider him to have been a teacher of the [[Mishnah]] and identify him either with [[Eleazar ben 'Arak|Eleazar b. 'Arak]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Shlomo ben Aderet|authorlink=Shlomo ben Aderet|script-title=he:שאלות ותשובות|accessdate=7 October 2013|volume=1|language=Hebrew|oclc=233041810|chapter=469|chapterurl=http://hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=1376&pgnum=216}}</ref> or with [[Eleazar b. Simeon]].<ref name=JewishEncyclopedia>{{JewishEncyclopedia|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?letter=K&artid=45|article=Kalir, Eleazar|accessdate=29 September 2013}}<br />'''Jewish Encyclopedia bibliography:'''
*[[Joseph Derenbourg|J. Derenbourg]], in ''[[Revue des Etudes Juives|R. E. J.]]'' xii. 298;
*[[Pinkus Friedrich Frankl|P. F. Frankl]], ''Fragment einer Kalir'schen Keroba'', reprint from ''Zunz Jubelschrift'', Berlin, 1884;
*[[A. Harkavy]], ''Leben und Werke Saadia Gaon's'', i. 109, Berlin, 1891;
*''Israelitische Annalen'', i. 85, ii. 320;
*[[Landshuth]], ''Ammude ha-'Abodah'', i. 27-44, Berlin, 1877;
*[[S. L. Rapoport]], in ''Bikkure ha-'Ittim'', x. 95-123, xi. 92-102;
*[[Steinschneider]], ''[[Cat. Bodl.]]'' col. 913;
*[[Leopold Zunz|Zunz]], ''[https://archive.org/stream/literaturgeschi03zunzgoog/literaturgeschi03zunzgoog_djvu.txt Literaturgesch.]'' pp. 29-64.</ref><ref>{{cite wikisource|author=[[Tosafot]]|title=תוספות חגיגה יג א|wslink=חגיגה יג א#תוספות |wslanguage=he}}</ref> (See {{Cite book|last=Heller|first=Rabbi Yom-Tov Lipmann|authorlink=Yom-Tov Lipmann Heller|title=Ma'adanei Yom Tov|at=''Brochos'', ch. 5, ''siman'' 21, gloss 5|postscript=}}<ref name=Rosh/> where he discusses whether he was the son of [[Rashbi]] or another Rabbi Shimon).
 
Many kinnot were composed by Rabbi [[Eleazar ben Kalir|Elazar Hakalir]],<ref name=Rosh>See {{cite book|author=Asher ben Jehiel|author-link=Asher ben Jehiel|title=Rosh|at=''[[Berakhot (Talmud)|Brochos]]'' 5:21, with ''Ma'adanei Yom Tov''|url=http://hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=14308&st=&pgnum=179|accessdate=25 September 2013|language=Hebrew}}</ref> who likely lived in the 6th-7th centuries. His kinnot resemble the structure and content of the [[Book of Lamentations]]. For example, one of his kinnot begins each stanza with the word "Eichah"''ʾĒkhāh'', the opening word of Lamentations. He often writes stanzas in an alphabetical acrostic, similar to the first four chapters of Lamentations. The style deals primarily with the destruction of the [[Second Temple]], similar to Lamentations which mourns the destruction of the [[First Temple]].▼
His kinnot resemble the structure and content of the [[Book of Lamentations]].
 
The main impetus for creation of new kinnot during the [[Middle Ages]] was the [[Crusades]], in which Christian mobs decimated many Jewish communities. The kinnot deal with the then-current tragedy of the Crusades, no longer focusing on the destruction of the Temple in the past. The loss of the [[Torah]] and its scholars, instead of the loss of the Temple, occupies a central theme.▼
▲For example, one of his kinnot begins each stanza with the word "Eichah", the opening word of Lamentations. He often writes stanzas in an alphabetical acrostic, similar to the first four chapters of Lamentations. The style deals primarily with the destruction of the [[Second Temple]], similar to Lamentations which mourns the destruction of the [[First Temple]].
 
Rabbi [[Judah Halevi]] completelywrote changeda thekinnah of a different nature of the kinnot. with In his compositions.poem ''Tziyon ThereHalo isTishali'', norather than expressing pain orand despair over the tragedies of the distant or near past, buthe ratherexpresses a longing for returning to Jerusalem. in hisMany poem,later ''Tziyonpoets Halocopied Tishali''him.▼
▲The main impetus for creation of new kinnot during the [[Middle Ages]] was the [[Crusades]], in which Christian mobs decimated many Jewish communities. The kinnot deal with the then-current tragedy of the Crusades, no longer focusing on the destruction of the Temple in the past. The loss of the [[Torah]] and its scholars, instead of the loss of the Temple, occupies a central theme.
 
