Psychosis: Difference between revisions

{{Further|Causes of schizophrenia#Cannabis|Long-term effects of cannabis#Chronic psychosis and schizophrenia spectrum disorders}}

According to current studies, cannabis use is associated with increased risk of psychotic disorders, and the more often cannabis is used the more likely a person is to develop a psychotic illness.<ref name=":8">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hasan A, von Keller R, Friemel CM, Hall W, Schneider M, Koethe D, Leweke FM, Strube W, Hoch E | display-authors = 6 | title = Cannabis use and psychosis: a review of reviews | journal = European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience | volume = 270 | issue = 4 | pages = 403–412 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 31563981 | doi = 10.1007/s00406-019-01068-z | s2cid = 203567900 }}</ref> Furthermore, people with a history of cannabis use develop psychotic symptoms earlier than those who have never used cannabis.<ref name=":8" /> Some debate exists regarding the causal relationship between cannabis use and psychosis with some studies suggesting that cannabis use hastens the onset of psychosis primarily in those with pre-existing vulnerability.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ortiz-Medina MB, Perea M, Torales J, Ventriglio A, Vitrani G, Aguilar L, Roncero C | title = Cannabis consumption and psychosis or schizophrenia development | journal = The International Journal of Social Psychiatry | volume = 64 | issue = 7 | pages = 690–704 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30442059 | doi = 10.1177/0020764018801690 | s2cid = 53563635 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hamilton I, Monaghan M | title = Cannabis and Psychosis: Are We any Closer to Understanding the Relationship? | journal = Current Psychiatry Reports | volume = 21 | issue = 7 | pages = 48 | date = June 2019 | pmid = 31161275 | pmc = 6546656 | doi = 10.1007/s11920-019-1044-x }}</ref> Indeed, cannabis use plays an important role in the development of psychosis in vulnerable individuals, and cannabis use in adolescence should be discouraged.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = van der Steur SJ, Batalla A, Bossong MG | title = Factors Moderating the Association Between Cannabis Use and Psychosis Risk: A Systematic Review | journal = Brain Sciences | volume = 10 | issue = 2 | pages = 97 | date = February 2020 | pmid = 32059350 | pmc = 7071602 | doi = 10.3390/brainsci10020097 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Some studies indicate that the effects of two active compounds in cannabis, [[tetrahydrocannabinol]] (THC) and [[cannabidiol]] (CBD), have opposite effects with respect to psychosis. While THC can induce psychotic symptoms in healthy individuals, limited evidence suggests that CBD may have antipsychotic effects.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chesney E, Oliver D, McGuire P | title = Cannabidiol (CBD) as a novel treatment in the early phases of psychosis | journal = Psychopharmacology | date = July 2021 | volume = 239 | issue = 5 | pages = 1179–1190 | pmid = 34255100 | doi = 10.1007/s00213-021-05905-9 | pmc = 9110455 | s2cid = 235807339 }}</ref>

 

=== Medication ===