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{{short description|Province of
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
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| name = Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
| native_name = {{Nastaliq|خیبر پختونخوا}} ([[Urdu]])<br/>{{lang|ps|خېبر پښتونخوا}} ([[Pashto]])
| type = [[Administrative units of
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
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| image3 = MKmosque.jpg
| caption3 = [[Mahabat Khan Mosque]]
| image4 = Kalam, Swat (
| caption4 = [[Kalam Valley]]
| image5 = Bahrain Valley, Swat, KPK.JPG
| caption5 = [[Bahrain,
| image6 = Saif ul malook lake-01.jpg
| caption6 = [[Lake Saiful Muluk]]
| image7 = Beautiful Kaghan Valley
| caption7 = [[Kaghan Valley]]
}}
| image_flag = [[File:Flag of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.svg|125px|Flag of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,
| image_map = Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in
| map_caption = Location of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa within
| image_seal = Coat of arms of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.svg
| flag_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|34.00|71.32|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|
| subdivision_type1 =
| subdivision_name1 =
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| established_title1 = Provincial status
| established_date1 = 1935
| established_title2 = [[1947 North-West Frontier Province referendum|Accession to
| established_date2 = July / August 1947
| established_title3 = [[One Unit Scheme|Merged into West
| established_date3 = 1955
| established_title4 = [[Legal Framework Order, 1970|Restoration]]
| established_date4 = 1 July 1971
| established_title5 = [[Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of
| established_date5 = 2010
| established_title6 = [[Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution of
| established_date6 = May 2018
| seat_type = Capital<br>{{nobold|and largest city}}
| seat = [[Peshawar]]
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Languages of
| blank_info_sec1 = {{bulleted list|'''Official:'''<br>[[
| blank1_name_sec1 = Notable sports teams
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{Collapsible list
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| [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa cricket team]]
}}
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[List of administrative units of
| blank2_info_sec1 = 0.527 {{increase}}<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/PAK/?levels=1%2B4&interpolation=1&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0&colour_scales=global|title= Subnational HDI – Global Data Lab|website=Globaldatalab.org|access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref><br />{{color|#FF0000|low}}
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Education in
| blank4_info_sec1 = 55.1%
| blank5_name_sec1 = [[National Assembly of
| blank5_info_sec1 = 65
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Seats in Provincial Assembly]]
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| blank3_name_sec2 = [[List of tehsils of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Tehsils]]
| blank3_info_sec2 = 105
| blank4_name_sec2 = [[Union councils of
| blank4_info_sec2 = 986
| government_footnotes =
| government_type = [[Federated state|Self-governing province]] subject to the [[Government of
| governing_body = [[Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
| leader_party =
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| leader_title2 = [[Chief Secretary Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Chief Secretary]]
| leader_name2 = Nadeem Aslam Chaudhry
| leader_title3 = [[List of legislatures in South Asia#
| leader_name3 = [[Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Provincial Assembly]]
| leader_title4 = [[High courts of
| leader_name4 = [[Peshawar High Court]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 101741
| area_rank = [[Administrative units of
| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2023 Census">{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/KP.pdf |title = Announcement of Results of 7th Population and Housing Census-2023 (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province) |date= 5 August 2023 |website =
| population_total = 40,856,097
| population_as_of = [[2023 Census of
| population_rank = [[Demographics of
| population_density_km2 = 402
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| timezone1 = [[
| utc_offset1 = +05:00
| demographics1_info1 = $38 billion ([[List of
| demographics_type1 = GDP (nominal)
| demographics1_title1 = [[List of
| demographics1_title2 = [[List of
| demographics1_info2 =
| demographics_type2 = GDP (PPP)
| demographics2_title1 = [[List of
| demographics2_info1 = $152 billion ([[List of
GDP of Khyber Pukhtunkhwa's Districts |website=kpbos.gov.pk}}</ref><ref name="imf.org">{{cite web | url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October/weo-report?c=564,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PCPIEPCH,&sy=2020&ey=2022&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 | title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects }}</ref>}}
| postal_code_type =
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| official_name = Province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
}}
'''Khyber Pakhtunkhwa''' ({{IPAc-en|,|k|aɪ|b|ər|_|p|ə|k|'|t|uː|ŋ|k|w|ə}}; {{lang-ps|خېبر پښتونخوا}}<!--{{IPA-ps|pəxtunˈxwɑ|}} Pronunciation for word "Khyber" are missing, commenting out until added-->; [[Hindko]], {{Lang-ur|{{nq|خیبر پختونخوا}}}}, {{IPA-ur|ˈxɛːbəɾ paxˈtuːnxwɑː|pron|LL-Q1617 (urd)-نعم البدل-خیبر پختونخوا.wav}}; abbr. '''KP''')(was formally known as [[North West Frontier Province]]) is a [[Administrative units of
