Beta adrenergic agonists or beta agonists are medications that relax muscles of the airways, causing widening of the airways and resulting in easier breathing.[1] They are a class of sympathomimetic agents, each acting upon the beta adrenoceptors.[2] In general, pure beta-adrenergic agonists have the opposite function of beta blockers: beta-adrenoreceptor agonist ligands mimic the actions of both epinephrine- and norepinephrine- signaling, in the heart and lungs, and in smooth muscle tissue; epinephrine expresses the higher affinity. The activation of
Beta adrenergic receptor agonists | |
---|---|
Drug class | |
Class identifiers | |
Use | Bradycardia, Asthma, heart failure, etc. |
ATC code | R03 |
Biological target | Adrenergic receptors ( |
External links | |
MeSH | D000318 |
Legal status | |
In Wikidata |
Function edit
Activation of
Activation of
Medical uses edit
Indications of administration for
- Bradycardia (slow heart rate)
- Asthma
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
- Heart failure
- Allergic reactions
- Hyperkalemia
- Beta blocker poisoning
- Premature labor (this is an off-label use and could be detrimental)[7]
Side effects edit
Although minor compared to those of epinephrine, beta agonists usually have mild to moderate adverse effects, which include anxiety, hypertension, increased heart rate, and insomnia. Other side effects include headaches and essential tremor. Hypoglycemia was also reported due to increased secretion of insulin in the body from activation of
In 2013, zilpaterol, a
Receptor selectivity edit
Most agonists of the beta receptors are selective for one or more beta-adrenoreceptors. For example, patients with low heart rate are given beta agonist treatments that are more "cardio-selective" such as dobutamine, which increases the force of contraction of the heart muscle. Patients who are suffering from chronic inflammatory lung diseases such as asthma or COPD may be treated with medication targeted to induce more smooth muscle relaxation in the lungs and less contraction of the heart, including first-generation drugs like salbutamol (albuterol) and later-generation medications in the same class.[9]
β 1 agonists
edit
- Denopamine
- Dobutamine
- Dopexamine (
β 1 andβ 2) - Epinephrine (non-selective)
- Isoprenaline (INN), isoproterenol (USAN) (
β 1 andβ 2) - Prenalterol
- Xamoterol
β 2 agonists
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- Arformoterol
- Buphenine
- Clenbuterol
- Dopexamine (
β 1 andβ 2) - Epinephrine (non-selective)
- Fenoterol
- Formoterol
- Isoetarine
- Isoprenaline (INN), isoproterenol (USAN) (
β 1 andβ 2) - Levosalbutamol (INN), levalbuterol (USAN)
- Orciprenaline (INN), metaproterenol (USAN)
- Pirbuterol
- Procaterol
- Ritodrine
- Salbutamol (INN), albuterol (USAN)
- Salmeterol
- Terbutaline
β 3 agonists
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Undetermined/unsorted edit
See also edit
References edit
- ^ "WHAT ARE BETA-AGONISTS?". Thoracic.org. American Thoracic Society. Archived from the original on 13 June 2010. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
- ^ Adrenergic+beta-Agonists at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- ^ Delbruck, Max. "The beta-adrenergic receptors". PMID 12439640.
- ^ Yoo, B.; et al. "Beta1-adrenergic receptors stimulate cardiac contractility and CaMKII activation in vivo and enhance cardiac dysfunction following myocardial infarction". PMID 19633206.
- ^ Johnson, M. "Molecular mechanisms of beta(2)-adrenergic receptor function, response, and regulation". PMID 16387578.
- ^ Lowell, B.B.; Flier, J.S. (1997). "Brown adipose tissue, beta 3-adrenergic receptors, and obesity". Annu. Rev. Med. Vol. 48. pp. 307–16. PMID 9046964.
- ^ "FDA Drug Safety Communication: New warnings against use of terbutaline to treat preterm labor". FDA. 18 June 2019.
- ^ "Exclusive: FDA says working with Merck, USDA on cattle drug Zilmax - Yahoo! News". Archived from the original on 2013-08-27. Retrieved 2013-08-16.
- ^ Pias, M.T. "The Pharmacology of Adrenergic Receptors".
- ^ Meyers, D.S.; Skwish, S.; Dickinson, K.E.; Kienzle, B.; Arbeeny, C.M. (Feb 1997). "Beta 3-adrenergic receptor-mediated lipolysis and oxygen consumption in brown adipocytes from cynomolgus monkeys". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. Vol. 82, no. 2. pp. 395–401. PMID 9024225.
- ^ MeSH list of agents 82000318
External links edit
- Media related to Beta-adrenergic agonists at Wikimedia Commons