2channel (Japanese: 2ちゃんねる, Hepburn: ni channeru), also known as 2ch,[5] Channel 2,[6][7] and sometimes retrospectively as 2ch.net,[8] was an anonymous Japanese textboard[b] founded in 1999 by Hiroyuki Nishimura. Described in 2007 as "Japan's most popular online community",[9] the site had a level of influence comparable to that of traditional mass media such as television, radio, and magazines.[2] At the time, the site drew an annual revenue of around ¥100 million (about US$1 million),[10][11] and was the largest of its kind in the world, with around ten million visitors[9] and 2.5 million posts made per day.[2]
Type of site | Textboard |
---|---|
Available in | Japanese |
Owner | Disputed |
Created by | Hiroyuki Nishimura |
URL | 2ch |
Commercial | Yes |
Users | 10 million monthly (2010)[1] |
Launched | 30 May 1999[2] |
Current status | Disputed (since 19 February 2014 | )
Available in | Japanese |
---|---|
Founded | 1 April 2014 |
Owner | Hiroyuki Nishimura |
Parent | Packet Monster Inc.[3] |
URL | 2ch |
Commercial | Yes |
Current status | Active |
Available in | Japanese, with a small minority of boards in English[4] |
---|---|
Founded | 1 October 2017 |
Owner | Jim Watkins |
Parent | Loki Technology Inc. via Race Queen Inc. |
URL | 5ch |
Commercial | Yes |
Current status | Active |
The site was hosted and had its domain registration provided by Jim Watkins, based in San Francisco, California.[10][1][12] In 2009, ownership of the site was transferred to Singapore-based Packet Monster Inc., under which Nishimura remained in control.[13][14] In February 2014, Watkins seized the 2ch.net domain, taking full control over the website and assuming the role of site administrator.[12][15] This has resulted in two textboards claiming to be the legitimate 2channel:[15] 2ch.sc,[a] owned by Nishimura through Packet Monster Inc.,[3] and 5channel (5ちゃんねる, go channeru, domain 5ch.net), established in 2017 by redirect from the original domain and owned by Watkins through Philippines-based Loki Technology Inc.
2channel and its successors are more controversial than other social media in Japan;[5] they are extremely popular among Japan's extreme right-wing, known as the netto-uyoku, who post xenophobic comments, often targeting Koreans and Chinese.[9][6] Defamation is of particular concern; by August 2008, Nishimura had received more than one hundred lawsuits for defamatory comments left on the website.[11] Announcements of crimes also have drawn scrutiny towards 2channel and its successors.[13][17][18][19] In 2012, 2channel was accused by the Tokyo Metropolitan Police of allowing its platform to be used by amphetamine dealers,[20] although no charges were filed.[13]
In September 2007, 2channel averaged over 2.4 million posts per day.[21][c] As of July 2020, 5channel had 1,031 boards receiving around 2.7 million posts per day on weekends,[22] with no growth since March 2016.[23][c] Meanwhile, 2ch.sc then had 826 boards receiving around 5,700 posts daily.[24][c]
History
editPredecessors
editTextboards like 2channel were rooted in two earlier technologies: dial-in bulletin boards, known in Japan as grass roots bulletin boards (
Early history
edit2channel was founded on 30 May 1999 in a college apartment in Conway, Arkansas on the campus of University of Central Arkansas[2] by Hiroyuki Nishimura.[1] Success came quickly; many of Amezou's users began using it as soon as it opened.[5] When compared with other bulletin boards, 2channel's technology wasn't much different; what led to its success was instead its being an "outlet for unfettered expression";[10] by being hosted in the United States, 2channel was able to bypass more restrictive Japanese censorship rules, while still being accessible from Japan.[28] The site also enjoyed greater immunity from legal action within Japan due to the location of its servers.[10][29] By 2002, Google said that the most searched word in Japan was "2channel".[30] By 2004, 2channel was already the largest internet forum in Japan.[6]
The name "2channel" is a reference to VHF channel 2, the default setting for the RF modulators used in earlier-generation game consoles (such as Nintendo's Family Computer) when connecting to Japanese television sets.[31] Where Amezou was originally meant to be "channel one", 2channel was meant to be "channel two".[25][27]: 266 The site's iconic jar logo is a reference to deprecatory remarks some former users of Ayashii World would make about 2channel early on in the site's history, likening it to a spittoon (
Jim Watkins, an ex-US army non-commissioned officer (sergeant first class), domain name registrar, and dedicated hosting service provider, hosted 2channel since at least 2004[8] through various corporate identities, including Big-server.com Inc.,[34] Pacific Internet Exchange LLC[35] and N. T. Technology Inc.[36][37] Before 2channel, Watkins' company primarily specialized in using servers and domains in the United States to serve uncensored pornographic content to users in Japan.[29][36]
Ownership transfer and government scrutiny
editOn 2 January 2009, Nishimura claimed to have transferred ownership of 2channel to Packet Monster Inc., a company based in Chinatown, Singapore, and to no longer be involved in the site's management.[38][39] However, Nishimura was charged with violating Japanese narcotic control laws anyway on 20 December 2012.[40][d] As part of their case, the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department (MPD) claimed Nishimura remained involved in 2channel's operations, alleging Packet Monster Inc. is a shell company (ペーパーカンパニー).[13] The main thrust of the complaint was that Nishimura allegedly did not delete posts seeking to purchase illicit amphetamine from other 2channel users online; the Internet Hotline Center , an agency of the MPD, alleged that in 2011 97% of its 5,223 deletion requests did not result in deletion.[20] On 19 March 2013, the Public Prosecutors Office decided not to prosecute the case.[13]
In August 2013, the Tokyo Regional Taxation Bureau declared in a tax audit that Nishimura had failed to declare ¥100 million worth of website revenue which should have been taxed between 2009 and 2012, years in which he financially benefited from Packet Monster Inc.;[13][41] Nishimura settled the matter by paying the owed tax, ¥30 million.[42]
Personal information leak
editIn August 2013, a hacker using the name sassy ecchi (さっしーえっち)[43] leaked the personal details (including names, addresses, and phone numbers)[37] and credit card numbers of thousands of 2channel users who had used 2channel's paid services into the public domain,[44] exposing the anonymous profiles of various high level personas such as politicians and writers,[45] including an attorney involved in 2channel cases, Takahiro Karasawa (
The paid service involved in the leak was known as the "2channel viewer" (2ちゃんねるビューア),[43] or maru (●).[48][e] Its main utility was that it allowed users to read old threads; if a thread on 2channel received 1,000 posts, it would become part of the kako rogu (
At the time of the leak, Watkins apologized on behalf of N. T. Technology, Inc., saying he was the victim of a "cyber attack" and that "some data [of my] customers was compromised."[37][52]
Domain seizure and split
editOn 19 February 2014, Jim Watkins, as chairman of N.T. Technology, Inc., 2channel's domain registrar, seized 2channel's domain. He took full control over the website, relieved Nishimura of all power, and assumed the role of website administrator.[15] Watkins made the kako rogu free to all users shortly after assuming control.[53]
Watkins claimed that Nishimura had failed to pay him money owed which led to the seizure as a way to cover Nishimura's debts,[54][55] while Nishimura claimed that he had in fact paid everything owed and that the domain transfer was an illegal domain hijacking.[56] In response, Nishimura created his own clone of 2channel at 2ch.sc ,[57] scraping the contents of the entire 2channel website and updating 2ch.sc as new posts appeared on 2ch.net. In a Q&A session on 4chan shortly after becoming the site's owner, Nishimura claimed that 2channel was stolen by Watkins.[58]
Nishimura has attempted to repossess the domain both through WIPO's Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy[59] and through the Japanese court system.[8] Through the Japan Patent Office, Nishimura owns the trademark "2channel",[60] though the WIPO refused to intervene on his behalf on account of that, suggesting the parties go to court instead as it was not, in its view, a case of "cybersquatting" but rather a "business dispute".[59]
Ron Watkins, Jim's son, in 2016 registered the trademark "5channel" in Japan.[61] On 1 October 2017, 2ch.net began redirecting to 5ch.net, a domain owned by Loki Technology, Inc.[62] The chairman of Loki Technology Inc. is also Jim Watkins;[63] his wife, Liziel, is the treasurer and majority shareholder.[36] According to a press release, the name was changed to 5channel to avoid potential legal issues due to Nishimura's ownership of the "2channel" trademark.[64]
Culture
editDue to its large number of boards, the types of information exchanged on 2channel are very diverse.[2] There are boards for topics as diverse as sports, sex, celebrity gossip, computer programming[10] and ongoing earthquakes;[65] even some academic research has gotten its start on 2channel.[66]
Anonymous posting
editOne of the most distinctive features of 2channel is its use of anonymous posting.[2] Nishimura explained his reasons for preferring anonymity online to USC Annenberg's Japan Media Review thus:[7]
If there is a user ID attached to a user, a discussion tends to become a criticizing game. On the other hand, under the anonymous system, even though your opinion/information is criticized, you don't know with whom to be upset. Also with a user ID, those who participate in the site for a long time tend to have authority, and it becomes difficult for a user to disagree with them. Under a perfectly anonymous system, you can say, "it's boring," if it is actually boring. All information is treated equally; only an accurate argument will work.