While it is the third-largest
Once a [[Gandharan Buddhism|stronghold of Buddhism]], Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is the site of the ancient region of [[Gandhara]], including the ruins of the Gandharan capital of [[Pushkalavati]] (located near present day [[Charsadda]]). The region's history is characterized by frequent invasions by various empires, largely due to its geographical proximity to the historically important [[Khyber Pass]].<ref>Rafi U. Samad, [https://books.google.com/books?id=pNUwBYGYgxsC&pg=PA33 ''The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul, and Indus Valleys'']. Algora Publishing, 2011. {{ISBN|0875868592}}</ref>
Although it is colloquially known by a variety of other names, the name "Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" was brought into effect for the [[North-West Frontier Province]] in April 2010, following the passing of the [[Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of
==Etymology==
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''Khyber Pakhtunkhwa'' means the "[[Khyber Pass|Khyber]] side of the land of the [[Pashtuns]],<ref name="USDS">{{cite book|author=U.S. Department of State|title=Background Notes: South Asia, May, 2011|date=2011|publisher=InfoStrategist.com|isbn=978-1592431298|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w1m-AIPgzDAC|author-link=U.S. Department of State}}</ref>" where the word ''Pakhtunkhwa'' means "[[Pashtunistan|Land of the Pashtuns]]",<ref>{{cite book|last1=Marwat|first1=Fazal-ur-Rahim Khan|title=The evolution and growth of communism in Afghanistan, 1917–79: an appraisal|date=1997|publisher=Royal Book Co.|page=XXXV}}</ref> while according to some scholars, it refers to "Pashtun culture and society".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Barnes|first1=Robert Harrison|last2=Gray|first2=Andrew|last3=Kingsbury|first3=Benedict|title=Indigenous peoples of Asia|date=1995|publisher=Association for Asian Studies|isbn=0924304146|page=171}}</ref>
When the British established it as a province, they called it "North West Frontier Province" (abbreviated as NWFP) until 2010 due to its relative location being in the northwest of the [[British Indian Empire]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Morrison|first1=Cameron|title=A New Geography of the Indian Empire and Ceylon|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56267|date=1909|publisher=T.Nelson and Sons|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56267/page/n180 176]}}</ref> After the creation of
[[
==History==
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=== Early history ===
During the times of [[Indus Valley civilisation]] (3300 BCE – 1700 BCE) the Khyber Pass through [[Hindu Kush]] provided a route to other neighbouring empires and was used by merchants on trade excursions.<ref>{{Harv|Princeton Roadmap to Regents|p=80}}</ref> From 1500 BCE, [[Indo-Iranians|Indo-Iranian peoples]] started to enter in the region from [[Central Asia]] after having passed the Khyber Pass.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mohiuddin |first=Yasmeen |title=
The region of [[Gandhara]], which was primarily based in the area of modern-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa features prominently in the [[Rigveda]] ({{circa|1500|1200 BCE}}),<ref name="sacred-texts.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv01126.htm|title=Rig Veda: Rig-Veda Book 1: HYMN CXXVI. Bhāvayavya.|website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref><ref name="Macdonell1997">{{cite book |author=Arthur Anthony Macdonell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8wM-dNOa7fMC&pg=PA130 |title=A History of Sanskrit Literature |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1997 |isbn=978-81-208-0095-3 |pages=130–}}</ref> as well as the Zoroastrian [[Avesta]], which mentions it as ''Vaēkərəta'', the sixth most beautiful place on earth created by [[Ahura Mazda]]. It was one of the 16 [[Mahajanapadas]] of [[Vedic era]].<ref name="auto12">{{Cite book |last1=Kulke |first1=Professor of Asian History Hermann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C&pg=PA53 |title=A History of India |last2=Kulke |first2=Hermann |last3=Rothermund |first3=Dietmar |date=2004 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-32919-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite book |last=Warikoo |first=K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NsdvkRtAtusC&pg=PA73 |title=Bamiyan: Challenge to World Heritage |date=2004 |publisher=Third Eye |isbn=978-81-86505-66-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto22">{{Cite book |last=Hansen |first=Mogens Herman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8qvY8pxVxcwC&pg=PA377 |title=A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures: An Investigation |date=2000 |publisher=Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab |isbn=978-87-7876-177-4 |language=en}}</ref> It was the centre of [[Historical Vedic Religion|Vedic]] and later forms of [[Hinduism]]. Gandhara was frequently mentioned in Vedic epics, including [[Rig Veda]], [[Ramayana]] and [[Mahabharata]]. It was the home of [[Gandhari (Mahabharata)|Gandhari]], the princess of [[Gandhara Kingdom]].<ref>* Schmidt, Karl J. (1995). [https://books.google.com/books?id=BqdzCQAAQBAJ ''An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History''], p.120: "In addition to being a center of religion for Buddhists, as well as Hindus, Taxila was a thriving center for art, culture, and learning."
