Anarchism in Ireland

Leaving aside the related tradition of syndicalism in Ireland, associated with figures like James Connolly, Irish anarchism had little historical tradition before the 1970s. As a movement it only really developed from the late 1990s – although one organisation, the Workers Solidarity Movement has had a continuous existence since 1984. Anarchists have been active in Ireland as far back as 1886, but these were short-lived groups or isolated individuals with large gaps between activity.

Origins

One early mention of an Irish connection to anarchism was the Boston-based Irish nationalist W.G.H. Smart, who wrote articles for The An-archist in 1880 and 1881.^[1] In 1886, Michael Gabriel, an English anarchist, arrived in Dublin and moved to Bayview Avenue in the North Strand. He was a member of the Socialist League, an organisation whose members included libertarian Marxist William Morris and anarchist Joseph Lane. A branch of the League was formed and it is known that anarchist publications were among those distributed by them.^[2] Around the same time, George Bernard Shaw (1856–1950) wrote the article "What's in a name (how an anarchist might put it)" at the request of Charlotte Wilson for issue no. 1 of The Anarchist in 1885. Shaw had been taught French by the Communard Richard Deck, who introduced him to Proudhon. Later he was embarrassed by unauthorised reprints, as he was a Fabian socialist, not an anarchist.^{[citation needed]} Irish writer Oscar Wilde notably expressed anarchist sympathies, especially in his essay The Soul of Man under Socialism.^[3]

Around 1890 John Creaghe, an Irish doctor who was joint founder (with Fred Charles), of The Sheffield Anarchist, took part in the "no rent" agitation before leaving Sheffield in 1891. He went on to become the founding editor in Argentina of the anarchist paper, El Oprimido, which was one of the first to support the "organisers" current (as opposed to refusal to organise large scale organisations). In 1892 English anarchists visited Fred Allen at the Dublin independent offices to see if his Fair Trial Fund could be used for anarchist as well as Irish Republican Brotherhood prisoners.^[4] In 1894 at Trinity College Dublin's Fabian Society "over 200 students listened sympathetically" to a lecture on "Anarchism and Darwinism".^[5]

In the 20th century Captain Jack White was active as an anarchist in the 1930s after returning from the Spanish Revolution.^[6]^[7]

Modern development

In the late 1960s, as the civil rights campaign took off, People's Democracy, before it became a small Trotskyist group, included some self-described anarchists^[8] such as John McGuffin and Jackie Crawford. The latter was one of the group who sold Freedom in Belfast's Castle Street in the late 1960s. There was an anarchist banner on the Belfast-Derry civil rights march.^[9] PD members, including John Grey, contributed to a special issue of the British Anarchy Magazine about Northern Ireland in 1971.

In the early 1970s some ex-members of the Official IRA became interested in anarchism and developed contact with Black Flag magazine in London. Among names used were Dublin Anarchist Group and New Earth. Their existence was brief and not widely known.^[10] A number of jailings for "armed actions" saw the group disappear. Two members, Marie and Noel Murray, were later sentenced to death for the killing of an off-duty Garda during a bank raid as part of a group called the Anarchist Black Cross (with no relation to the much older prisoner support group). Their sentences were commuted to life imprisonment on appeal. In 1970 there existed a hippy commune in a squatted house on Dublin's exclusive Merrion Road known as the Island Commune. Some inhabitants, including Ubi Dwyer of Windsor Free Festival fame, sold Freedom outside the GPO on Saturdays.

Origins of the modern movement

The first steps towards building a movement came in the late 1970s when a number of young Irish people who had been living and working in Britain returned home, bringing their new-found anarchist politics with them. Local groups were set up in Belfast, Dublin, Limerick, Dundalk and Drogheda. Over the next decade anarchist papers appeared, some for just one or two editions, others with a much longer life. Titles included Outta Control (Belfast), Anarchist Worker (Dublin), Antrim Alternative (Ballymena), Black Star (Ballymena), Resistance (Dublin) and Organise! (Ballymena). Bookshops were opened in Belfast (Just Books in Winetavern Street) and Dublin (ABC in Marlborough Street). All of these groups attracted people who identified themselves as anarchists but had little in the way of agreed politics or activities, and no organised discussions or education about anarchism. This imposed limits to what they could achieve and even to their continued existence – all groups were short-lived, had little impact and left no lasting legacy.