However, a frequent criticism directed toward anonymous textboards like 2channel, most notably by Kazuhiko Nishi, is that their anonymous nature make them mere "toilet graffiti" (
Revenue
editWhile 2channel and its successors are commercial, 2channel was moderated by volunteers.[5] 2channel relied on advertisements from "obscure" companies.[6] In 2007, it had an annual revenue of around ¥100 million.[10][11] Between 2009 and 2012, ¥200 million in ad profits were transferred to Nishimura's Singaporean shell company.[41][42]
As early as 2004, companies such as Dentsu were data mining the website for their clients, keeping them informed of how they were being portrayed by 2channel users;[6][g][71] by 2006, 75% of the content Dentsu analyzed on behalf of its customers was posted to 2channel.[14]
2channel also received revenue from subscription services like the aforementioned maru.[51] For its part, 5channel has a subscription service, "Premium Rōnin" (プレミアム
Matome
edit2channel historically allowed anyone to use its data,[74] providing it in an easily parsable format;[f] this made it simple to create third party "dedicated browsers" (
Watkins made it a priority to combat "piracy" of 5channel by third-party matome sites in March 2014,[77] adding tensai kinshi to many popular boards.[15] Such sites siphon users from 2channel itself, with some receiving in excess of 100 million monthly pageviews;[15] in one case a matome site earned its owner ¥300,000 per month.[77] Watkins followed up the rule change by restricting access to 2channel's data in March 2015, by requiring that dedicated browser authors use a special API to access 2channel's, and later 5channel's, thread data.[72][78][79] On 10 July 2023, Jane, a company that provided a 5channel API server, terminated its 5channel API service, thus ending several applications' support for the site. Some browsers, including Jane's, replaced their support for 5channel with another anonymous textboard site named Talk.[80][81]
Phenomena
editDensha Otoko
editDensha Otoko is a Japanese franchise consisting of a movie, television series, manga, and other media, all based on the purportedly true story of a 23-year-old man who intervened when a drunk man started to harass several women on a train. The man ultimately begins dating one of the women. The event and the man's subsequent dates with the woman, chronicled on 2channel, directly inspired the franchise.[82] Whether or not the original 2channel story is actually true is debated.[83]: 27
Shift_JIS art
edit2channel and its successors, being textboards, cannot have images posted to them. Users get around this, however, by posting a more expressive form of ASCII art: Shift_JIS art.[84][i] Below is a small sample:
Political activism
edit2channel and other websites with "chan" in their name have been known for activism done by their users for a variety of causes.[85]
Controversies
editSlander and legal issues
editDuring Hiroyuki's administration, he was often openly defiant of Japanese law, especially around libel, and his duty to follow it, telling Yomiuri Shimbun in March 2007:[2]
I don't have any intention of paying up to a country whose laws I don't respect. As long as they're not handing me the death sentence, I'm not backing down.
By May 2008, Nishimura had lost more than fifty libel lawsuits in Japanese civil courts, and had been assessed millions of dollars in penalties;[10] by August, according to him, he'd received more than one hundred lawsuits.[11] While according to the official pages of the website, slander was prohibited,[87] activists such as Debito Arudou claimed that the site did not actually respond to requests to delete posts in his case, returning mail unopened.[88] After the transfer to Packet Monster Inc., Arudou, who had still not received any of the court ordered penalty, wrote in an op-ed that Nishimura had only transferred his assets to increase his "unaccountability".[89] While Nishimura at that point had never paid any of the compensation courts ordered in his cases, in 2010 one of his plaintiffs was successful in getting compensated through the publisher of one of Nishimura's books.[1]
Crime announcements
editCrime announcements (
Such crime announcements have continued to be a problem on 5channel:[18][19] it was speculated that the man who carried out the Kyoto Animation arson attack posted an advance warning of the crime on 5channel.[92]
Far-right nationalism and anti-Korean hate speech
edit2channel, with its massive size and anonymous posting, is abundant with slander, hate speech[6][93] and defamation against public figures, institutions, and minority ethnic groups.[94][95] Far-right users of 2channel are referred to as netto-uyoku, a term roughly analogous to "alt-right". Though the site has rules against posts illegal under Japanese law, the scale and anonymous nature of the site makes prompt deletions difficult to realize in practice. Furthermore, on occasion, 2channel has been accused of being reluctant to remove defamatory posts.[96][97]: 676 The discussion boards are also often used to coordinate real-life demonstrations; as an example, 2channel users organized an August 2011 rally against Fuji Television, their complaint being that the channel was broadcasting too many Korean television shows.[98] Sankei Shimbun reported in 2018 that 5channel, which received most of 2channel's users, has the same reputation for attracting netto-uyoku.[99]
2channel netto-uyoku frequently make racist comments against Koreans.[9][95] In 2009, it was even discovered that an Asahi Shimbun employee had posted racist remarks towards Koreans on 2channel.[100] After the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, fake news proliferated on 2channel, falsely accusing Chinese and Korean people of "plundering" evacuation centers.[101]
Technology
edit2channel operated on forum software that was considered innovative at the time of its founding, originally written by Hiroyuki himself,[102] but later replaced through the collective effort of his Unix-savvy users; the software is known as read.cgi
.[2] It was a major departure from Usenet; however, when compared to other Japanese textboards at the time, such as Amezou, 2channel's format was not much different.[25][10]
Boards in the textboard software have their threads sorted by the time of their last post, so making a post would "bump" (
Major outages
edit2010–2011 Korean DDoS
editIn response to racism towards Koreans by 2channel users, especially against Yuna Kim, an athlete who defeated Japan in the 2010 Vancouver Olympics, the site suffered an extended outage in March 2010 due to a distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack conducted by a Korean hacking group.[90] The attack against Jim Watkins' Pacific Internet Exchange LLC affected other sites on the shared network as well, including some belonging to US government agencies; it is estimated to have cost US$2.5 million.[104] Watkins requested the American government investigate the event as an instance of "cyberterrorism";[34] according to him, sporadic DDoS attacks by Koreans continued into 2011.[105]
2015 8chan DDoS
editBeginning on 8 January 2015, 8chan, also owned by Jim Watkins and hosted on the network of N. T. Technology, Inc., suffered an outage due to a DDoS attack. Due to the attack, 2ch.net, then owned by Watkins but not yet operated under the name 5channel, went down as well.[106] The attacks against the messageboards lasted until at least 13 January, leading "many 2channel users to become angry with the management".[107]
Societal impact
editThe 2channel forum is a Japanese internet phenomenon. This single site has more influence on Japanese popular opinion than the prime minister, the emperor and the traditional media combined. On one level, it serves as a fun, informative place for people to read product reviews, download software and compare everything from the size of their poop to quiz show answers. But conversations hosted here have also influenced stock prices, rallied support for philanthropic causes, organized massive synchronized dance routines, prevented terrorism and driven people to their deathbeds.