* Srinivasan, Doris Meth (2008). "Hindu Deities in Gandharan art," in [https://books.google.com/books?id=lHBEAQAAIAAJ ''Gandhara, The Buddhist Heritage of
* Blurton, T. Richard (1993). [https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ-lzU_nj_MC ''Hindu Art''], Harvard University Press: "The earliest figures of Shiva which show him in purely human form come from the area of ancient Gandhara" (p.84) and "Coins from Gandhara of the first century BC show Lakshmi [...] four-armed, on a lotus." (p.176)</ref>
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=== Indo-Parthian Kingdom ===
[[File:Takht-e-bahi.jpg|thumb|Ancient [[Buddhist]] [[monastery]] [[Takht-i-Bahi]] (a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]) constructed by the Indo-Parthians.]]
The [[Indo-Parthian Kingdom]] was ruled by the Gondopharid dynasty, named after its first ruler [[Gondophares]]. For most of their history, the leading Gondopharid kings held [[Taxila]] (in the present [[Punjab,
===Kushan Empire===
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===Shahi dynasties===
[[File:Horseman_on_Hindu_Shahi_coinage.jpg|thumb|Horseman on a coin of Spalapati, i.e. the "War-lord" of the [[Hindu Shahis]]. The headgear has been interpreted as a [[turban]].{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=187 and Pl. V B.|loc="the horseman is shown wearing a turban-like head-gear with a small globule on the top"}}]]
The [[Turk Shahis]] ruled Gandhara until 870, when they were overthrown by the [[Hindu Shahis]]. The Hindu Shahis are believed to belong to the Uḍi/Oḍi tribe, namely the people of [[Oddiyana]] (modern Swat) in Gandhara,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rahman |first=Abdul |date=2002 |title=New Light on the Khingal, Turk and the Hindu Sahis |url=http://journals.uop.edu.pk/papers/AP_v15_37to42.pdf |journal=Ancient
The first king Kallar had moved the capital into Udabandhapura from Kabul, in the modern village of [[Hund (village)|Hund]] for its new capital.<ref>The Shahi Afghanistan and Punjab, 1973, pp 1, 45–46, 48, 80, Dr D. B. Pandey; The Úakas in India and Their Impact on Indian Life and Culture, 1976, p 80, Vishwa Mitra Mohan – Indo-Scythians; Country, Culture and Political life in early and medieval India, 2004, p 34, Daud Ali.</ref><ref>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1954, pp 112 ff; The Shahis of Afghanistan and Punjab, 1973, p 46, Dr D. B. Pandey; The Úakas in India and Their Impact on Indian Life and Culture, 1976, p 80, Vishwa Mitra Mohan – Indo-Scythians.</ref><ref>India, A History, 2001, p 203, John Keay.</ref><ref>Sehrai, Fidaullah (1979). Hund: ''The Forgotten City of Gandhara'', p. 2. Peshawar Museum Publications New Series, Peshawar.</ref> At its zenith, the kingdom stretched over the [[Kabul Valley]], Gandhara and western [[Punjab]] under [[Jayapala]].<ref name="Wynbrandt2009">{{Harv|Wynbrandt|2009|pp=52–54}}</ref> Jayapala saw a danger in the consolidation of the Ghaznavids and invaded their capital city of [[Ghazni]] both in the reign of [[Sebuktigin]] and in that of his son [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]], which initiated the [[Muslim]] Ghaznavid and Hindu Shahi struggles.<ref name="Lewis2">{{Citation |title=The Cambridge history of Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ccI0u5XDR0C |page=3 |year=1977 |editor=P. M. Holt |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-29137-8 |quote=... Jaypala of Waihind saw danger in the consolidation of the kingdom of Ghazna and decided to destroy it. He therefore invaded Ghazna, but was defeated ... |editor2=Ann K. S. Lambton |editor3=[[Bernard Lewis]]}}</ref> Sebuk Tigin, however, defeated him, and he was forced to pay an indemnity.<ref name="Lewis2" /> Jayapala defaulted on the payment and took to the battlefield once more.<ref name="Lewis2" /> Jayapala however, lost control of the entire region between the Kabul Valley and [[Indus River]].<ref name="Ferishta">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/ferishtashistory01firi |title=Ferishta's History of Dekkan from the first Mahummedan conquests(etc) |via=Internet Archive |publisher=Shrewsbury [Eng.] : Printed for the editor by J. and W. Eddowes |year=1794}}</ref>
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===Durrani Empire===
[[File:Bala Hisar Fort.jpg|thumb|[[Bala Hissar, Peshawar|Bala Hissar fort]] in Peshawar. The fort was used as a royal residence for the [[Durrani Empire]].]]
