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Kinnot

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Kinnot (Hebrew: קינות; also kinnos, kinoth, qinot, qinoth; singular kinah, qinah or kinnah) are Hebrew dirges (sad poems) or elegies. The term is used to refer both to dirges in the Hebrew Bible, and also to later poems which are traditionally recited by Jews on Tisha B'Av.

In the Bible

In the Hebrew Bible, the term kinah or qinah refers to a dirge or lament, especially as sung by Jewish professional mourning women.

The Jerusalem Bible refers to Isaiah 47 as a qinah or "lament for Babylon",[1] and to Ezekiel 19 as a qinah or lamentation over the rules of Israel.[2] A. W. Streane suggests that Jeremiah 22:6–7, on the prophesied downfall of Jerusalem, is written "in Ḳinah metre".[3]

Tisha BeAv recitation

On Tisha B'Av, Jews traditionally recite a series of elegaic poems, known as kinnot, after the evening and morning prayers. These poems mourn the destruction of both the First and Second Temple in Jerusalem and other tragedies in Jewish history, including the Crusades, the Expulsion of Jews from Spain and the Holocaust. The kinnot are recited on the night of Tisha B'Av after reciting the Book of Lamentations, which was also called "Kinnot" in the Talmudic era[4] before it assumed its more familiar name of "Eichah."

Development of the Ashkenazic kinnot

The oldest kinnot were composed by Rabbi Elazar Hakalir,[5] who likely lived in the 6th-7th centuries. His kinnot resemble the structure and content of the Book of Lamentations. For example, one of his kinnot begins each stanza with the word "Eichah", the opening word of Lamentations. He often writes stanzas in an alphabetical acrostic, similar to the first four chapters of Lamentations. The style deals primarily with the destruction of the Second Temple, similar to Lamentations which mourns the destruction of the First Temple.

The main impetus for creation of new kinnot during the Middle Ages was the Crusades, in which Christian mobs decimated many Jewish communities. The kinnot deal with the then-current tragedy of the Crusades, no longer focusing on the destruction of the Temple in the past. The loss of the Torah and its scholars, instead of the loss of the Temple, occupies a central theme.

Rabbi Judah Halevi completely changed the nature of the kinnot with his compositions. There is no pain or despair over the tragedies of the distant or near past, but rather a longing for returning to Jerusalem in his poem, Tziyon Halo Tishali.

The kinnot are arranged in modern printings approximately by the chronological order of their composition. Thus the reader experiences a developing feeling of deep sorrow building through the generations, combined with a yearning for the restoration of the Temple in the Messianic era. This is similar to the book of Lamentations, which waxes sorrowful with tales of woe, but ends on a note of optimism ("renew our days as of old", 5:21).

Sephardic kinnot

The various Sephardic communities of North Africa and the Middle East have a rich tradition of kinnot. The following is an extensive list based on the practices of North Africa (Morocco and Tunisia). See also the Hebrew wikipedia page קינות לתשעה באב