In September 2007, 2channel averaged over 2.4 million posts per day.[21][c] As of July 2020, 5channel had 1,031 boards receiving around 2.7 million posts per day on weekends,[22] with no growth since March 2016.[23][c] Meanwhile, 2ch.sc then had 826 boards receiving around 5,700 posts daily.[24][c] Due to its popularity, 2channel and its successors have had considerable influence on Japanese society.[2]
Children's use of 2channel
editUse of sites like 2channel by minors is a major concern in Japan.[5] Some children's search sites, such as the now-defunct Kids Goo (キッズgoo), filtered textboards like 2channel.[108] In Tokyo, a local ordinance requires that internet service providers develop filters to prevent minors from accessing sites which could harm the "sound and wholesome fostering [of their youth]"; they must also confirm before installing a connection if any minors live in the household.[5]
Despite this, however, web filter provider Net Star in February 2007 released the results of a survey which showed that the utilization rate of 2channel for primary and secondary students was 12.2%.[109] In response to threads on 2channel about certain schools which were leading to cyberbullying, the Ministry of Education in 2008 released a 65-page manual for teachers and parents on how to handle the issue.[110] Concerned about the popularity of 2channel among children and teenagers, a team of childhood education professors at the University of the Ryukyus in 2009 published a paper making recommendations to lawmakers on how to curb such use.[111]
In February 2020, Nishimura himself wrote an op-ed in Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun warning parents about the dangers of allowing their children unfettered access to social media sites like YouTube and 2channel.[112]
Politicians and 2channel
editNaoto Kan, a future Prime Minister who was then a member of the National Diet, sent a legal notice on 10 May 2000 demanding that 2channel delete a post by someone falsely claiming to be him.[113]
After the Liberal Democratic Party presidential election in 2007, Prime Minister Tarō Asō stated in a Fuji TV interview that he sometimes posts on 2channel.[114] During each election season, supporting posts for perennial candidates Matayoshi Jesus and Mac Akasaka were frequently made on 2channel, turning them into something of a meme,[115][116] similar to the repeated candidacies of Vermin Supreme in the United States. After more than ten failed candidacies for various political offices, including Governor of Tokyo, Akasaka was eventually elected to the Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly, representing Minato, in April 2019.[115] Asahi Shimbun credited Akasaka's online fame with helping him win the surprise victory.[115]
2channel in the media
editJapanese news organizations often relied on 2channel to determine the issues the public was thinking about, and for leads.[6] However, the mass media often reports on it negatively,[83]: 23 similar to how it reported on otaku culture a decade ago, before it went more mainstream, even though internet trends nowadays routinely slip through into other media.[117] The phrase "the online bulletin board says" (インターネットの
TV programs have even featured 2channel's moderators and users;[13][118] comedian Hikari Ōta, for example, criticized Nishimura during a discussion on the Tokyo Broadcasting System's Sandējapon on the ideal limits of free expression as applied to social networks.[119]
Shokun! magazine, during its operation, ran a column known as Kōjimachi Denmō Sokkōjo (
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ a b 2ch.sc calls itself 2ちゃんねる, just as the former 2ch.net did. When it is necessary to differentiate 2ch.net from 2ch.sc in Japanese, the form 2ちゃんねる (2ch.sc) is often used.[16]
- ^ a b 2channel, and other sites like it, are called keijiban (
掲示板 ) in Japanese. This word literally translates to "bulletin board", but in English, that word only refers to older text-based systems, not web bulletin boards like 2channel. Therefore, the correct translation is "textboard" in English. - ^ a b c d e f These statistics are self-reported.
- ^ The full name of the law, Act No. 94 of 1991, is An Act Concerning Special Provisions for the Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Act, etc. and Other Matters for the Prevention of Activities Encouraging Illicit Conducts and Other Activities Involving Controlled Substances through International Cooperation (
国際 的 な協力 の下 に規制 薬物 に係 る不正 行為 を助長 する行為 等 の防止 を図 るための麻薬 及 び向 精神 薬 取締 法 等 の特例 等 に関 する法律 ). - ^ The service received the nickname maru (lit. circle) because users of it could signal their support of 2channel by attaching a "●" to their post in the name field, which other users could not do.[49]
- ^ a b 2channel threads were encoded in a quasi-open standard known as ".dat". 5channel's official documentation includes examples.
- ^ Gala is a division of Dentsu.
- ^ Similar to the boards on the sites it inspired, like 4chan's /pol/, boards on 2channel are, by convention, referred to by the ends of their URLs.
- ^ "More expressive", here, is used in the sense that more art is possible with Shift_JIS art than would be possible with ASCII art due to the larger character set of the Shift_JIS encoding.
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g Matsutani, Minoru (6 April 2010). "2channel's success rests on anonymity". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on 9 April 2010. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Katayama, Lisa (19 April 2007). "2-Channel Gives Japan's Famously Quiet People a Mighty Voice". Wired. Archived from the original on 21 September 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
- ^ a b Nishimura, Hiroyuki. "2ちゃんねるガイド:
基本 " [2channel FAQ]. 2ch.sc. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2020.2ch.sc is managed and operated by PACKET MONSTER INC. and more.
- ^ "5ちゃんねる
掲示板 リスト" [5channel board list]. 5channel (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2020.【
大使館 (Embassy)】Anime & Manga / Books / Comics & Cartoons / Computers / [...] - ^ a b c d e f g h i Kaigo, Muneo; Watanabe, Isao (1 July 2007). "Ethos in Chaos? Reaction to Video Files Depicting Socially Harmful Images in the Channel 2 Japanese Internet Forum". Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 12 (4): 1248–1268. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00372.x.
- ^ a b c d e f g Ōnishi, Norimitsu (9 May 2004). "Japanese Find a Forum to Vent Most-Secret Feelings". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
- ^ a b Furukawa, Hideki (22 August 2003). "Q&A With the Founder of Channel 2". Japan Media Review. USC Annenberg. Archived from the original on 22 December 2003. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
- ^ a b c In re: Race Queen Inc.,
平成 29年 (ワ)第 3428号 (Tokyo District Court) ("被告 は,平成 16年 から平成 29年 9月 30日 まで,継続 して本件 電子 掲示板 を管理 ・運営 し [From 2004 to at least September 30, 2017, the defendants operated the textboard.]"), Text. - ^ a b c d e Sakamoto, Rumi (7 March 2011). "'Koreans, Go Home!' Internet Nationalism in Contemporary Japan as a Digitally Mediated Subculture". The Asia-Pacific Journal. 9 (10). Archived from the original on 11 March 2011. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Katayama, Lisa (19 May 2008). "Meet Hiroyuki Nishimura, the Bad Boy of the Japanese Internet". Wired. Archived from the original on 27 May 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
- ^ a b c d Shibui, Tetsuya (26 August 2008). "2channel founder says don't blame him for criminals' posts". Shūkan Gendai. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2020 – via Japan Today.
