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== Ancient Singapore ==
=== Artefacts and artistic traditions of the Malay world ===
Situated in the [[Malay Archipelago]], Singapore is connected to the broader sculptural, textile, and [[Decorative arts|decorative art]] traditions of the [[Malay world]].<ref name=":62"/>
[[File:JavaneseGoldOrnaments-14C-NationalMuseumofSingapore-20090712.jpg|left|thumb|Javanese-style gold jewellery discovered at Bukit Larangan ([[Fort Canning Hill]]), 14th century, [[National Museum of Singapore]]]]
A 14th-century golden armlet bearing a [[Repoussé and chasing|''repoussé'']] plaque of the Javanese [[Batara Kala|Kala]] was excavated from Bukit Larangan ([[Fort Canning Hill]]) in 1926, demonstrating a link between Singapore and classical Malay sultanates.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Joraimi |first=Faris |date=9 September 2017 |title=A History of Malay Singaporeans in Ten Objects |url=https://newnaratif.com/research/a-history-of-malay-singaporeans-in-ten-objects/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428044753/https://newnaratif.com/research/a-history-of-malay-singaporeans-in-ten-objects/ |archive-date=28 April 2021 |access-date=19 May 2021 |website=New Naratif}}</ref> The kala motif draws from [[Hinduism|Hindu]] mythology, and traditionally adorns the top of main entrances of temples and is found in many parts of [[Indonesia]].<ref name=":10" /> Demonstrating the use of metalworking techniques, the armlet dates back to the 14th century, around the time a possible [[Kingdom of Singapura]] would have been thriving on the island, complementing indigenous Malay writings about the presence of a state in Singapore headed by a Malay elite.<ref name=":10" /> The armlet also demonstrates the influence of the Hindu cosmology for Malays in their pre-Islamic past.<ref name=":10" />
[[File:SingaporeStone-NationalMuseumofSingapore-20090712.jpg|thumb|A fragment of the [[Singapore Stone]], inscribed with an unknown script, c 10th to 13th century.]]
Another significant artefact is the [[Singapore Stone]], a surviving fragment of a large sandstone slab inscribed with [[Brahmic scripts|Indic script]] that stood at the mouth of the [[Singapore River]], measuring 3 metres in height and width. Believed to date back to at least the 13th century and possibly as early as the 10th or 11th century, the inscription remains [[Decipherment|undeciphered]]. More recent theories suggest that the inscription is either in [[Old Javanese language|Old Javanese]] or in [[Sanskrit]], which suggests the possibility that the island was an extension of the [[Majapahit]] civilisation in the past. About January 1843,<ref>Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir, ''Hikayat Abdullah'', above, at 166 n. 18.</ref> the slab was blown to pieces to widen the passageway at the mouth of the Singapore River to make space for Fort Fullerton and for the quarters of its commander, leaving only fragments of the slab.<ref name="Singapore Infopedia2">{{Cite web |last=Cornelius-Takahama |first=Vernon |date=30 March 2000 |title=The Singapore Stone |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_43_2005-01-26.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |publisher=Singapore Infopedia, [[National Library, Singapore]] |archive-date=29 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129124851/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_43_2005-01-26.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Forbidden Hill2">{{Cite book |last=Miksic |first=John N. |title=Archaeological Research on the 'Forbidden Hill' of Singapore : Excavations at Fort Canning, 1984 |publisher=[[National Museum of Singapore|National Museum]] |year=1985 |isbn=9971-917-16-5 |location=Singapore |pages=13, 40, 41 |author-link=John N. Miksic}} The information is referred to in {{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Jack Tsen-Ta |date=September 2004 |title=Treaties, Time Limits and Treasure Trove: The Legal Protection of Cultural Objects in Singapore |journal=Art, Antiquity & Law |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=237 at 239–240 |ssrn=631781}}.</ref>
=== Early cartographic references ===
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