The area fell subsequently under the rule of [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], founder of the [[Durrani Empire]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Alikuzai |first1=Hamid Wahed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YZJcAQAAQBAJ&q=peshawar+capture+durrani+empire&pg=PA204 |title=A Concise History of Afghanistan in 25 Volumes, Volume 14 |date=October 2013 |publisher=Trafford |isbn=9781490714417 |access-date=29 December 2014}}</ref> following a grand nine-day long assembly of leaders, known as the ''[[loya jirga]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Siddique |first1=Abubakar |title=The Pashtun Question: The Unresolved Key to the Future of
Their rule was interrupted by a brief invasion of the Hindu [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]], who ruled over the region following the [[Battle of Peshawar (1758)|1758 Battle of Peshawar]] for eleven months till early 1759 when the Durrani rule was re-established.<ref name="Schofield, Victoria 2003 page 47">Schofield, Victoria, "Afghan Frontier: Feuding and Fighting in Central Asia", London: Tauris Parke Paperbacks (2003), page 47</ref>
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=== British Raj ===
[[File:The Khyber Pass with the fortress of Alimusjid - lithograph by James Rattray - 1848 (1).jpg|thumb|left|A colonial era lithograph of the Khyber Pass, made in 1848 by James Rattray.]]
[[British East India Company]] defeated the Sikhs during the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] in 1849, and incorporated small parts of the region into the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Province of Punjab]]. While Peshawar was the site of a small revolt against British during the [[Mutiny of 1857]], local Pashtun tribes throughout the region generally remained neutral or supportive of the British as they detested the Sikhs,<ref name="humshehri.org">{{cite web |title=KP Historical Overview |url=http://humshehri.org/history/kpk-historical-overview/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311194150/http://humshehri.org/history/kpk-historical-overview/ |archive-date=11 March 2015 |access-date=22 April 2015 |work=Humshehri}}</ref> in contrast to other parts of [[British India]] which rose up in revolt against the British. However, British control of parts of the region was routinely challenged by [[Wazir (Pashtun tribe)|Wazir]] tribesmen in [[Waziristan]] and other Pashtun tribes, who resisted any foreign occupation until
British campaigns to subdue tribesmen along the Durand Line, as well as three Anglo-Afghan wars, made travel between Afghanistan and the densely populated heartlands of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa increasingly difficult. The two regions were largely isolated from one another from the start of the Second Anglo-Afghan War in 1878 until the start of [[World War II]] in 1939 when conflict along the Afghan frontier largely dissipated. Concurrently, the British continued their large public works projects in the region, and extended the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]] into the region, which connected the modern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region to the plains of India to the east. Other projects, such as the [[Attock Bridge]], [[Islamia College University]], [[Khyber train safari|Khyber Railway]], and establishment of [[cantonments]] in [[Peshawar]], [[Kohat]], [[Mardan]], and [[Nowshera Cantonment|Nowshera]] further cemented British rule in the region. In 1901, the British carved out the northwest portions of Punjab Province to create the Northwest Frontier Province (NWFP), which was renamed "Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 May 2018 |title=NWFP to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa |url=http://blog.travel-culture.com/2018/05/15/from-nwfp-to-khyber-pakhtunkhwa-an-overview/ |access-date=14 May 2018 |website=Blog.travel-culture.com}}</ref>
During this period, North-West Frontier Province was a "scene of repeated outrages on Hindus."<ref>Elst, Koenraad (2018). {{cite book |title=Why I killed the Mahatma: Uncovering Godse's defence |section=70 (b)}} New Delhi : Rupa, 2018.</ref> During the independence period there was a [[Congress party of India|Congress]]-led ministry in the province, which was led by secular [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] leaders, including Bacha Khan, who preferred joining [[India]] instead of
The secular stance of Bacha Khan had driven a wedge between the [[ulama]] of the otherwise pro-[[Congress party of India|Congress]] (and pro-Indian unity) [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind|Jamiat Ulema Hind]] (JUH) and Bacha Khan's [[Khudai Khidmatgar]]s.
