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{{Short description|Incorrect perception of others' beliefs}}
[[File:20220823 Public underestimation of public support for climate action - poll - false social reality.svg|thumb| upright=1.5 | Research found that 80–90% of Americans underestimate the prevalence of support for major climate change mitigation policies and climate concern among fellow Americans. While 66–80% Americans support these policies, Americans estimate the prevalence to be 37–43%—barely half as much. Researchers have called this misperception a ''false social reality,'' a form of pluralistic ignorance.<ref name=NatureComms_20220823>{{cite journal |last1=Sparkman |first1=Gregg |last2=Geiger |first2=Nathan |last3=Weber |first3=Elke U. |title=Americans experience a false social reality by underestimating popular climate policy support by nearly half |journal=Nature Communications |date=23 August 2022 |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=4779 |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-32412-y |pmid=35999211 |pmc=9399177 |bibcode=2022NatCo..13.4779S |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref> {{cite web |last1=Yoder |first1=Kate |title=Americans are convinced climate action is unpopular. They're very, very wrong. / Support for climate policies is double what most people think, a new study found. |url=https://grist.org/politics/americans-think-climate-action-unpopular-wrong-study/ |website=Grist |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829104543/https://grist.org/politics/americans-think-climate-action-unpopular-wrong-study/ |archive-date=29 August 2022 |date=29 August 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>]]
In [[social psychology]], '''pluralistic ignorance''' (also known as a collective illusion)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bicchieri |first1=Cristina |last2=Fukui |first2=Yoshitaka |title=The Great Illusion: Ignorance, Informational Cascades, and the Persistence of Unpopular Norms |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3857639 |journal=Business Ethics Quarterly |pages=127–155 |doi=10.2307/3857639 |date=1999|volume=9 |issue=1 |jstor=3857639 }}</ref> is a phenomenon
Pluralistic ignorance can arise in different ways. An individual may misjudge overall perceptions of a topic due to fear, embarrassment, social desirability, or social inhibition, any of which can lead the individual to incorrectly perceive the proportion of a group that shares beliefs similar to one's own. However, pluralistic ignorance describes the coincidence of a belief with inaccurate perceptions, but not the process by which those inaccurate perceptions are arrived at. Individuals may develop collective illusions when they feel they will receive backlash when they think their belief differs from society's belief.<ref name="Anne">{{cite news |last1=Schwenkenbecher |first1=Anne |title=How We Fail to Know: Group-Based Ignorance and Collective Epistemic Obligations |url=https://philpapers.org/archive/SCHHWF.pdf |date=16 February 2021}}</ref>
A common example of pluralistic ignorance is the [[bystander effect]],<ref name="kitts2003"/> where individual onlookers may believe others are considering taking action, and may therefore themselves refrain from acting. This results in all the individual onlookers believing that the majority of onlookers are taking action, when in reality the minority or none of the onlookers take action.<ref name="Anne"/>▼
▲A common example of pluralistic ignorance is the [[bystander effect]],<ref name="kitts2003"/> where individual onlookers may believe others are considering taking action, and may therefore themselves refrain from acting. This results in all the individual onlookers believing that the majority of onlookers are taking action, when in reality
==Research==
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