- ^ a b McLaughlin, Timothy (6 August 2019). "The Weird, Dark History of 8chan". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Adelstein, Jake (26 September 2015). "Will 4Chan's Shady New Owner Weaponize It?". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
- ^ a b Martin, Alex (24 January 2009). "2channel founder ponders next step after forum's sale". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
Speculation abounds, however, that the move may be a legal trick to deflect further lawsuits filed against Nishimura for the site's frequently libelous content.
- ^ a b c d e f Akimoto, Akky (20 March 2014). "Who holds the deeds to gossip bulletin board 2channel?". The Japan Times Online. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
- ^ For an example, see "「2ちゃんねる」と「5ちゃんねる」は
何 が違 うのか" [What's the difference between 2channel and 5channel?]. Monolith Law Office (in Japanese). 8 May 2020. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2020. - ^ a b "Four people arrested in Japan for copycat threats". The Canadian Press. 17 June 2008. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2020 – via CTV News.
- ^ a b "
兵庫 県警 、5ちゃんねるに大量 殺人 予告 の書 き込 みをした男 を逮捕 " [Hyogo Prefecture Police arrests man who wrote of his plan to commit mass murder on 5channel]. Zaikei Shimbun (in Japanese). 17 May 2019. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2020. - ^ a b "ネット
掲示板 でテロ予告 容疑 で大学生 の男 逮捕 " [Terrorist plot posted to online textboard, suspect, a university student, is arrested]. Kobe Shimbun (in Japanese). 15 May 2019. Archived from the original on 16 May 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2020. - ^ a b "Prosecution of 2channel founder draws flak". The Japan Times. 26 December 2012. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
- ^ a b "suzume graph". 19 October 2007. Archived from the original on 19 October 2007. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
- ^ a b "SPARROW5ch". 5ch Officially Reported Statistics. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
- ^ a b "SPARROW5ch". 5ch Officially Reported Statistics. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
- ^ a b "
投稿 数 統計 @2ch掲示板 ". 2ch.sc Officially Reported Statistics. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2020. - ^ a b c d e f g h Tanahashi, Gō (1 December 2007). "イマジナリー・コミュニケーションI ~
顧客 間 インタラクションと2 ちゃんねる~" [Imaginary Communication I ~Customer interaction and 2channel~]. Nara Sangyo University Journal of Industrial Economics (in Japanese). 22 (3). Nara Sangyo University: 141–160. OCLC 1059584274. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021 – via CiNii. - ^ a b c d e f Stryker, Cole (2011). Epic Win for Anonymous: How 4chan's Army Conquered the Web. New York: The Overlook Press. pp. 133–134. ISBN 9781590207383.
2channel was based on a previous text board called Ayashii World, the first big anonymous text board in Japan... Ayashii World, like many anonymous chan boards, experienced so much downtime that its owner began to receive death threats, prompting him to shut down the board in 1998.
- ^ a b c d e Barubora (10 May 2005).
教科書 には載 らないニッポンのインターネットの歴史 教科書 [The history of the Japanese internet you won't find in any textbook] (in Japanese). Shōeisha. p. 271. ISBN 978-4798106571.(260) 「
内部 告発 」板 は企業 の裏 事情 や差別 問題 などを扱 う板 で、ここが6月 19日 に突如 消 減 したのだ。[...] ただ他 のスレッドでもあやうい告発 が続 いており、例 えば暴力団 の資金 源 に関 するスレッドてでは、あめぞう氏 の本名 など個人 情報 をちらつかせ脅迫 するような書 きさ込 みもあったりと、いつ閉鎖 しても不思議 ではない状態 にあった。¶夏 ごろ(一説 には6月 には既 にちらほら見 られたそうだ)に増殖 を繰 り返 し、設置 されたほとんどの掲示板 を壊減的 状態 に追 いやった。[...] そして管理 されない姿 を見 かねたのか、はたまた苦情 が相次 いどだのか、「まいたいねっと」側 がか掲示板 のパーミッションを落 としはじめ、10月 14日 にメイン板 の「@広場 」が停止 。[The "whistleblowing board" was suddenly shut down on June 19 [1999]. [...] In a thread on the sources of money of organized crime gangs, a threat was implied against Amezou's owner, and he was doxed. It was not strange to close it. Around summer (one source says it began in June), most of the boards were in a broken state. [...] ¶ And, either due to not being able to countenance the unmaintained state of Amezou, or because the complaints were coming one after another, the host, Maitai Net, started returning 403 errors upon visits to the bulletin board. On October 14, "@Square", the main board, stopped functioning.] - ^ Machkovech, Sam (21 September 2015). "Imageboard sites 4chan, 8chan announce new ownership arrangements". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
- ^ a b Chiel, Ethan (19 April 2016). "Meet the man keeping 8chan, the world's most vile website, alive". Splinter News. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
They figured out a loophole in Japanese censorship rules," [...] Adult material in Japan has to be censored, but…Japanese people could access content that resides outside of Japan. Bingo. The work we did in the following years was really just marketing uncensored Japanese content to users in Japan.
- ^ Matsumura, Naohiro; Miura, Asako; Shibanai, Yasufumi; Ohsawa, Yukio; Nishida, Toyoaki (1 January 2005). "The dynamism of 2channel". AI & Society. 19: 84–92. doi:10.1007/s00146-004-0302-5. S2CID 15396920. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021.
- ^ Tetsuya, Ozaki (11 November 2004). "Interview with Nishimura Hiroyuki at Kuwasawa Design School". Redesigning Tokyo. 4 (1). Archived from the original on 12 March 2007. Retrieved 3 July 2020 – via RealTokyo.
- ^ a b Gotō, Masayuki (1 June 2015). 「2ちゃんねる」との
対話 —―新 しい世論 集団 の可能 性 と問題 点 [Conversation with "2channel," a Huge Japanese Internet Bulletin Board Service : Possibilities and Problems of a New-type Public Opinion Group]. Seijō Bungei (in Japanese). Seijo University Literature Department: 1. ISSN 0286-5718.筆者 がはじめて、インターネット巨大 掲示板 「2ちゃんねる」に触 れたのは、9・11テロがまさに進行 中 の時 だった。[⋯]この時点 で、ネット検索 に出 てきたのが、当時 から「便所 の落書 き」「痰 壷 」などと露悪 的 に自称 していた(それゆえに筆者 は接触 しないようにしていた)「2ch」の書 き込 みだった。 [I first touched the huge internet bulletin board "2channel" when the 9/11 terror attacks were in progress. Up to then, I had no interest in 2ch as online searches only brought up results deprecating it a "spittoon" and home of "toilet graffiti".] - ^ Nishimura, Hiroyuki (5 June 2002). "2ちゃんねるへようこそ" [Welcome to 2channel] (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 5 June 2002. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
- ^ a b "2chサーバのデータセンター、「サイバーテロ」として
米 機関 に調査 依頼 へ" [2ch data center requests American government investigate "cyber terrorism" against it]. ITmedia NEWS (in Japanese). 2 March 2010. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2020. - ^ Watkins, Jim (10 April 2007). 2ちゃんねるのサーバ
事情 前編 [2channel server update] (Niconico Douga) (in English and Japanese). 14:13 minutes in. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021.Ni channel will be right here and the next one over. Alright, now we have two facilities, and this is the new facility. This whole area here, about tennis court-sized, is Pacific Internet Exchange, our area. We're going to do it in sections, that's why we moved from the other side where it's all...many different companies. This is our section.