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There were other tensions in the area as well, particularly those that involved agitations by Pashtun tribesmen against the Imperial government. For example, in 1936, a British Indian court ruled against the marriage of a Hindu girl allegedly converted to Islam in Bannu, after the girl's family filed a case of abduction and forced conversion.<ref name="Yousef Aboul-Enein">{{cite book |author=Yousef Aboul-Enein |title=The Secret War for the Middle East |author2=Basil Aboul-Enein |publisher=Naval Institute Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-1612513096 |page=153}}</ref> The ruling was based on the fact that the girl was a minor and was asked to make her decision of conversion and marriage after she reaches the age of majority, till then she was asked to live with a third party.<ref name="Yousef Aboul-Enein" /> After the girl's family filed a case, the court ruled in the family's favour, angering the local Muslims who had later gone on to lead attacks against the [[Bannu Brigade]].<ref name="Yousef Aboul-Enein" />
Such controversies stirred up anti-Hindu sentiments amongst the province's Muslim population.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haroon |first=Sana |year=2008 |title=The Rise of Deobandi Islam in the North-West Frontier Province and Its Implications in Colonial India and
Immediately prior to 1947 [[Partition of India]], the British held a [[1947 North-West Frontier Province referendum|referendum in the NWFP]] to allow voters to choose between joining India or
The then [[List of Chief Ministers of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Chief Minister]] [[Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan|Dr. Khan Sahib]], along with his brother [[Bacha Khan]] and the [[Khudai Khidmatgar]]s, boycotted the referendum, citing that it did not have the options of the NWFP becoming independent or joining Afghanistan.<ref name="Dust of Empire">{{cite book |author=Karl E. Meyer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9iwFmvKTwcC |title=The Dust of Empire: The Race For Mastery In The Asian Heartland |date=5 August 2008 | publisher=PublicAffairs |isbn=9780786724819 |access-date=25 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=25 December 2011 |title=Was Jinnah democratic? — II |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/110699/was-jinnah-democratic-ii/ |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=Daily Times |archive-date=15 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515045036/https://dailytimes.com.pk/110699/was-jinnah-democratic-ii/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Their appeal for boycott had an effect, as according to an estimate, the total turnout for the referendum was 15% lower than the total turnout in the 1946 elections,<ref>{{cite web |title=Electoral history of NWFP |url=http://prr.hec.gov.pk/Chapters/1159S-3.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810052331/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/Chapters/1159S-3.pdf |archive-date=10 August 2013 |access-date=28 December 2013}}</ref> although over half of all eligible voters backed merger with
Bacha Khan pledged allegiance to the new state of
=== Post-independence ===
There had been tensions between
During the 1950s, Afghanistan supported the [[Pushtunistan]] Movement, a secessionist movement that failed to gain substantial support amongst the tribes of the North-West Frontier Province. Afghanistan's refusal to recognize the Durrand Line, and its subsequent support for the Pashtunistan Movement has been cited as the main cause of tensions between the two countries that have existed since
After the Afghan-Soviet War, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has become one of the areas of top focus for the [[War on terror|War against Terror]]. The province has been reported to struggle with the issues of crumbling schools, non-existent healthcare, and lack of any sound infrastructure while areas such as Islamabad and Rawalpindi receive priority funding.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Underhill|first1=Natasha|title=Countering Global Terrorism and Insurgency: Calculating the Risk of State Failure in Afghanistan,
In 2010, the name of the province changed to "Khyber Pakhtunkhwa". Protests arose among the locals of the Hazara division due to this name change, as they began to demand their own province.<ref name=":0b" /> Seven people were killed and 100 injured in protests on 11 April 2011.<ref name=":0b">{{cite news |title=Anti-Pakhtunkhwa protest claims 7 lives in Abbottabad |url=http://www.thestatesmen.net/news/anti-pakhtunkhwa-protest-claims-seven-lives-in-abbottabad |newspaper=The Statesmen |date=13 April 2011 |access-date=8 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124091840/http://www.thestatesmen.net/news/anti-pakhtunkhwa-protest-claims-seven-lives-in-abbottabad/ |archive-date=24 November 2011 }}</ref>
== Geography ==
[[File:River Swat
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa sits primarily on the [[Iranian plateau]] and comprises the junction where the slopes of the [[Hindu Kush]] mountains on the [[Eurasian plate]] give way to the Indus-watered hills approaching [[South Asia]]. This situation has led to seismic activity in the past.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/419493/Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa/249136/Geography |title=Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (province,
[[File:ISS053-E-173835 - View of Earth.jpg|thumb|View from the [[International Space Station]] of the [[Bajaur District]] at night; the [[Hindu Kush]] at left and lit-up cities on the right.]]
