Aostan French: Difference between revisions

The Aosta Valley was the first government authority to adopt Modern French as working language in 1536, three years before [[France]] itself.<ref>[{{Cite web|url=http://www.paysdaoste.eu/la-valle-d-aosta-un-po-di-storia/7-marzo-1536/ |title=Pays d'Aoste - Histoire]Une fête nationale à nous|website=www.paysdaoste.eu|language=it|access-date=2018-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701025853/http://www.paysdaoste.eu/la-valle-d-aosta-un-po-di-storia/7-marzo-1536/|archive-date=2015-07-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> French has been the official language of the [[Aosta Valley]] since 1561, when it replaced [[Latin]].<ref>''Langue et littérature en Vallée d’Aosted'Aoste au XVIe siècle'', Système Valdôtain des Bibliothèques.</ref> In the 1861 census, the first held after the unification of Italy, 93% declared being Francophone; in 1921, the last census with a question about language found that 88% of the population was French-speaking.<ref>''Une Vallée d’Aosted'Aoste bilingue dans une Europe plurilingue'', Fondation Émile Chanoux.</ref> The suppression of all French-language schools and institutions and violence against French speakers during the forcible [[Italianisation]] campaign of the [[Kingdom of Italy#Fascist regime .281922.E2.80.931943.29|Fascist government]] irretrievably damaged the status of French in the region. Italian and French are nowadays the region's [[official language]]s<ref>Statut spécial de la Vallée d'Aoste, Article 38, Title VI, [http://www.regione.vda.it/amministrazione/autonomia/statutospeciale/titolo6_f.asp Weblink] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123140642/http://www.regione.vda.it/amministrazione/autonomia/statutospeciale/titolo6_f.asp |date=January 23, 2013 }}, access date: 5-11-2012.</ref> and are used for the regional government's acts and laws, though Italian is much more widely spoken in everyday life, and French is mostly used by intellectuals and within cultural events. Though French was re-introduced as an official language after World War II, by 2003 just 0.99% reported speaking [[standard French]] natively. French remains widely known as a second language, but it is no longer spoken as part of daily life.<ref>{{sfncite book |title = La langue française dans le monde 2014 |language = fr |year = 2014 |publisher = Nathan |isbn = 978-2-09-882654-0 |url = http://www.francophonie.org/Langue-Francaise-2014/projet/Rapport-OIF-2014.pdf |access-date = 5 April 2015 |ref = {{harvid|OIF|2014}} |parchive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150412002239/http://www.francophonie.org/Langue-Francaise-2014/projet/Rapport-OIF-2014.pdf |archive-date = 12 April 2015 |url-status = dead |page=12}}</ref> In 2001, 75.41% of the population of Aosta Valley was French-speaking, 96.01% declared to know [[Italian language|Italian]], 55.77% [[Franco-Provençal|Arpitan]], and 50.53% all of them.<ref>Assessorat de l'éducation et la culture de la région autonome Vallée d'Aoste - Département de la surintendance des écoles, ''Profil de la politique linguistique éducative'', Le Château éd., 2009, p. 20.</ref> School education is delivered equally in both Italian and French so that everyone who went to school in Aosta Valley can speak French toand Italian at least at a medium-high level.

Aostan French is characterized by terms adopted from the [[valdôtain|patois]] francoprovençaldialect valdôtainof [[Franco-Provençal]] and sometimes from [[italian language|Italian]]. In this sense, it is quite similar to [[Savoyard dialect]] and to [[valaisan dialect]] as spoken in [[Valais]].<ref>[{{Cite web|url=http://www.patoisvda.org/gna/index.cfm/francoprovencal-geographie-territoires-patois.html|title=géographie Patoisvda.orget : géographieterritoires du francoprovençal|website=www.]patoisvda.org|language=fr|access-date=2018-04-16}}</ref>

* Seventy: ''[[wikt:septante|septante]]''{{efn|group=efnNumerals|''Septante''}} {{IPA-|fr|sɛp.tɑ̃t|}}

* Eighty: ''[[wikt:huitante|huitante]]''{{efn|group=efnNumerals|''Huitante''}} {{IPA-|fr|ɥi.tɑ̃t|}}

* Ninety: ''[[wikt:nonante|nonante]]''{{efn|group=efnNumerals|''Nonante''}} {{IPA-|fr|nɔ.nɑ̃t|}}

* {{in lang|fr}} Jean-Pierre Martin, ''Description lexicale du français parlé en Vallée d'Aoste'', éd. Musumeci, [[Quart, Aosta Valley|Quart]], 1984 (source)

* {{in lang|fr}} Alexis Bétemps, ''La langue française en Vallée d'Aoste de 1945 à nos jours'' T.D.L., [[Milan]]

* {{in lang|fr}} [[Jules Brocherel]], ''Le Patois et la langue française en Vallée d'Aoste'' éd. V. Attinger, [[Neuchâtel]]

* {{in lang|fr}} ''La minorité linguistique valdôtaine'', éd. Musumeci, [[Quart, Aosta Valley|Quart]] (1968).

* {{in lang|fr}} Rosellini Aldo, ''La francisation de la Vallée d’Aosted'Aoste'', dans ''Studi medio latini e volgari'', vol. XVIII, 1958.

* {{in lang|fr}} Keller, Hans-Erich, ''Études linguistiques sur les parlers valdôtains'', éd. A. Francke S.A., Berne, 1958.

* {{in lang|fr}} Schüle, Ernest, ''Histoire linguistique de la Vallée d’Aosted'Aoste'', dans ''Bulletin du Centre d’Étudesd'Études francoprovençales'' n° 22, Imprimerie Valdôtaine, Aoste, 1990.

* {{in lang|fr}} Favre, Saverio, ''Histoire linguistique de la Vallée d’Aosted'Aoste'', dans ''Espace, temps et culture en Vallée d’Aosted'Aoste'', Imprimerie Valdôtaine, Aoste, 1996.

* {{in lang|fr}} [[François-Gabriel Frutaz]], ''Les origines de la langue française en Vallée d’Aosted'Aoste'', Imprimerie Marguerettaz, Aoste, 1913.

* {{in lang|fr}} Mgr. [[Joseph-Auguste Duc]], ''La langue française dans la Vallée d'Aoste'', Saint-Maurice, 1915.

* {{in lang|fr}} [[Anselme Réan]], ''La phase initiale de la guerre contre la langue française dans la Vallée d'Aoste'', Ivrée, 1923.

* {{in lang|fr}}

* {{in lang|fr}} [[Édouard Bérard (chanoine)|Bérard, Édouard]], ''La langue française dans la Vallée d’Aosted'Aoste : réponse à M. le chevalier Vegezzi-Ruscalla'', Aoste, 1861 (rééd. 1962).

* {{in lang|fr}} Bétemps, Alexis, ''Les Valdôtains et leur langue'', avant-propos d’Henrid'Henri Armand, Imprimerie Duc, Aoste, 1979.