In 1978, ex-members of the Belfast Anarchist Collective and the Dublin Anarchist Group decided that a more politically united, class-based, and public organisation was necessary. Their discussions led to the Anarchist Workers Alliance, which existed from 1978–81, although only to any substantial extent in Dublin.^[10] It produced Anarchist Worker nos. 1–7; documents on the national question, women's liberation, trade unions, and a constitution.

Modern conception of Irish anarchism

Ireland has seen a relatively large comparative growth in anarchist politics in various forms since the alter-Globalisation movement of the 1990s and 2000s. Dublin now hosts numerous explicitly anarchist squats, as well as regular social events facilitating for the anarchist scene in various locations. Irish anarchists have been involved in activities such as squatting and anti-fascist action, and have been active within the pro-choice and anti water charge movements.

Active organisations

Members of the Workers Solidarity Movement marching in Dublin during May Day 2007

There are several anarchist organisations currently operating in Ireland:

The Workers Solidarity Movement is a platformist anarchist group with members in Dublin, Cork, Limerick, Belfast, Derry, and Galway formed in 1984.
A Belfast branch of the British Solidarity Federation, which was formerly Organise!, a small class struggle anarchist organisation formed in 2003 from a merger of the Anarcho-Syndicalist Federation, Anarchist Federation, Anarchist Prisoner Support and a number of individuals.
The Dublin-based Revolutionary Anarcha-Feminist Group (RAG), a group for female anarchists was formed in 2005 and has published six issues of a magazine, The Rag.
In April 2015, the Dublin Anarchist Black Cross (ABC) was founded.^[11]

There are also a number of organisations and spaces which, while perhaps not explicitly anarchist, share much in common with the anarchist movement. These include the Grassroots Gatherings (2001–present), the Dublin Grassroots Network (2003–2004), Grassroots Dissent (2004–), Galway Social Space (2008–2010), Rossport Solidarity Camp (2005–2014), Jigsaw (2015-2021) formerly titled Seomra Spraoi (2004–2015), 'Grangegorman' Squat (2013-2015) and the Barricade Inn (2015–2016).

References

^ Becker, Heiner (October 1988). "The Mystery of Dr Nathan-Ganz". The Raven (6). London: Freedom Press: 119–120. ISSN 0951-4066. OCLC 877379054.
^ Lane, Fintan (1997). "The Emergence of Modern Irish Socialism 1885-87". Red & Black Revolution (3). Dublin: Workers Solidarity Movement: 19–22. OCLC 924048574.
^ Goodway, David (2006). "Oscar Wilde". Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. pp. 62–92. ISBN 1-84631-025-3. OCLC 897032902.
^ McGee, Owen (2005). The IRB: The Irish Republican Brotherhood, from the Land League to Sinn Féin. Dublin: Four Courts Press. p. 216. ISBN 1851829725. OCLC 238617973.
^ McGee, Owen (2005). The IRB: The Irish Republican Brotherhood, from the Land League to Sinn Féin. Dublin: Four Courts Press. p. 218. ISBN 1851829725. OCLC 238617973.
^ MacSimóin, Alan (1997). "Jack White: Irish Anarchist who organised Irish Citizens Army". Workers Solidarity (50). Dublin: Workers Solidarity Movement. OCLC 51859611.
^ White, Jack (2005) [1930]. Misfit: An Autobiography (2nd ed.). Dublin: Livewire publications. ISBN 1905225202. OCLC 70220211.
^ Hall, Michael (October 2019). "A History of the Belfast Anarchist Group and Belfast Libertarian Group" (PDF). Island Pamphlets. No. 117. Newtownabbey: Island Publications. pp. 3–4. OCLC 1280067425. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
^ Hall, Michael (October 2019). "A History of the Belfast Anarchist Group and Belfast Libertarian Group" (PDF). Island Pamphlets. No. 117. Newtownabbey: Island Publications. p. 5. OCLC 1280067425. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
^ ^a ^b Goodwillie, John (1983). "Glossary of the Left in Ireland 1960–83". Gralton Magazine (9). Dublin: Gralton Co-operative Society. ISSN 0332-4443. OCLC 1235535966. Archived from the original on 25 August 2009.
^ "Introducing the Dublin Anarchist Black Cross". dublinabc.ana.rchi.st. Archived from the original on 29 May 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2021.