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Decabromodiphenyl ether: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

Decabromodiphenyl ether: Difference between revisions

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==Composition, uses, and production==
'''Commercial decaBDE''' is a technical mixture of differentvarious PBDE [[Congener (chemistry)|congener]]s, with(related PBDEcompounds). congener Congener number 209 (decabromodiphenyl ether) and nonabromodiphenyl ether beingare the mostmain commoncomponents.<ref name="JRC">Joint Research Centre European inventory of Existing Commercial chemical Substances {{cite web|url=http://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-07-11 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101220543/http://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ |archivedate=2014-01-01 }}</ref> The term '''decaBDE''' alone refers to only decabromodiphenyl ether, the single "fully brominated" PBDE.<ref name=ATSDR2004>Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. [http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp68.html Toxicological Profile for Polybrominated Biphenyls and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBBs and PBDEs).] Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, September 2004.</ref>
 
DecaBDE is a [[flame retardant]]. The chemical "is always used in conjunction with [[antimony trioxide]]" in [[polymer]]s, mainly in "high impact polystyrene (HIPS) which is used in the television industry for cabinet backs."<ref name="JRC" /> DecaBDE is also used for "polypropylene drapery and upholstery fabric" by means of backcoating and "may also be used in some synthetic carpets."<ref name="JRC" />
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As stated in a 2006 review, "Deca-BDE has long been characterized as an environmentally stable and inert product that was not capable of degradation in the environment, not toxic, and therefore of no concern."<ref name=Alcock2006>{{cite journal |vauthors=Alcock RE, Busby J |title=Risk migration and scientific advance: the case of flame-retardant compounds |journal=Risk Anal. |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=369–81 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16573627 |doi=10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00739.x |s2cid=37119476 }}</ref> However, "some scientists had not particularly believed that Deca-BDE was so benign, particularly as evidence to this effect came largely from the industry itself."<ref name=Alcock2006/> One problem in studying the chemical was that "the detection of Deca-BDE in environmental samples is difficult and problematic"; only in the late 1990s did "analytical advances... allow detection at much lower concentrations."<ref name=Alcock2006/>
 
DecaBDE is released by differentdiverse processes into the environment, such as emissions from manufacture of decaBDE-containing products and from the products themselves.<ref name=ATSDR2004/> Elevated concentrations can be found in air, water, soil, food, [[sediment]], [[sludge]], and [[dust]].<ref name=Hale2006>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hale RC, La Guardia MJ, Harvey E, Gaylor MO, Mainor TM |title=Brominated flame retardant concentrations and trends in abiotic media |journal=Chemosphere |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=181–6 |date=June 2006 |pmid=16434082 |doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.12.006 }}</ref> A 2006 study concluded "in general, environmental concentrations of BDE-209 [i.e., decaBDE] appear to be increasing."<ref name=Hale2006/>
 
===The question of debromination===
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==Possible health effects in humans==
In 2004, ATSDR wrote "Nothing definite is known about the health effects of PBDEs in people. Practically all of the available information is from studies of laboratory animals. Animal studies indicate that commercial decaBDE mixtures are generally much less toxic than the products containing lower brominated PBDEs. Because of its very different toxicity, decaBDEDecaBDE is expected to have relatively little effect on the health of humans."<ref name=ATSDR2004/> Based on animal studies, the possible health effects of decaBDE in humans involve the liver, thyroid, reproductive/developmental effects, and neurological effects.<ref name=IL2006>Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. [http://www.epa.state.il.us/reports/decabde-study/available-research-review.pdf DecaBDE Study: A Review of Available Scientific Research.] January 2006.</ref>
 
===Liver===