Geographically the province could be divided into two zones: the northern zone extending from the ranges of the [[Hindu Kush]] to the borders of the Peshawar basin and the southern zone extending from Peshawar to the Derajat basin.
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The major rivers that criss-cross the province are Kabul, Swat, Chitral, Kunar, Siran, Panjkora, Bara, Kurram, Dor, Haroo, Gomal, and Zhob.
Its snow-capped peaks and lush green valleys of unusual beauty have enormous potential for tourism.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paperpkads.com/news/index.php/cold-dry-weather-observed-in-upper-areas-of-country/ |title=Cold weather in upper areas & dry weather observed in almost all parts of the country | PaperPK News about
===Climate===
The [[climate]] of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa varies immensely for a region of its size, encompassing most of the many climate types found in
Rainfall also varies widely. Although large parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are typically dry, the province also contains the wettest parts of
[[File:Ghabral swatvalley x004.JPG|thumb|right|[[Ghabral]], [[Swat Valley]]]]
====Upper and Lower Chitral Districts====
[[Upper Chitral District]] and [[Lower Chitral District]], due to their location, are completely sheltered from the [[monsoon]] that controls the weather in eastern
Most precipitation falls as thunderstorms or snow during winter and spring, so that the climate at the lowest elevations is [[Köppen climate classification|classed as]] [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] (''Csa''), [[continental Mediterranean climate|continental Mediterranean]] (''Dsa'') or [[semi-arid climate|semi-arid]] (''BSk''). Summers are extremely dry in the north of Chitral district and receive only a little rain in the south around [[Drosh]].
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| source = World Climate Data<ref name="World Climate Data">{{cite web| url=http://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/p/PK41508.php| title=World Climate Data: Dir,
On the southern flanks of [[Nanga Parbat]] and in [[Upper Dir District|Upper]] and [[Lower Dir District]]s, rainfall is much heavier than further north because moist winds from the [[Arabian Sea]] are able to penetrate the region. When they collide with the mountain slopes, winter depressions provide heavy precipitation. The [[monsoon]], although short, is generally powerful. As a result, the southern slopes of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are the wettest part of
This region's climate is classed at lower elevations as [[humid subtropical climate|humid subtropical]] (''Cfa'' in the west; ''Cwa'' in the east); whilst at higher elevations with a southerly aspect, it becomes classed as [[humid continental climate|humid continental]] (''Dfb''). However, accurate data for altitudes above {{convert|2000|m|ft|-1}} are practically nonexistent here, in Chitral, or in the south of the province.
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| source = World Climate Data<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/p/PK41624.php| title=World Climate Data: Dera Ismail Khan,
The seasonality of rainfall in central Khyber Pakhtunkhwa shows very marked gradients from east to west. At Dir, March remains the wettest month due to frequent frontal cloud bands, whereas in Hazara more than half the rainfall comes from the monsoon.<ref name="Wernsted">See Wernsted, Frederick L.; ''World Climatic Data''; published 1972 by Climatic Data Press; 522 pp. 31 cm.</ref> This creates a unique situation characterized by a bimodal rainfall regime, which extends into the southern part of the province described below.<ref name="Wernsted"/>
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====Southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa====
As one moves further away from the foothills of the Himalaya and Karakoram ranges, the climate changes from the humid subtropical climate of the foothills to the typically [[arid climate]] of [[Sindh]], [[Balochistan,
Temperatures in southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are extremely hot: Dera Ismail Khan in the southernmost district of the province is known as one of the hottest places in the world with temperatures known to have reached {{convert|50|C|F}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Birds of Dera Ismail Khan District of the Northwest Frontier Province in
{{clear}}
===National parks===
There are about 29 [[List of national parks of
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width:98%"
|-
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|1998|20,919,976
|2017|35,501,964
| source = <ref name="2017census">{{cite web|title=Table 1: Area, Population by Sex, Sex ratio, Population density, Urban Proportion, Household Size and Annual Growth Rate|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/National.pdf|publisher=
}}
The current province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa had a population of 35.5 million at the time of the [[2017
=== Ethnicity ===
The largest ethnic group are the [[Pashtuns]], who historically have been living in the areas for centuries.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://kp.gov.pk/page/races_and_tribes| title = Races and Tribes – Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|website=Kp.gov.pk}}</ref> It has been estimated that nearly a third of the province's population is non-Pashtun, mainly made up of [[Gurjar|Gujjar]] and [[Awan (tribe)|Awan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2018 |title=Pashtuns in
Around 1.5 million [[Afghans in