- ^ a b c Harwell, Drew; McLaughlin, Timothy (12 September 2019). "From helicopter repairman to leader of the Internet's 'darkest reaches': The life and times of 8chan owner Jim Watkins". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 13 September 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
- ^ a b c "「2ちゃんねるビューア」に
不正 アクセス--個人 情報 が流出 " [2channel viewer users' personal information leaked]. CNET Japan (in Japanese). 26 August 2013. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2020.N.T.Technologyは8
月 26日 、不正 アクセスによって同社 の提供 する「2ちゃんねるビューア」の顧客 情報 が流出 したことを発表 し、謝罪 した。流出 した情報 の範囲 とその原因 については「現在 調査 中 」としているが、約 3万 件 のクレジットカード番号 や氏名 、住所 、電話 番号 などの情報 が流出 したと見 られる。[On August 26, N.T. Technology announced that the customer information of the '2channel viewer' stored by the company was leaked due to unauthorized access and apologized. Although the range of information leaked and the cause of the leak are said to be 'under investigation,' about 30,000 credit card numbers, names, addresses, telephone numbers, and other information are thought to have leaked.] - ^ Tachikawa, Yū (2 January 2009). "2ちゃんねる、"
言論 の自由 なき日本 "を見捨 てた?" [2channel, have you abandoned Japan, "land with no freedom of speech"?]. Sankei Shimbun (in Japanese). MSN. Archived from the original on 21 January 2009. Retrieved 10 January 2009. - ^ Nagai, Michiko (2 January 2009). "
西村 博之 氏 、2ちゃんねるを企業 に譲渡 " [Hiroyuki Nishimura transfers 2channel to a company]. CNET Japan (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2020. - ^
警察庁 長官 :悪質 管理 者 「検挙 も」…掲示板 の違法 情報 放置 [Commissioner General of the National Police Agency: "Arrest" malicious administrators too... They left illegal content online.]. Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). 27 December 2012. Archived from the original on 1 January 2013 – via Livedoor. Alt URL - ^ a b Ōta, Seiichi (24 August 2013).
申告 漏 れ:2ちゃんねる元 管理人 が1億 円 広告 収入 の一部 、譲渡 後 も関与 裏付 け [2channel's former administrator failed to declare 100 million yen of advertising revenue and participation in BBS even management after transfer]. Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 18 September 2013.2ちゃんねるの
広告 収入 は東京 プラスなどを経由 して、09〜12年 の4年間 に約 3億 5000万 円 がシンガポールの会社 に送金 された。[...]残 る約 2億 円 も、この会社 がペーパーカンパニーとみられることから、国税 当局 は西村 氏 の個人 所得 と認定 。[Through Tokyo Plus KK, among others, in the four years between 2009 and 2012, ¥≈350 million was transferred to the Singaporean company. Since it is considered a shell company, the National Tax Agency has determined the profit of ¥200 million to be personal income of Nishimura.] - ^ a b "「2ちゃんねる」
創始 者 "ひろゆき"氏 、東京 国税局 から1億 円 の申告 漏 れを指摘 される" [2channel creator "Hiroyuki" failed to declare 100 million yen of his income, Tokyo office of the National Tax Agency points out]. NHK News Web (in Japanese). 24 August 2013. Archived from the original on 27 August 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
(To view the archive, JavaScript must be disabled in your browser. Alternate convenience link)過少 申告 加算 税 などを含 む追徴 税額 は3000万 円 に上 り、すでに納付 されたと見 られます。[The additional amount assessed by the National Tax Agency, 30 million yen, has already been paid.] - ^ a b c
作家 は暴言 謝罪 、不倫 もバレる? 2ちゃん情報 流出 騒動 [The 2channel information leak]. AERA dot (in Japanese). Asahi Shimbun. 20 September 2013. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. - ^ Akimoto, Akky (17 September 2013). "Accidental leak IDs over 30,000 'anonymous' 2channel users". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013.
- ^ Tabuchi, Yoshirō (25 September 2013). "あの
人 が書 き込 みを……2ch情報 流出 の波紋 " ["That person wrote this..."—the ripples of the 2channel leak]. PRESIDENT Online (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2020.この
件 で1番 怖 いのは、匿名 を盾 に誰 がどんなことを書 き込 んでいたかが明 らかになってしまったことだ。2ちゃんねるが最 も封印 せねばならない部分 が、白日 の下 に晒 されたのだ。有名 なライトノベル作家 が他 の作家 を数 百 回 にわたって誹謗 中傷 した事実 が明 らかになり、本人 がホームページで謝罪 に追 い込 まれた。某 2ちゃんねるまとめサイトの管理人 はあらし行為 を謝罪 、サイトの閉鎖 を発表 した。流出 したメールアドレスからは、某 政治 家 、某 大学 准 教授 の名前 、中央 省庁 、マスコミ各社 、商社 、通信 会社 、国内外 の有名 大学 まで驚 くような名前 が並 ぶ。[The scariest thing about this matter is that it became clear who was writing what behind the shield of anonymity. What 2channel was most expected to keep secret was instead exposed in broad daylight. It was revealed that a famous light novel writer slandered other writers hundreds of times, and he was forced to apologize on his website. A certain 2channel matome site owner apologized for trolling and announced that his site would close. You can see the names of politicians, an associate professor at a university, central government agency staff, media company staff, trading company staff, telecommunications company staff, and staff of famous universities in Japan and abroad from the leaked list of emails.] - ^ Sato, Yuma (27 August 2013). "「2ちゃんねる」
個人 情報 漏 えい事件 、AKB関係 者 のアカウント流出 で大 騒動 に!?". BIGLOBEニュース (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 30 August 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2020.2channel personal information leak incident: AKB staff member account leaked? What's all the fuss about!?
- ^ <
個人 情報 流出 余波 >書 き込 みバレて"公開 処刑 " [[Personal information leak aftermath] The leak of posts is like a "public execution"]. Tokyo Sports (in Japanese). 29 August 2013. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021.巨大 ネット掲示板 「2ちゃんねる」の有料 サービス会員 の個人 情報 約 7万 4000件 が流出 した件 で [About 74,000 customers of giant internet bulletin board '2channel' had their personal information exposed online.] - ^ "「サーバーを
確保 しました」 「2ちゃんねる」に何 が起 きたのか運営 費 がひっ迫 ?" [2channel: "I've secured the servers"...what happened? Is the site in financial trouble?]. ITmedia NEWS (in Japanese). 19 February 2014. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2020.「●」こと「2ちゃんねるビューア」で
昨年 8月 に発覚 したユーザー情報 流出 だ。[The user information leak that happened in August of last year had its source in "●", also known as the "2channel viewer".] - ^ Shinjō, Masaaki (4 March 2002). "2ちゃんねる、
専用 ビューワーを使 った有料 サービスをスタート" [2channel launches paid service for users of dedicated viewers]. Windows Forest (in Japanese). Impress KK. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2020.このほか
有料 サービスに登録 すると、名前 欄 に"●"を使 って書 き込 むことができるとのこと。なお、有料 サービスがスタートした1日 以降 、一般 ユーザーが名前 欄 に"●"を使 おとしても、サーバー側 で"○"に置換 されて書 き込 まれるようになった。 [Those who subscribe to the service can also write a «●» in the name field of their posts. It should be noted that when those who are not subscribed put a «●» in the name field, the server replaces it with a «○».] - ^ "5ちゃんねる(
旧 2ちゃんねる)の過去 ログを閲覧 する方法 とは?" [How can I read threads in the "past log" on 5channel (formerly 2channel)?].誹謗 中傷 ドットネット (in Japanese). ATB Law Corporation. 1 June 2018. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2020. - ^ a b Sudō, Tatsuya (9 September 2013). "2ちゃんねる
会員 情報 流出 約 3万 件 、カード番号 など" [Around 30,000 members of 2channel have had their card numbers and other information leaked]. Asahi Shimbun. Archived from the original on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2020.While anyone can read 2channel for free, only members who pay 3600 yen per month can search the archive of old threads.
