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His most-cited work, "Is Cosmic Speed-Up Due To New Gravitational Physics?" (2003) was written with Vikram Duvvuri, [[Mark Trodden]] and [[Michael Turner (cosmologist)|Michael Turner]]. With over 1,900 citations, it helped pioneer the study of [[f(R) gravity]] in cosmology.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://inspirehep.net/record/621682/citations |title=inSPIRE High-Energy Physics Database |access-date=June 30, 2012 |archive-date=February 22, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130222203040/http://inspirehep.net/record/621682/citations |url-status=live }}</ref>{{fv|date=October 2021}}{{third-party inline|date=October 2021}}
Carroll has also worked on the [[arrow of time]] problem. He and Jennifer Chen posit that the [[Big Bang]] is not a unique occurrence as a result of all of the matter and energy in the universe originating in a singularity at the beginning of time, but rather one of many [[cosmic inflation]] events resulting from [[quantum fluctuation]]s of [[vacuum energy]] in a cold [[de Sitter space]]. They claim that the universe is infinitely old but never reaches [[thermodynamic equilibrium]] as entropy increases continuously without limit due to the decreasing matter and energy density attributable to recurrent cosmic inflation. They assert that the universe is "statistically time-symmetric
In 2017, Carroll presented an argument for rejecting certain cosmological models, including those with [[Boltzmann brain]]s, on the basis that they are cognitively unstable: they cannot simultaneously be true and justifiably believed.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Carroll|first=Sean M.|date=2017|title=Why Boltzmann brains are bad|journal=|arxiv=1702.00850|bibcode=2017arXiv170200850C}}</ref> The article was solicited as a contribution to a larger work on ''Current Controversies in Philosophy of Science.''
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* {{imdb name|2994354}}
* [http://www.thegreatcourses.com/courses/dark-matter-dark-energy-the-dark-side-of-the-universe.html Dark Matter, Dark Energy: The Dark Side of the Universe], lectures at [[The Teaching Company]].
* Video of Sean Carroll's panel discussion, "Quantum to Cosmos
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HI09kat_GeI&list=PLrxfgDEc2NxZJcWcrxH3jyjUUrJlnoyzX Video introduction to Sean Carroll's lectures "The Biggest Ideas in the Universe"], 2020
* [http://www.cc.com/video-clips/ski7ov/the-colbert-report-sean-carroll Interview] on [[The Colbert Report]]
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