Evening kinnot

  1. Dibre Nebi-im (דברי נביאים)
  2. Lu Yishqelu Re'ay (לו ישקלו רעי)
  3. Nishmat Shedudim (נשמת שדודים)
  4. Shanah BeShanah (שנה בשנה אהגה כיונה / כי עיר עדינה היתה לזונה)
  5. Yonah Nikhabah (יונה נכאבה נפשה דאבה / היכל דר ערבות יום יום סובבה)
  6. Shim'u VeHa-azinu (שמעו והאזינו ואדברה אני / אומרה לאל סלעי למה שכחתני)
  7. Nishmat Yeladim (נשמת ילדים שוממים על חורבן אריאל)
  8. Et Oybekha El (את אויביך אל תשמיד ותחריב / בעגלה ובזמן קריב)
  9. Yom Kemo Ned (יום כמו נד עמדו דמעי בפני / על קדושים זרע ברוכי ה׳)
  10. 'Ad An Sebi Muddah (עד אן צבי מדח ואין מקבץ לו / נגש וגם נענח גבר מאד חילו )
  11. Ashaher 'Adati (אשחר עדתי)
  12. Eftah pi Lehodot (אפתח פי להודות)
  13. Aryeh Sha-agh (אריה שאג)
  14. Ekh Mishkani 'Elyon (איך משכני עליון)
  15. HaLanofelim Tequmah (הלנופלים תקומה)
  16. Nishmat Emunim (נשמת אמונים)
  17. Nilah lehelil (נלאה להיליל)
  18. Hekhal Amonai (היכל ה׳)
  19. Yom Nilhamu Bi (יום נלחמו בי)
  20. Qol Aholah Tityapeyah (קול אהלה תתיפח)
  21. Bore 'Ad Ana (בורא עד אנא)
    'Al Naharot Babel (על נהרות בבל) is read from Tehillim
    Then the evening Arbit service is said. The kinnot continue after the Amidah:
  22. Lemi Ebkeh (למי אבכה)
    Megillat Eikhah/Lamentations (מגילת איכה) is then read, followed by:
  23. Az BaHataenu (אז בחטאנו חרב מקדש) Text and Melodies
  24. Zechor Amonai Meh Hayah Lanu (זכר ה׳ מה היה לנו)
  25. Belel Zeh Yibkayun (בליל זה יבכיון)
  26. Miyde Shanah kinnah (מדי שנה קינה בליל זה מזומנה)
  27. 'Al Zeh Hayah Daveh Libenu (על זה היה דוה לבנו ועל אלה חשכו עינינו)
  28. 'Al Lel Horban Hekhal Miqdash (על ליל חרבן היכל מקדש / מדי ליל זה ספד יחדש / על עיר קדש ועל המקדש)
  29. Oy Ki Yarad Esh Min Hashamayim Liyrushalayim (אוי כי ירד אש מן השמים לירושלים עיני עיני יורדה מים)
  30. Zechor Amonai Liyhudah Ulefrayim (זכור ה' ליהודה ולאפרים)
  31. 'Alechem 'Edah Qedoshah (אליכם עדה קדושה אשאל מכם שאלות / מה נשתנה הלילה הזה מכל הלילות) Text and Melodies
  32. Oy Ki Qinat Rabat (אוי כי קינת רבת מפי בן ומפי בת / ויהי נעם נשבת במוצאי השבת), said only at the conclusion of Shabbat
  33. Ani Hageber (אני הגבר אקונן), said only at the conclusion of Shabbat
  34. Az Bahatanu (אז בחטאנו חרב מקדש), composed by Eleazar ben Killir
    The years since the destruction of the Temple are then counted (מניין שנות החורבן).
    Some communities recite the following kinnah:
  35. 'Al Hechali Hebli KeNahash Nosheh (על היכלי חבלי כנחש נושך ולשממות ציון אשב בחושך), composed by R' Israel Najara

Morning kinnot

See קינות תשעה באב (Hebrew)

Kinnot in memory of the Holocaust

Although the fast of Tisha B'Av was founded to mourn the destruction of the Temple, over the years other travails of the Jewish Diaspora have been added to its observance and memorialized in the kinnot. Despite this, few kinnot have been composed in the last several centuries, and none of them had entered the standard kinnot service.

After the Holocaust, many people felt that it was inappropriate to mourn on Tisha B'av for the destruction of cities during the Middle Ages without mourning the even greater tragedy of the Holocaust. For this reason, many people recommended the composition and recitation of new kinnot to commemorate the Holocaust. These people, including many important rabbis, argued that in every generation, kinnot were composed to address the difficulties of that generation. Some added that it was essential to incorporate such kinnot into the Jewish liturgy, lest the Holocaust be forgotten by future generations. One popular Kinnah on the Holocaust is Eli Eli Nafshi Bekhi, composed by Yehuda Leib Bialer.

However, many other rabbis dissented on the grounds that they could not create new kinnot because the existing kinnot were holy and were composed by the greatest individuals of their respective generations, but today there is nobody who can write like them. Others claimed that any individual community could recite new Kinnot as they wished, but only the greatest rabbis would have the authority to institute new Kinnot into the communal service in the entire Jewish world community.

Rabbi Yaakov Ariel claims that the kinnot service, unlike the Siddur and other Jewish rituals, was not created by authority of the rabbis, but rather developed based on the acceptance of communities and the decisions of the printers who produced printed copies. Thus the new kinnot could gradually enter the accepted roster of kinnot. However, since many congregations now recite kinnot to commemorate the Holocaust, this may become an integral part of the service without a formal decision.

References

  1. ^ Jerusalem Bible (1966), sub-title to Isaiah 47
  2. ^ Jerusalem Bible (1966), sub-title to Ezekiel 19 and footnote a
  3. ^ Streane, A. W. (1911), Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges om Jeremiah 22, accessed 10 February 2019
  4. ^ See, e.g., Bava Batra 14b
  5. ^ See Asher ben Jehiel. Rosh (in Hebrew). Brochos 5:21, with Ma'adanei Yom Tov. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
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