The Pashtuns of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa observe tribal code of conduct called [[Pashtunwali]] which has four high value components called ''nang'' (honour), ''badal'' (revenge), ''melmastiya'' (hospitality) and ''nanawata'' (rights to refuge).<ref name="T&F"/>
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[[Urdu]], being the national and official language, serves as a [[lingua franca]] for inter-ethnic communications, and sometimes [[Pashto]] and Urdu are the second and third languages among communities that speak other ethnic languages.<ref name="T&F"/>
The most widely spoken language is [[Pashto]], native to 78.89% of the population and spoken throughout the province.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1410447|access-date=1 September 2020|title=CCI defers approval of census results until elections}} The figure is for the combined territory of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and FATA.</ref> Other languages with significant numbers of speakers include [[Hindko]] (11.48%) and [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] (3.72%).<ref name="langs">{{cite web|date=2017|title=Census Final Results – Mother Tongue|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/census_2017_tables/
===Religion===
{{See also|Islam in
The overwhelming majority of the residents of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa follows and professes the [[Sunni Islam]] while there’s a significant amount of shia Muslims in areas such as Kurram, Kohat, Hangu, Orakzai, Dera Ismail khan, Mardan, and many other districts throughout central-southern kpk. Apart from Twelver Shias there are [[Ismaili Islam|Isma'ilis]] in the [[Chitral]] district.<ref name="A Brief History of
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religion in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (1881–1931){{efn|name="population"|Pre-partition populations for religious data is for [[North-West Frontier Province]] only and excludes the [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]] (both administrative divisions later merged to form Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018), as religious data was not collected in the latter region at the time.<br>1951, 1998, and 2017 populations for religious data combine the [[North-West Frontier Province]] and [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]], both administrative divisions which later merged to form Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018.}}
! rowspan="2" |[[Religion in
! colspan="2" |1881<ref name="NWFP1911"/>{{rp|95}}
! colspan="2" |1891<ref name="NWFP1911"/>{{rp|95}}
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! rowspan="2" |Religious<br>group
! colspan="2" |1941<ref name="NWFP1941"/>{{rp|22}}
! colspan="2" |1951<ref name="KPK1951">{{cite web|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/7452/1/1422_1951_POP.pdf|title=CENSUS OF
! colspan="2" |1998<ref name="KPK1998">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/other/yearbooks//yearbook2014/16-16.pdf|title=Population Distribution by Religion, 1998 Census|access-date=23 January 2023}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2017<ref name="KPK2017">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2017/tables/
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
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== Government and politics ==
{{Main|Politics of
[[File:Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,
;Political leanings and the Legislative branch
{{Main|Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}
The [[Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Provincial Assembly]] is a [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] legislature, which consists of 145 members elected to serve for a constitutionally bounded term of five years. Historically, the province perceived to be a stronghold of the [[Awami National Party]] (ANP); a [[pro-Russian]], by [[Procommunism|procommunist]], [[Socialism in
After the nationwide [[2002
Policy enforcement of a range of social restrictions, though the implementation of strict [[Shariah]] was introduced by the Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal government the law was never fully enacted due to objections of the [[Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] backed by the [[President Pervez Musharaff|Musharraff administration]].<ref name="Time"/> Restrictions on public musical performances were introduced, as well as a ban prohibiting music to be played in public places as part of the "Prohibition of Dancing and Music Bill, 2005" – which led to the creation of a thriving underground music scene in Peshawar.<ref>{{cite news|title=Peshawar underground: It's difficult to be a rock star in the land the epitomises conservatism, yet something shocking is happening. There is a rock scene waiting to burst out of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Rahim Shah was just the beginning, Sajid and Zeeshan were proof that originality can spring out of unlikely places and there are others who are making their riffs and ragas heard... slowly, but surely. |url=http://jang.com.pk/thenews/jun2007-weekly/nos-24-06-2007/instep/mainissue.htm |access-date=13 December 2012 |newspaper=The News on Sunday Instep |date=24 June 2007 |first=Maria |last=Tirmizi |author2=Rizwan-ul-Haq |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825024510/http://jang.com.pk/thenews/jun2007-weekly/nos-24-06-2007/instep/mainissue.htm |archive-date=25 August 2012}}</ref> The Islamist government also attempted to enforce compulsory ''[[hijab]]'' on women,<ref name="Clarke">{{cite book|last1=Clarke|first1=Michael E.|last2=Misra|first2=Ashutosh|title=
At the height of [[Taliban insurgency in
In non-Pashtun areas, such as [[Abbottabad District|Abbottabad]], and [[Hazara Division]], the [[