===Sephardic kinnot===▼
▲Rabbi [[Judah Halevi]] completely changed the nature of the kinnot with his compositions. There is no pain or despair over the tragedies of the distant or near past, but rather a longing for returning to Jerusalem in his poem, ''Tziyon Halo Tishali''.
 
The kinnot are arranged in modern printings approximately by the chronological order of their composition. Thus the reader experiences a developing feeling of deep sorrow building through the generations, combined with a yearning for the restoration of the Temple in [[Jewish eschatology|the Messianic era]]. This is similar to the book of Lamentations, which waxes sorrowful with tales of woe, but ends on a note of optimism ("renew our days as of old", 5:21).
 
▲==Sephardic kinnot==
 
The various Sephardic communities of North Africa and the Middle East have a rich tradition of kinnot. The following is an extensive list based on the practices of North Africa (Morocco and Tunisia). See also the Hebrew wikipedia page [[:he:קינות לתשעה באב|קינות לתשעה באב]]
 
====Evening kinnot====
 
# ''DibreDivrey Nebi-Nevi'im'' (דברי נביאים)
# ''Lu Yishqelu Re'ay'' (לו ישקלו רעי)
# ''Nishmat Shedudim'' (נשמת שדודים)
# ''Shanah BeShanah'' ('''שנה בשנה''' אהגה כיונה / כי עיר עדינה היתה לזונה)
# ''Yonah NikhabahNikh'avah'' ('''יונה נכאבה''' נפשה דאבה / היכל דר ערבות יום יום סובבה)
# ''Shim'u VeHa-'azinu'' ('''שמעו והאזינו''' ואדברה אני / אומרה לאל סלעי למה שכחתני)
# ''Nishmat Yeladim'' ('''נשמת''' ילדים שוממים על חורבן אריאל)
# ''Et OybekhaOyveḥa El'' ('''את אויביך אל''' תשמיד ותחריב / בעגלה ובזמן קריב)
# ''Yom Kemo Ned'' ('''יום כמו נד''' עמדו דמעי בפני / על קדושים זרע ברוכי ה׳)
# '' 'Ad An SebiTzvi MuddahMuddaḥ'' ('''עד אן צבי מדח''' ואין מקבץ לו / נגש וגם נענח גבר מאד חילו )
# ''Ashaher 'Adati'' ('''אשחר עדתי''')
# ''EftahEftaḥ pi Lehodot'' ('''אפתח פי להודות''')
# ''Aryeh Sha-agh'ag'' ('''אריה שאג''')
# ''EkhEykh Mishkani 'Elyon'' (איך משכני עליון''')
# ''HaLanofelim Tequmah'' ('''הלנופלים תקומה''')
# ''Nishmat Emunim'' ('''נשמת אמונים''')
# ''Nilah lehelil'' ('''נלאה להיליל''')
# ''HekhalHeikhal AmonaiAdonai'' ('''היכל ה׳'''ה)
# ''Yom NilhamuNilḥamu Bi'' ('''יום נלחמו בי''')
# ''Qol Aholah TityapeyahTityapeaḥ'' ('''קול אהלה תתיפח''')
# ''Bore 'Ad Ana'' ('''בורא עד אנא''')
#: '' 'Al Naharot BabelBavel'' (על נהרות בבל) is read from [[Psalms | Tehillim]]
#: Then the evening [[Arvit | Arbit]] service is said. The kinnot continue after the [[Amidah]]:
# ''Lemi EbkehEvkeh'' (למי אבכה)
#: Megillat EikhahEykhah/[[Lamentations]] (מגילת איכה) is then read, followed by:
# ''Az BaHataenuBaḥata'enu'' (אז בחטאנו חרב מקדש) [http://old.piyut.org.il/tradition/1584.html?currPerformance=4093 Text and Melodies]
# ''ZechorZekhor AmonaiAdonai Meh Hayah Lanu'' (זכר ה׳ מה היה לנו)
# ''BelelBeleyl Zeh YibkayunYivkayun'' (בליל זה יבכיון)
# ''MiydeMidey Shanah kinnahQinnah'' ('''מדי שנה קינה''' בליל זה מזומנה)
# '' 'Al Zeh Hayah Daveh Libenu'' ('''על זה היה דוה לבנו''' ועל אלה חשכו עינינו)
# '' 'Al LelLeyl HorbanḤorban HekhalHeykhal Miqdash'' ('''על ליל חרבן היכל מקדש''' / מדי ליל זה ספד יחדש / על עיר קדש ועל המקדש)
# ''Oy Ki Yarad Esh Min Hashamayim'' Liyrushalayim (אוי כי ירד אש מן השמים לירושלים '''עיני עיני יורדה מים''')
# ''Zechor AmonaiAdonai Liyhudah Ulefrayim'' (זכור ה' ליהודה ולאפרים)
# ''Alekhem 'Alechem 'Edah Qedoshah'' ('''אליכם עדה קדושה''' אשאל מכם שאלות / '''מה נשתנה הלילה הזה מכל הלילות''') [http://old.piyut.org.il/tradition/2377.html?currPerformance=3090 Text and Melodies]
# ''Oy Ki Qinat RabatRabbat'' (אוי כי קינת רבת מפי בן ומפי בת / ויהי נעם נשבת במוצאי השבת), said only at the conclusion of [[Shabbat]]
# ''Ani HageberHagever'' (אני הגבר אקונן), said only at the conclusion of [[Shabbat]]
# ''Az BahatanuBaḥata'enu'' (אז בחטאנו חרב מקדש), composed by [[Eleazar ben Killir]]
#: The years since the destruction of the Temple are then counted (מניין שנות החורבן).
#: Some communities recite the following kinnah:
# '' 'Al HechaliHeykhali HebliḤevli KeNahashKeNahasḥ NoshehNoshe'' ('''על היכלי חבלי כנחש נושך''' ולשממות ציון אשב בחושך), composed by rabbi [[Israel ben Moses Najara|R' Israel Najara]]
 
