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Paternal mouthbrooders are species where the male looks after the eggs. Paternal mouthbrooders include the [[arowana]], the mouthbrooding betta ''[[Betta pugnax]]'', and sea catfish such as ''[[Ariopsis felis]]''. Among [[cichlid]]s, paternal mouthbrooding is relatively rare, but is found among some of the [[Tilapia|tilapiines]], most notably the black-chin tilapia ''[[Sarotherodon melanotheron]]''.
In the case of the maternal mouthbrooders, the female takes the eggs. Maternal mouthbrooders are found among both African and South American cichlids. African examples are the [[haplochromines]], such as the [[mbuna]], ''[[Astatotilapia burtoni]]'', and the dwarf mouthbrooders ''Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor'', and some of the tilapiines, such as ''[[Oreochromis mossambicus]]'' and ''[[Oreochromis niloticus]]''. The South American maternal mouthbrooders are all members of the subfamily [[Geophaginae]]
Biparental mouthbrooding occurs where both parents take some of the eggs. This is relatively rare, but is found among the cichlid genus ''[[Xenotilapia]]'', and a single catfish, the [[spatula-barbled catfish]] (''Phyllonemus typus'').
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* [[Bagridae]] (Bagrid catfish): One species of biparental mouthbrooders
* [[Cichlidae]] (cichlids): Numerous species are mouthbrooders, typically maternal mouthbrooders. Occasional paternal mouthbrooding e.g. ''[[Sarotherodon melanotheron]]'', infrequently biparental mouthbrooders e.g. eretmodine cichlids.
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* [[Opistognathidae]] (jawfishes): All paternal mouthbrooders
* [[Osphronemidae]] (gouramis): A few genera (notably [[Betta]], by far the largest genus) contain or consist entirely of paternal mouthbrooders. Two species of [[Sphaerichthys]] are maternal mouthbrooders.
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