- ^ Watkins, Jim (26 August 2013). "
不正 アクセスによるお客様 情報 流出 に関 するお詫 びとご報告 " [Apology and report regarding leak of customer information due to unauthorized access]. 2channel Viewer (in Japanese and English). Archived from the original on 26 August 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2020.N.T.Technology, inc was a victim of a cyber attack earlier today. Some data for customers was compromised. Your data may have been compromised.
- ^ Koyama, Morio. "2ch
埋 め立 てと逆 SEO" [2ch "landfill" (posting up to 1000 posts to get a thread moved into the kako rogu) and reverse SEO].株式会社 WEB広報 [Web Public Relations KK]. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2020. - ^ Watkins, Jim (19 February 2014). "Let's talk with Jim-san. Part21". BBSPink. Archived from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
The previous management was not able to generate enough income to pay the bills for the expenses of running 2ch.
- ^ Beran, Dale (30 July 2019). It Came From Something Awful (eBook ed.). New York: All Points Books. ¶21.48. ISBN 978-1-250-18974-5. OCLC 1048938602.
When 2channel began having financial trouble as a result of the controversy, Watkins used the opportunity to seize control of the site, citing its failure to pay its outstanding bills.
- ^ Nishimura, Hiroyuki (1 April 2014). "
昨今 の2ちゃんねるの現状 に関 して。" [Regarding the current status of 2channel]. 2ch.sc (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2020. - ^ "
現 2chは「違法 な乗 っ取 り」状態 ──ひろゆき氏 ?が新 サイト「2ch.sc」開設 を予告 " [2ch is now in a state of "illegal takeover", says Hiroyuki (?); announces opening of "2ch.sc"]. ITmedia ニュース (in Japanese). 1 April 2014. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2020. - ^ Nishimura, Hiroyuki (22 September 2015). "Q&A Session with Hiroyuki Nishimura". 4chan. Bibliotheca Anonoma. Retrieved 28 June 2020 – via Desu Archive.
- ^ a b Gabriela Kennedy; et al. (28 July 2016). "WIPO Domain Name Decision: D2016-1025 (2ch.net)". World Intellectual Property Organization. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
The Panel finds it prudent to note that the Policy is intended to handle cases of cybersquatting. Any potential business dispute between the Parties may be more appropriately addressed through court proceedings rather than through the Policy.
- ^ In re trademark registration T5843569, Invalidity case 2017-890013 (Japan Patent Office 26 July 2019) ("
本件 電子 掲示板 の事業 が請求 人 (レースクイーン社 )に適法 に譲渡 されたことを示 す証拠 はない"), archived from the original on 2021-10-27. - ^ Kurihara, Kiyoshi (10 October 2017). "2ちゃんねる
名称 変更 事件 に関 する知 財 関係 状 況 整理 (栗原 潔 )" [Sorting out the intellectual property situation which has led to the 2channel name change incident]. Yahoo! News Japan (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2020. - ^ Ishizuka, Fumito (2 October 2017). "「5ちゃんねる」に
名称 変更 ネット掲示板 、権利 紛争 か" [Following a dispute over rights to bulletin board, name changes to "5channel"]. Nihon Keizai Shimbun (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2020. - ^ Office of the Solicitor General vs. James Arthur Watkins, in re: Petition for Naturalization, R-PSG-18-03091-SP, Petition by James Arthur Watkins (Pasig Regional Trial Court Branch 166) ("[James Arthur Watkins] married Liziel O. Watkins ("Liziel"), of legal age and a Filipina, on 20 November 2001. [...] He is currently the Chairman of Race Queen Inc., Emerald Pedistal Properties Inc., and Loki Technology Incorporated."), Text, archived from the original on 2021-10-27.—via The Manila Times.
- ^ "5ちゃんねる
掲示板 へようこそ" [Welcome to 5channel]. 6 October 2017. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2017.権利 関係 に関 する無用 な紛争 を生 じさせず「・・・」掲示板 の名称 を新 たに「5ちゃんねる」へと変更 しました。[The name of the textboard has been changed to 5channel to help avoid future unnecessary disputes regarding our rights to operate it.] - ^ "ネット
地震 情報 震源 地 はやはり2ちゃんねる!" [The earthquake information epicenter is 2channel!]. ITmedia News (in Japanese). 7 November 2003. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2020. - ^ Tanaka, Kazuo (2015). "インターネットにおける
論文 不正 発覚 史 " [A history of academic research on the internet which wasn't officially sanctioned] (PDF). Journal of the Japan Skeptics (24): 4–9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 September 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020. - ^ 「“2ちゃんねる”には
欠陥 がある!」西 和彦 アスキー特別 顧問 ――“2ちゃんねる西 スレッドオフ会 ”開催 (アスキー、2001.08、ウェブアーカイブ)("2channel is flawed!" Kazuhiko Nishi, Special Advisor to ASCII - "2channel held Nishi Kick-off Party" (originally published on ASCII dated August 2001; archived on WebArchive.)) - ^ Robertson, Adi (21 September 2015). "The man whose site inspired 4chan is now running 4chan". The Verge. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
- ^ Olson, Parmy (5 June 2012). We Are Anonymous: Inside the Hacker World of LulzSec, Anonymous, and the Global Cyber Insurgency. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-21353-0.
- ^ "プロキシサーバ
利用 でTor拒否 サイトを突破 する" [Using proxy servers to break through website security mechanisms that block Tor]. ラジオライフ [Radio Life] (in Japanese). SansaiBooks KK. 18 December 2015. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2020.Tor
経由 では、2ちゃんねるにはアクセスできません。[2channel blocks access from those who use Tor.] - ^ Goggin, Gerard; McLelland, Mark (17 February 2017). The Routledge Companion to Global Internet Histories. Taylor & Francis. p. 418. ISBN 978-1-317-60765-6.