====Morning kinnot====
 
See [[:he:קינות לתשעה באב#ק×.99× ×.95ת ל×.99×.95ם תשע×.94 ×.91×.90×.91 2|קינות תשעה באב (Hebrew)]]
 
===Kinnot in memory of the Holocaust===
 
Although the fast of Tisha B'Av was founded to mourn the destruction of the Temple, over the years other travails of the Jewish [[Diaspora]] have been added to its observance and memorialized in the kinnot. Despite this, few kinnot have been composed in the last several centuries, and none of them had entered the standard kinnot service.
 
After the [[Holocaust]], many people felt that it was inappropriate to mourn on Tisha Bb'avAv for the destruction of cities during the Middle Ages without mourning the even greater tragedy of the Holocaust. For this reason, many people recommended the composition and recitation of new kinnot to commemorate the Holocaust. These people, including many important rabbis, argued that in every generation, kinnot were composed to address the difficulties of that generation. Some added that it was essential to incorporate such kinnot into the Jewish liturgy, lest the Holocaust be forgotten by future generations. One popular Kinnah on the Holocaust is ''Eli Eli Nafshi Bekhi'', composed by [[Yehuda Leib Bialer]].
 
However, many other rabbis dissented on the grounds that they could not create new kinnot because the existing kinnot were holy and were composed by the greatest individuals of their respective generations, but today there is nobody who can write like them. Others claimed that any individual community could recite new Kinnot as they wished, but only the greatest rabbis would have the authority to institute new Kinnot into the communal service in the entire Jewish world community.
 
Rabbi [[Yaakov Ariel]] claims that the kinnot service, unlike the [[Siddur]] and other Jewish rituals, was not created by authority of the rabbis, but rather developed based on the acceptance of communities and the decisions of the printers who produced printed copies. Thus the new kinnot could gradually enter the accepted roster of kinnot. However, since many congregations now recite kinnot to commemorate the Holocaust, this may become an integral part of the service without a formal decision.
 
==See also==
* [[Zionides]]
* [[City Lament]]
 
==References==
{{reflistReflist}}
 
==External links==
Line 95 ⟶ 91:
* [http://old.piyut.org.il/cgi-bin/search.pl?lang=&teiman=&YearCicle=12&Tradition=&RulerComponents=yearcycles&Notes=&NowSong=&NewPerformance=&Scripts= Piyut.co.il - Texts and archival recordings of Sephardic and Ashkenaz Qinot (Hebrew)]
* [http://www.shaar-binyamin.com/%D7%AA%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%94-%D7%91%D7%90%D7%91.html Shaar-binyamin.com - Recordings of the qinot according to the Syrian Jewish community of Damascus]
* [httphttps://www.daat.ac.il/daat/vl/tohen.asp?id=131 Kinnot L'Tisha B'Av Nusakh Ashkenaz] (Hebrew language)
* [http://www.oztorah.com/2010/07/tishah-bav-a-guide-to-the-service/ Tishah B'Av - A Guide to the Service (including a synopsis of the kinnot)]
* [http://www.yutorah.org/togo/Tishabav/articles/Tisha_Bav_To-Go_-_5770_Chicago.pdf Kinot Insights from Members of the YU Torah Mitzion Kollel of Chicago]
Line 104 ⟶ 100:
[[Category:Jewish liturgical poems]]
[[Category:Tisha B'Av]]
[[Category:Laments]]
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