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Line 9: In other animals, the organs that coordinate balance and motor coordination do not operate independently from the organs that control the eyes. A fish, for instance, moves its eyes by reflex when its tail is moved. Humans have semicircular canals, neck muscle "stretch" receptors, and the [[Utricle (ear)\|utricle]] (gravity organ). Though the semicircular canals cause most of the reflexes which are responsive to acceleration, the maintaining of balance is mediated by the stretch of neck muscles and the pull of gravity on the utricle (otolith organ) of the inner ear.<ref name="eb"/> The VOR has both rotational and translational aspects. When the head rotates about any axis (horizontal, vertical, or torsional) distant visual images are stabilized by rotating the eyes about the same axis, but in the opposite direction.<ref name="Crawford1991">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Crawford JD, Vilis T \| title = Axes of eye rotation and Listing's law during rotations of the head \| journal = Journal of Neurophysiology \| volume = 65 \| issue = 3 \| pages = 407–23 \| date = March 1991 \| pmid = 2051188 \| doi = 10.1152/jn.1991.65.3.407 ~~\| url = http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/25b3/363c58f50bcd14f4c16032a7ac9b9a56a876.pdf~~ }}</ref> When the head translates, for example during walking, the visual fixation point is maintained by rotating [[Gaze (physiology)\|gaze]] direction in the opposite direction<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://collections.lib.utah.edu/details?id=187678\|title=VOR (Slow and Fast) {{!}} NOVEL - Daniel Gold Collection\|website=collections.lib.utah.edu\|language=en\|access-date=2019-10-03}}</ref>, by an amount that depends on distance.<ref name="Angelaki2004">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Angelaki DE \| title = Eyes on target: what neurons must do for the vestibuloocular reflex during linear motion \| journal = Journal of Neurophysiology \| volume = 92 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 20–35 \| date = July 2004 \| pmid = 15212435 \| doi = 10.1152/jn.00047.2004 }}</ref> ==Circuit==

Vestibulo–ocular reflex: Difference between revisions