- ^ a b "【
悲報 】2ちゃんまとめ大 ピンチ!2ちゃんがdatアクセス禁止 でツールが使 えなくなる!" [[Sad news] 2channel has put matome sites in a big pinch! They've developed a way to forbid access to 2channel .dat files!].秒 刊 SUNDAY (in Japanese). 13 March 2015. Archived from the original on 13 March 2015. Retrieved 5 June 2020. - ^ "よくある
質問 | プレミアムRonin (浪人 )" [FAQ | Premium service Ronin]. 5channel. Zero KK. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2020. - ^ Nishimura, Hiroyuki (15 August 2007). "2ちゃんねる
掲示板 へようこそ" [Welcome to the 2channel forum!]. 2channel. Archived from the original on 15 August 2007. Retrieved 22 May 2020.2ちゃんねるのデータの
利用 に関 して、原則 的 に自由 ですが、 2ちゃんねるのデータ自体 を利用 して対価 を取 る行為 はご遠慮 下 さい。[As a general rule, you are free to use 2channel's data. However, please refrain from profiting from it.] - ^ "なぜ2ちゃんねるは「
転載 禁止 」を選 んだのか――「まとめサイトVS住民 」繰 り返 す歴史 " [Why did 2channel choose to implement tensai kinshi? A lookback at the battle between matome sites and 2channel's users]. ITmediaニュース. Netlab (in Japanese). 6 March 2014. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 11 August 2020.2007
年 末 には、営利 目的 への無断 転載 を禁止 する「ニュース速報 (嫌 儲 )」板 が設 けられた。[At the end of 2007, the /poverty/ board ("Newsoku – Poverty") was set up, which prohibited unauthorized reproduction of its contents for profit.] - ^ "2ch「ステマ」
戦争 人気 板 が住民 大 移動 で一気 に縮小 、その背景 の事情 と心情 " [2ch's "stealth marketing" war: Popular board shrinks due to mass migration, why?]. ITmedia NEWS (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2020. - ^ a b "
創設 者 の西村 博之 氏 と現 管理人 が対立 。騒動 をきっかけに様々 な「疑惑 」が噴出 している。" [Hiroyuki Nishimura is in conflict with [2channel's] current manager. Suspicions are coming to the surface in the chaos.]. FACTA ONLINE (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2020. - ^ Ichikawa, Yūkichi (9 March 2015). ""2ちゃんねる"の
新 APIに対応 した2ちゃんビューワー「Live2ch」v1.34" [Live2ch v1.34 released with support for new 2channel API]. Windows Forest (in Japanese). Impress KK. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2020.今月 3日 以降 、2ちゃんねる専用 ブラウザーの開発 ・公開 には「Jane Style」の開発元 であるジェーン社 などから許諾 を受 けたうえで新 しいAPIを利用 する必要 が生 じている。[Since the 3rd of this month, it is necessary to use the new API. Dedicated browser developers must get permission from the developer of JaneStyle to publish a 2channel dedicated browser.] - ^ "
開発 者 の皆 さまへ" [To all developers]. 5channel. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2020.5ch.net
専用 ブラウザ(以下 「専用 ブラウザ」)を開発 、公開 するには、5ch.net の所有 者 である Loki Technology, Inc. の許諾 を得 て、5ch.net が提供 する API(以下 「API」)を用 いる必要 があります。ウェブスクレイピングを用 いた専用 ブラウザの開発 、公開 は禁止 されています。株式会社 ジェーンは Loki Technology, Inc. との契約 で 5ch.net専用 ブラウザ開発 者 に対 し API の使用 許諾 を出 す権限 を受 けていますが、これは排他 的 な権限 ではありません。[To develop and publish a 5ch.net dedicated browser, the API we provide must be used. The development of dedicated browsers that work via parsing HTML is prohibited. Loki Technology Inc. has granted Jane KK the non-exclusive privilege of granting licenses to our API.] - ^ Hasegawa, Shotarō (10 July 2023). 「Jane Style」が5ch.netのサポート
終了 新 たな匿名 掲示板 「Talk」専用 ブラウザーに [Jane Style halts support for 5ch.net, becomes dedicated browser for new anonymous board Talk]. Windows Forest (in Japanese). Retrieved 10 July 2023. - ^
専用 ブラウザでの5ちゃんねる閲覧 が不可能 に、JaneStyleなど一部 は「Talk」への対応 を開始 [Now you can't view 5channel via dedicated browsers, some including JaneStyle start supporting Talk]. Gigazine (in Japanese). 10 July 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2023. - ^ Fisch, Michael (2009). "War by Metaphor in Densha Otoko". Mechademia. 4 (1): 131–146. doi:10.1353/mec.0.0078. ISSN 2152-6648. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021.
- ^ a b c d Youssef, Sandra (2009). Geeks and Creeps in No Name Land: Triangulating Anonymity, 2channel and Densha Otoko. University of British Columbia Anthropology Department. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
- ^ a b Katayama, Lisa (19 June 2008). "Art and ASCII: The Stories Behind All Those Brackets, Slashes, and Carets". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
- ^ Fujioka, Brett (7 August 2019). "Japan's Cynical Romantics, Precursors to the Alt-Right". Tablet.
- ^ "2ちゃんねる
管理人 に賠償 命令 掲示板 での中傷 放置 " [2channel admin ordered to pay compensation; textboard neglected duty to delete libel]. Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). 20 January 2006. Archived from the original on 3 February 2006. Retrieved 23 May 2020.判決 によると、同 掲示板 に04年 3~12月 、有道 さんが人種 差別 主義 者 であるかのような中傷 などが12件 掲載 されたが、管理人 は有道 さんの削除 要請 に応 じなかった。 [In total, twelve slanderous messages were posted calling Arudou a white supremacist between March and December 2004. The admin ignored his request they be deleted.] - ^ "2ちゃんねるガイド:
基本 " [2channel FAQ]. 2ch.net. 9 February 2007. Archived from the original on 9 February 2007. Retrieved 20 May 2020.また、
一般人 の誹謗 中傷 ・私生活 情報 暴露 は禁止 します。[Further, to slander or expose the personal information of an ordinary member of the public is forbidden.] - ^ "Looking for the Law in Online Japan's Wild West". Online Journalism Review. USC Annenberg. 2 February 2006. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
In December 2004 through February 2005, I notified 2-Channel by e-mail at their designated address where you request deletions. They never answered. Nor did the defamatory posts come down. So my lawyers contacted the owner, a Mr. Nishimura, by registered snail mail, several times. Returned by the post office unopened. We did check to make sure Mr. Nishimura was residing there, of course. So we sued. And believe it or not, Mr. Nishimura never answered any court communiques, never appeared in court, never offered any acknowledgment whatsoever. That's irresponsible on all counts.
- ^ Arudou, Debito (3 February 2009). "2channel: the bullies' forum". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
- ^ a b Hiyama, Hiroshi (5 March 2010). "Japan's hate-filled top web forum". Agence France-Presse. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2020 – via The Telegraph.
- ^ Ashcraft, Brian (10 December 2012). "Japanese Internet Mogul Hit with Drug Accusations". Kotaku. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
- ^ "
京 アニ放火 、直前 の「意味深 」書 き込 みで広 がる憶測 SNS、まとめブログなどが拡散 するが..." [It's speculated the KyoAni arsonist wrote posts suggestive of his plans on social media. Matome sites are spreading the posts, but...]. J-CAST ニュース (in Japanese). 18 July 2019. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2020. - ^ Fuchs, Tamara; Schäfer, Fabian (6 January 2020). "Normalizing misogyny: hate speech and verbal abuse of female politicians on Japanese Twitter". Japan Forum. 33 (4): 553–579. doi:10.1080/09555803.2019.1687564. ISSN 0955-5803. S2CID 213983501.
- ^ Salzberg, Chris (11 December 2007). "Japan: Flaming and the secrets we hide". Global Voices. Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
- ^ a b McLelland, Mark J. (December 2008). "'Race' on the Japanese internet: discussing Korea and Koreans on '2-channeru'". New Media and Society. 10 (6): 811–829. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.691.4872. doi:10.1177/1461444808096246. S2CID 10037117 – via University of Wollongong Library.
- ^ Arudou, Debito (18 January 2006). "Brief: Libel lawsuit against 2channel". Debito.org. Archived from the original on 10 January 2007. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
- ^ Chander, Anupam (2014). "How Law Made Silicon Valley" (PDF). Emory Law Journal. 63 (3): 639–694. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
- ^ Jong-Koo, Yoon (9 August 2011). "Japan's right-wing groups hold rallies vs. Korean pop culture". The Dong-a Ilbo. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
- ^ Endō, Kaoru (29 July 2018). "ネトウヨ ユーチューブ「
大量 削除 」の波紋 遠藤 薫 氏 " [The repercussions of YouTube's mass banning of netto-uyoku]. iRONNA (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2020 – via Sankei Shimbun.そもそも
今回 の「運動 」は、2ちゃんねる(現 5ちゃんねる)から「ネトウヨ」に対 するカウンターとして始 まった。2ちゃんねるが「ネトウヨ」の活動 場所 とみなされることが多 い現状 から考 えると、この「運動 」を不思議 に思 う人 もいるのではないか。[In the first place, this 'exercise' started as a way to counter netto-uyoku users from 2channel (5channel). Considering the current situation where 2channel is often regarded as the activity place of the netto-uyoku, there are surely some who find this 'exercise' perplexing.] - ^ "
朝日新聞 編集 局員 が2chで荒 らし差別 表現 投稿 で「厳正 処分 」" [Asahi Shimbun editor trolls on 2channel; newspaper promises to strictly dispose of any employee who posts racist comments]. ITmedia NEWS (in Japanese). 1 April 2009. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2020. - ^ Slater, David H.; Nishimura, Keiko; Kindstrand, Love (7 June 2012). "Social Media, Information and Political Activism in Japan's 3.11 Crisis". The Asia-Pacific Journal. 10 (24). Archived from the original on 24 September 2016.
