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==History==
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The conventions for [[Greek orthography|writing]] and [[romanization|romanizing]] [[Ancient Greek]] and [[Modern Greek]] differ markedly. The sound of the [[English alphabet|English letter]] [[B]] ({{IPA|[[Voiced bilabial stop|/b/]]}}) was written as {{lang|grc|β}} in ancient Greek but is now written as the [[digraph (orthography)|digraph]] {{lang|el|[[Greek orthography#Digraphs and diphthongs|μπ]]}}, while the modern {{lang|el|β}} sounds like the English letter [[V]] ({{IPA|[[Voiced labiodental fricative|/v/]]}}) instead. The [[Greek names|Greek name]] {{lang|grc|Ἰωάννης}} became [[Johannes]] in [[Latin]] and then [[John (name)|John]] in English, but in modern Greek has become {{lang|el|Γιάννης}}; this might be written as [[Yannis]], Jani, Ioannis, Yiannis, or Giannis, but not Giannes or Giannēs as it would be for ancient Greek. The word {{lang|el|Άγιος}} might variously appear as Hagiοs, Agios, Aghios, or Ayios, or simply be [[translation|translated]] as "[[Holy]]" or "[[Saint]]" in English forms of [[Greek placenames]].<ref>Dubin, Marc. [https://books.google.com/books?id=fJ3gVGqB1uQC&pg=PP8 ''Rough Guide to the Dodecanese & East Aegean Islands'', {{nowrap|p. vi}}]. Rough Guides (London), 2002.</ref>
Traditional English renderings of Greek names originated from [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] systems established in antiquity. The [[Roman alphabet]] itself was a form of the [[Cumaean alphabet]] derived from the [[Euboean alphabet|Euboean script]] that valued {{lang|grc|[[chi (letter)|Χ]]}} as {{IPA|/[[Voiceless velar stop|k]][[Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]/}} and {{lang|grc|[[heta|Η]]}} as {{IPA|/[[Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]/}} and used variant forms of {{lang|grc|Λ}} and {{lang|grc|Σ}} that became [[L]] and [[S]].<ref>Jeffery, Lilian H. ''The Local Scripts of Archaic Greece'', {{nowrap|p. 79}}. Clarendon Press (Oxford), 1961.</ref> When this script was used to write the classical Greek alphabet, ⟨κ⟩ was replaced with ⟨c⟩, ⟨αι⟩ and ⟨οι⟩ became ⟨æ⟩ and ⟨œ⟩, and ⟨ει⟩ and ⟨ου⟩ were simplified to ⟨i⟩ (more rarely—corresponding to an earlier pronunciation—⟨e⟩) and ⟨u⟩. [[Aspirated consonant]]s like ⟨θ⟩, ⟨φ⟩, initial-⟨ρ⟩, and ⟨χ⟩ simply wrote out the sound: ⟨th⟩, ⟨ph⟩, ⟨rh⟩, and ⟨ch⟩. Because [[English orthography]] has changed so much from the original [[Greek orthography|Greek]], modern scholarly transliteration now usually renders ⟨κ⟩ as ⟨k⟩ and the diphthongs ⟨αι, οι, ει, ου⟩ as ⟨ai, oi, ei, ou⟩.<ref name=ala-lc/>
"[[Greeklish]]" has also spread within [[Greece]] itself, owing to the rapid spread of digital [[telephony]] from cultures using the [[Latin alphabet]]. Since Greek [[typeface]]s and [[font]]s are not always supported or robust, [[Greek language|Greek]] email and chatting has adopted a variety of formats for rendering Greek and Greek shorthand using Latin letters. Examples include "8elo" and "thelw" for {{lang|el|θέλω}}, "3ava" for {{lang|el|ξανά}}, and "yuxi" for {{lang|el|ψυχή}}.
Owing to the difficulties encountered in transliterating and transcribing both ancient and modern Greek into the Latin alphabet, a number of regulatory bodies have been established. The [[Hellenic Organization for Standardization]] (ELOT), in cooperation with the [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO), released a system in 1983 which has since been formally adopted by the [[United Nations]], the United Kingdom and United States.
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