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The theory of pluralistic ignorance was studied by [[Floyd Henry Allport]] and his students [[Daniel Katz (psychologist)|Daniel Katz]] and [[Richard Schanck]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=O'Gorman |first1=Hubert J. |title=The discovery of pluralistic ignorance: An ironic lesson |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |date=October 1986 |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=333–347 |doi=10.1002/1520-6696(198610)22:4<333::AID-JHBS2300220405>3.0.CO;2-X }}</ref> He produced studies of racial stereotyping and prejudice, and attitude change, and his pursuit of the connections between individual psychology and social systems helped to found the field of [[Industrial and organizational psychology|organizational psychology]].{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} [[Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann]], in her [[spiral of silence]] [[theory]], argued that [[media bias]]es lead to pluralistic ignorance.<ref>Noelle-Neumann, Elisabeth (1993) ''The Spiral of Silence: Public Opinion – Our Social Skin'' (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</ref>
Further behavioral economic and social psychology research was done by [[Todd Rose]] to demonstrate the interchangeability of the terms pluralistic ignorance and collective illusions. His findings of historical events, scientific studies and social media patterns indicate that by using either term you are saying the same thing. The societal systems like ours unconsciously participate in perpetuating false beliefs and narratives with a desire to fit in.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rose |first1=Todd |title=Collective Illusions: Conformity, Complicity, and the Science of Why We Make Bad Decisions |date=February 2022 |publisher=Hachette Books |isbn=978-0-306-92568-9 |url=https://
==Examples==
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