- ^ Tetsuya, Ozaki (11 November 2004). "100: Redesigning Tokyo". REALTOKYO. Out of Tokyo. Archived from the original on 14 September 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
Hiroyuki single-handedly created the program for his groundbreaking, autonomous/anonymous media when he had "time to spare" during studies in the USA.
- ^ Kawaguchi, Masaki (2009). "sage とは" [What is sage?]. Infoseek Dictionary Japan. Heibonsha KK. Archived from the original on 14 September 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
- ^ サービス
妨害 攻撃 の対策 等 調査 [Survey on countermeasures against denial of service attacks] (PDF). Information Technology Promotion Agency Security Center, Government of Japan. 1 December 2010. p. 29. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 September 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020.ただし、
米国 政府 機関 など複数 のサイトに被害 が発生 したことから、FBI等 が捜査 に乗 り出 し、把握 されている被害 額 は約 250万 ドルに上 るとされている。[However, due to damage to multiple sites including those of US government agencies, the FBI and others have launched an investigation and it is estimated that the amount of damage is about $2.5 million.] - ^ Watkins, Jim (10 February 2011). 【2ちゃんねる】Jim Watkins
氏 より緊急 メッセージ [【2channel】An urgent message from Jim Watkins] (Niconico Douga) (in English and Japanese). Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. - ^ Machkovech, Sam (8 January 2015). "8chan, related sites go down in Lizard Squad-powered DDoS". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
- ^ "「2ちゃんねる」サーバーダウンがとまらない サイバー
攻撃 の影響 も受 けユーザー「激 おこ」" [2channel servers are still down. Affected 2channel users are very angry.]. J-CAST News (in Japanese). The Japan Times. 13 January 2015. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2020.年末 から続 く不調 に、運営 側 に怒 りの矛先 を向 ける人 も少 なくない。[Due to the bad condition (of the infrastructure) which has continued since year's end, many users are angry with the management.] - ^ Mochimaru, Kōjirō (2005).
迷惑 メール・スパイウェアの撃退 法 !:情報 の盗難 ・ウイルス・詐欺 から身 を守 る [Keep Spam/Spyware Away! How to Protect Yourself from Identity Theft, Viruses, and Fraud]. とっておきの秘技 [Secret Techniques] (in Japanese). MyNavi Publishing KK [株式会社 マイナビ出版 ]. Niigata: C&R Institute [C&R研究所 ]. p. 228. ISBN 978-4-903111-04-9. - ^ "ネット
使用 小中学生 の12%「2ちゃんねる」利用 「ちょっと早 過 ぎ」2ちゃんねらーも戸惑 う" [12% of elementary and junior high school students use "2channel"; 2channel natives dismayed: "a little too early"]. J-CAST News (in Japanese). 2 February 2007. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2019. - ^ 「ネット
上 のいじめ」に関 する対応 マニュアル・事例 集 (学校 ・教員 向 け) [Guidance on coping with "cyberbullying" and a collection of cases (intended for schools and teachers)] (in Japanese). Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. 2008. p. 2. - ^ Yonemori, Tokuichi; Nakama, Masahiro; Miyagi, Hiroyuki (1 March 2009). "
沖縄 県 の青少年 健全 育成 に向 けた情報 モラル教育 のあり方 ~ネット上 の有害 サイトから子 ども達 を守 る方策 を考 える~" [The Research of Information Moral Education For the Youth Healthy Training in Okinawa ~The policy which protects children from the harmful sites on the Internet~]. Bulletin of the Center for Educational Practice, University of the Ryukyus. 16. University of the Ryukyus: 1–11. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. - ^ Nishimura, Hiroyuki (27 February 2020). "YouTubeは13
歳 以下 だと登録 NG。子供 をネットの危険 から守 るには?" [YouTube shouldn't be used by kids under 13—why it is necessary to protect children from the dangers of the internet.]. Nikkan SPA! (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2020. - ^ Nishimura, Hiroyuki (13 June 2000). "
民主党 ・菅 直人 氏 より2ちゃんねるへの通知 " [Notice sent to 2channel from Democratic Party's Naoto Kan]. 2channel (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 27 January 2003. Retrieved 28 May 2020 – via Infoseek Japan: 2channel Log. - ^ "
麻生 太郎 氏 「2ちゃん、時々 書 き込 む」" [Taro Aso: 2chan? Yes, I post on there sometimes.]. Sankei Shimbun (in Japanese). 6 October 2007. Archived from the original on 9 October 2007. Retrieved 21 May 2020 – via MSN Japan. - ^ a b c "マック
赤坂 氏 、港 区 議 選 に初 当選 奇抜 な政見 放送 で話題 " [Mac Akasaka wins Minato City election for the first time—received attention from unusual political broadcasts]. Asahi Shinbun (in Japanese). 22 April 2019. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2020.マック
赤坂 氏 は「スマイル党 」を立 ち上 げ、2016年 の東京 都知事 選 や国政 選挙 など、過去 に10回 以上 立候補 。政見 放送 に奇抜 な服装 で臨 むなどして、ネット上 で話題 を呼 んできた。[Mac Akasaka, founder of the "Smile Party", has run for various offices, including national offices, more than ten times, such as in 2016 when he was a candidate for governor of Tokyo. The eccentric garments he wears during his political broadcasts, among other things he does online, have given him considerable attention.] - ^ Murakami, Kōsuke (22 April 2019). "
初 当選 マック赤坂 氏 「又吉 イエスさんに報告 したい」" [Elected for first time, Mac Akasaka says: "I wish I could share this news with the late Matayoshi Jesus."]. Nikkan Sports (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2020. - ^ St Michel, Patrick (27 April 2019). "Japan's internet took on a life of its own during the Heisei Era". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
- ^ "ひろゆき
氏 、朝 の情報 番組 の食 レポで「美味 しい」と言 わず" [Hiroyuki appears on morning food information program...but doesn't call the food "delicious"]. Excite (in Japanese). Techinsight KK. 1 October 2019. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2020. - ^ "
太田 光 、SNSで人 を叩 くユーザーを「表現 の自由 を履 き違 えてる」と批判 賛同 の声 が続々 " [Hikari Ōta, critical of abusive social media users, says that they "miss the point of freedom of expression"]. Excite (in Japanese). Sirabee (NEWSY KK). Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2020.太田 光 はSNSの炎上 について、「こういう問題 の最初 が2ちゃんねるだからさ、一番 悪 いのは博之 くんだよ」とジャブ。[Ōta responded with a jab: "Because this problem got its start on 2channel, Hiroyuki-kun is the number one worst offender," he said, regarding flame wars on social media.] - ^ Ichirō, Okada (20 April 2006). "
政治 としてのインターネット掲示板 とブログから見 えるもの" [Observations on the political impacts of bulletin boards and blogs]. Alter Magazine (in Japanese). No. 28. Retrieved 22 May 2020.保守 系 論壇 誌 『諸君 !』では2ちゃんねる上 における愛国 的 言説 を紹介 するコーナー(「麹 町 電 網 (インターネット)測候所 」)まで存在 するという。[There is even a column of the conservative magazine Shokun!, Kōjimachi Denmō Sokkōjo, that shares patriotic posts from 2channel.] - ^ "
片山 さつき氏 、文春 記者 の刑事 告訴 も「ジャーナリズムではなく2ちゃんねる」" [Satsuki Katayama lodges criminal complaint against Weekly Bunshun reporter, saying "Bunshun is more like 2channel than journalism"]. The Sankei News (in Japanese). 8 February 2019. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
External links
edit- Official website (5channel)
- Official website (2ch.sc)