;Executive Branch
{{Main|Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}
The [[Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|executive branch]] of the Kyber Pakhtunkhwa is led by the [[Chief Minister of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Chief Minister]] elected by popular vote in the [[Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Provincial assembly]]<ref>[http://
The provincial cabinet is then appointed by the Chief Minister who takes the [[Oath of office]] from the Governor.<ref>[http://
;Judicial Branch
{{Main|Peshawar High Court}}
The [[Peshawar High Court]] is the province's [[High Court|highest court]] of law whose judges are appointed by the approval of the [[Supreme Judicial Council of
===Administrative divisions and districts===
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* [[Battagram District]]
* [[Buner District]]
* [[Charsadda District,
* [[Central Dir District]]
* [[Dera Ismail Khan District]]
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{{main|Economy of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}
[[File:Forestry by Province.jpg|thumb|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's dominance: forestry]]
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has the [[List of
Agriculture remains important and the main cash crops include wheat, maize, tobacco (in Swabi), rice, sugar beets, as well as fruits are grown in the province.
Some manufacturing and high-tech investments in Peshawar have helped improve job prospects for many locals, while trade in the province involves nearly every product. The bazaars in the province are renowned throughout
Workshops throughout the province support the manufacture of small arms and weapons. The province accounts for at least 78% of the [[marble]] production in
==Infrastructure==
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==Social issues==
The [[Awami National Party]] sought to rename the province "Pakhtunkhwa", which translates to "Land of Pakhtuns" in the [[Pashto language]].<ref>{{cite web|title=NWFP to KPK|url=http://www.insightonconflict.org/2010/05/clashes-over-renaming-nwfp/|website=Insightonconflict.org|access-date=21 January 2015|archive-date=21 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121124000/http://www.insightonconflict.org/2010/05/clashes-over-renaming-nwfp/|url-status=dead}}</ref> This was opposed by some non pashtuns in the province and political parties such as the [[
In 2010 the announcement that the province would have a new name led to a wave of protests in the Hazara region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=99951&Itemid=2 |title=Protest in Hazara continues over renaming of NWFP to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa |publisher=App.com.pk |access-date=25 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209001219/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=99951&Itemid=2 |archive-date=9 December 2011}}</ref> On 15 April 2010 [[Senate of
After the [[2008
===Non-government organisations===
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* [[Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital & Research Centre]]
* [[Sarhad Rural Support Programme]]
* [[Human Rights Commission of
* [[Frontier Education Foundation]]
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|2020||55.1%
|}
Sources:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001459/145959e.pdf |title=
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has traditionally had a very low literacy rate, although this is changing in recent times. As of the 2017 census, the literacy rate for Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (including FATA) is 51.66%. In rural areas, the literacy rate is 48.44% of the population while in urban areas it is 66.86%. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has a huge gap in literacy rate between sexes – for men it is 66.67% while the female literacy rate is 34.58%, just over half the male literacy rate. This gap is particularly prominent in the overwhelmingly-Pashto rural areas, where traditional gender norms have generally limited education of women. As of 2021, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) has the highest literacy growth rate in the whole country ([[
This is a chart of the education market of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa estimated<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/pop_education/pop_education_rural_urban.html |title=Population Census Organization, Government of
{|class="sortable wikitable"
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* [[Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology]], Topi-Swabi
* [[Iqra University]] Peshawar (Formerly Iqra University, Karachi (Peshawar Campus)
* [[National University of Sciences and Technology]], Islamabad- [[Military College of Engineering (
* [[National University of Computer & Emerging Sciences]], Islamabad (Peshawar Campus)
* [[University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar]] (Main Campus)
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==See also==
* [[Northern
* [[List of cities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by population]]
* [[List of cultural heritage sites in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
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{{Khyber Pakhtunkhwa topics}}
{{Administrative units of
{{Districts of the North-West Frontier Province}}
{{
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:Durand Line]]
[[Category:Pashto-speaking countries and territories]]
[[Category:Provinces of
[[Category:States and territories established in 1970]]
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