Ōuchi clan

In this Japanese name, the surname is Ōuchi.

Ōuchi clan (大内おおうち氏し, Ōuchi-shi) was one of the most powerful and important families in Western Japan during the reign of the Ashikaga shogunate in the 12th to 14th centuries. Their domains, ruled from the castle town of Yamaguchi, comprised six provinces at their height, and the Ōuchi played a major role in supporting the Ashikaga in the Nanboku-cho Wars against the Imperial Court. The Ōuchi remained powerful up until the 1550s, when they were eclipsed by their vassals, the Mōri clan.

Ōuchi 大内おおうち
The emblem (mon) of the Ōuchi clan
Home province	Suō
Parent house	Baekje Royal House (according to tradition) Tatara clan (多々良たたら氏し)
Titles	Various
Founder	Ōuchi Morifusa (大内おおうち盛もり房ぼう)
Final ruler	Ōuchi Yoshinaga
Founding year	12th century
Dissolution	1557
Ruled until	1557, Ōuchi Yoshinaga commits seppuku

History

Local legend in modern Yamaguchi City has it that the Ōuchi clan were of Korean origins, specifically descended from a prince of Baekje. The Ōuchi-shi Jitsruroku (大内おおうち氏し実録じつろく), a work of the historian Kondō Kiyoshi (近藤こんどう清きよし石せき, 1833–1916), is one of the books which adopt this legend. However, some scholars are in dispute, and even traditions are contradictory to each other. Modern day members of the Ouchi clan think that there is no dispute, and they strongly identify with Baekje. According to the Ō uchi Tatarashi fuch ō and the Ōuchi-shi Jitsruroku, Prince Imseong is their first ancestor.

Historically the Ōuchi clan emphasized their Korean heritage along with their Japanese identity to establish economic power based on international trade and wield political power. Based in Suō Province, towards the western end of Honshū, the Ōuchi were among the primary families to be involved in foreign trade and relations, particularly with China. Following the Ōnin War (1467–1477), a strong rivalry developed between the Ōuchi and the Hosokawa family, who were then in power. The two clashed at Ningbo in 1523, and as a result the Chinese closed Ningbo to Japanese traders. After the incident, the Ōuchi ships were only allowed to trade in China in 1540 and 1549. The Ōuchi also housed the Portuguese Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier for a time in 1551.

As a result of their wealth and trading contacts, the Ōuchi gained renown in the worlds of art and culture as well. They possessed countless items of cultural and artistic significance and beauty, from Japan and China, as well as from further abroad. Particularly famous was the invitation by Ōuchi Masahiro of the famous painter Sesshū to Yamaguchi in 1486.

In 1551, the daimyō Ōuchi Yoshitaka tried to move Emperor Go-Nara and his court from war-torn Kyoto to Yamaguchi. But the Ōuchi's chief military vassals opposed this plan, fearing that imperial courtiers would displace them. This led to the Tainei-ji incident, in which Yoshitaka was forced to commit suicide. Sue Harukata, the leader of the rebellion, installed Ōuchi Yoshinaga as a puppet clan chief, but Yoshinaga was actually the younger brother of long-time Ōuchi rival Ōtomo Sōrin. This ended the Ōuchi line proper.

In 1555, Mōri Motonari, another former vassal of Yoshitaka, defeated Sue Harukata in the Battle of Miyajima. Two years later, Yoshinaga committed suicide, ending the Ōuchi clan.

Clan heads

1. Ōuchi Morifusa (大内おおうち盛もり房ぼう)
2. Ōuchi Hiromori (大内おおうち弘ひろし盛もり)
3. Ōuchi Mitsumori (大内おおうち満みつる盛もり)
4. Ōuchi Hironari (大内おおうち弘ひろし成なり, ? –1244)
5. Ōuchi Hirosada (大内おおうち弘ひろし貞さだ, ? –1286)
6. Ōuchi Hiroie (大内おおうち弘ひろし家か, 1274?–1300)
7. Ōuchi Shigehiro (大内おおうち重弘しげひろ, ? –1320)
8. Ōuchi Hiroyuki (大内おおうち弘幸ひろゆき, ? –1352)
9. Ōuchi Hiroyo (大内おおうち弘世ひろよ, 1325–1380)
10. Ōuchi Yoshihiro (大内おおうち義弘よしひろ, 1356–1400) – Led a revolt against Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu.
11. Ōuchi Moriharu (大内おおうち盛見もりみ, 1377–1431)
12. Ōuchi Mochiyo (大内おおうち持世もちよ, 1394–1441)
13. Ōuchi Norihiro (大内おおうち教きょう弘ひろし, 1420–1465)
14. Ōuchi Masahiro (大内おおうち政弘まさひろ, 1446–1495) – one of Yamana Sōzen's chief generals in the Ōnin War.
15. Ōuchi Yoshioki (大内おおうち義興よしおき, 1477–1529) – Restored the shogun Ashikaga Yoshitane to power after a fifteen-year absence in 1508.
16. Ōuchi Yoshitaka (大内おおうち義隆よしたか, 1507–1551) – The lord who oversaw the height of Ōuchi power and saw it end abruptly.
17. Ōuchi Yoshinaga (大内おおうち義長よしなが, 1532?–1557) – The last Ōuchi lord, he was the son of Sengoku daimyō, Ōtomo Yoshiaki, and thus not of Ōuchi blood.

Notable retainers

• Sue Harukata
• Sue Nagafusa
• Hironaka Takakane
• Iida Okihide

Prominent castles

• Ōuchi-shi Yakata : Ōuchi clan's main bastion
• Kōnomine Castle : Supporting castle of Ōuchi-shi Yakata
• Wakayama Castle : Sue clan's main bastion
• Katsuyama Castle
• Tsuwano Castle
• Tsuchiyama Castle

References

• Sansom, George (1961). A History of Japan: 1334–1615. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
• Sansom, George Bailey (1962). Japan: A Short Cultural History. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc.
• Turnbull, Stephen (1998). The Samurai Sourcebook. London: Cassell & Co.
• Zhang, Yuling (March 2016). "The Expansion and Specialization of the Matsuri in Regional Cities: Focusing on the Idea of Ohuchi Clan Origins and Its Appropriation in the Yamaguchi Tanabata Lantern Festival" (PDF). Kokusai Bunka Gakubu Kiyō (in Japanese). 22 (1). Yamaguchi Prefectural University: 71–86. Retrieved 2018-01-27.